1st Module - Class 5

History of Animation & Visual Effects
Module I - Class 5
Moving Picture
Prepared by George John. H.O.D. Animation. SJCC

Kineograph (Flip book) - 1868
John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in September 1868
under the name Kineograph ("moving picture"). Flip books were the
first forms of animation to employ a linear sequence of pictures.
Flip books are a type of animation that is very simple. They rely on
the persistence of vision to give the illusion of continuous motion. For
the illusion to work, the book must be flipped quickly by holding it in
one hand and flipping over the pages with the thumb of the other. As
the pages of the flip book change, the viewer merely glances at the
same spot in the pictures.
Zoopraxiscope - 1879
The Zoopraxiscope, credited as the first moving picture
projector, was created by Eadweard Muybridge in 1879.
The Zoopraxiscope showed images in quick succession
while using rotating glass discs to simulate movement.
Early versions required the images to be painted as
silhouettes onto glass, while subsequent versions would use
images printed onto the discs photographically, inching ever
closer to the first cinematic projectors of the 1890s.
The Zoopraxiscope appears to have been one of the primary

inspirations for new-generation inventors like Edison to
invent the Kinetoscope, the first commercial film exhibition
system.
Kinetoscope - 1891
In 1891, Thomas A. Edison and William Dickson of the United States invented the
Kinetoscope, an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was
designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole
viewer window at the top of the device. In it, a strip of film was passed rapidly
between a lens and an electric light bulb while the viewer peered through a
peephole.
The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector, but it did introduce the fundamental
concept that would become the industry standard for all cinematic projection. The
kinetoscope created the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated
film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter.
The kinetograph is a motion picture camera used to photograph movies for use in
the kinetoscope. The Kinetograph, an innovative motion picture camera with
quick stop-and-go film movement, was developed by William Dickson and his
colleagues at the Edison Lab to photograph movies for use in the Kinetoscope.
Kinetograph
Mutoscope - 1894
The Mutoscope was an early motion picture device, invented by Herman Casler in 1894.
It was cheaper and simpler than the kinetoscope; it did not project on a screen and
provided viewing to only one person at a time. The system was marketed by the
American Mutoscope Company, and it quickly dominated the coin-in-the-slot peep-show
business.
First meeting of the members of the

K.M.C.D. Syndicate on September 22, 1895,
from left: Henry N. Marvin, William Dickson,
Herman Casler, and Elias Bernard Koopman
How did it work?
Mutoscopes were operated with coins. The cards were
seen through a single lens enclosed by a hood. It
functioned in the same way as a flip book. Individual
picture frames were printed on durable, flexible,
opaque cards using traditional black-and-white
silver-based photographic printing. The cards were
affixed to a circular core rather than being bound into a
booklet. The cards were mostly illuminated by
electricity, although the reel was turned by a
geared-down hand crank. Each machine had only one
reel and was dedicated to presenting a single short
subject, which was described on a placard attached to
the machine. The light was switched off by a spring in
the mechanism, which in certain versions also brought
down a shutter that entirely blocked off the view. The
mutoscope remained a popular attraction through the
mid-twentieth century, appearing as coin-operated
machines in penny arcades and amusement parks.
Comic Strips
In the beginning, American newspapers' Sunday supplements were the only place where comic strips were printed. In the strictest sense, the term
"comic strip" refers to a newspaper feature that is printed in black and white every day in a single row of three or four panels with other comic
strips to make up a page, with the exception of Sundays, when it is printed in colour in the comic section in two to four consecutive rows. An
American cartoonist by the name of Richard Felton Outcault. He is credited with inventing the modern comic strip and was the creator of the series
"The Yellow Kid" and "Buster Brown."
A comic strip is a combination of a cartoon and a storyline, laid out in a series of pictorial panels across a page and concerning a character or set of
characters, whose thoughts and dialogues are indicated by means of "balloons" containing written speech.
Questions
Part A
1. What is a Kineograph?
2. How do you read a flip book?
3. What is a Mutoscope?
4. Write a short note on Comic strips.
Part B
5. What is a Kinetoscope?

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1st Module - Class 5

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History of Animation & Visual Effects

Prepared by George John. H.O.D. Animation. SJCC

The Zoopraxiscope appears to have been one of the primary

First meeting of the members of the

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