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Title: Refraction at Plane Surfaces.

Apparatus:

• Rectangular glass block


• Glass prism
• Optical pins
• Wooden board
• Paper
• Protractor
• Ruler
• Pencil

Aims/Objective:

i. To verify the laws of refraction (Snell’s law).

ii. To determine the refractive index of a glass block (aug) and the
refractive index from glass to air (gua).

iii. To calculate the average refractive index and verify the product
relationship aug x gua = 1 .

iv. To plot a graph of sin i against sin r and find the refractive index
from the slope.

Theory:

When light travels from one medium to another, it bends due to a change in speed.
Snell’s law states:

Procedure:

1. I Placed the glass block on a sheet of paper and trace its outline.

2. I Marked the positions of the longer sides (AB and CD) of the block.

3. I Inserted pins P and Q at an angle of incidence i , approximately 10


cm apart.

4. I Viewed the pins from the other side and insert pins R and S such that
they appear aligned with P and Q when viewed through the glass.

5. I Removed the glass block and connect the lines to trace the path of
the incident and refracted rays.

6. I Measured angles i (incidence) and r (refraction) using a


protractor.

7. I Repeated for different values of i (e.g., 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°,
60°).

8. I Recorded my data in a table.





Precautions:

1. Slight misalignment of pins during the experiment.


2. Human error in measuring angles using the protractor.
3. Impurities or imperfections in the glass block.

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