TUTORIAL LESSON FOR PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR BEGINNERS

TO ADVANCE

BY TRAINPDEV

SCHEME OF WORK FOR THE LESSON.

:Week 1-2: Introduction to Python and Basic Syntax

1. Introduction to Python

2. Installing Python and setting up the environment

3. Basic syntax: variables, data types, indentation

4. Basic operators: arithmetic, comparison, logical

5. Control structures: if-else statements, for loops

Week 3-4: Data Structures and File Input/Output

1. Lists: creating, indexing, slicing, modifying

2. Tuples: creating, indexing, slicing

3. Dictionaries: creating, accessing, modifying

4. Sets: creating, operations

5. File input/output: reading, writing, appending

Week 5-6: Functions, Modules, and Error Handling

1. Functions: defining, calling, parameters, return values

2. Modules: importing, creating, using

3. Error handling: try-except blocks, raising exceptions

4. Debugging: using print statements, pdb

Week 7-8: Object-Oriented Programming and Data Analysis

1. Classes and objects: defining, creating, attributes, methods

2. Inheritance: single, multiple, multilevel

3. Polymorphism: method overriding, method overloading

4. Data analysis: using Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib

Week 9-10: Advanced Topics and Project Development

1. Advanced topics: decorators, generators, lambda functions

2. Project development: applying concepts to real-world problems

3. Best practices: coding standards, testing, documentation

Assessment and Evaluation

1. Quizzes and assignments (40%)

2. Project development and presentation (30%)

3. Final exam (30%)

Resources

1. Python documentation: (link unavailable)

2. Python tutorials: (link unavailable)

3. Python courses: (link unavailable)

4. Python books: “Python Crash Course” by Eric Matthes, “Automate the

Boring Stuff with Python” by Al Sweigart

TUTORIAL LESSON FOR PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR BEGINNERS

TO ADVANCE

BY TRAINPDEV

SCHEME OF WORK FOR THE LESSON.

:Week 1-2: Introduction to Python and Basic Syntax

1. Introduction to Python

2. Installing Python and setting up the environment

3. Basic syntax: variables, data types, indentation

4. Basic operators: arithmetic, comparison, logical

5. Control structures: if-else statements, for loops

Week 3-4: Data Structures and File Input/Output

1. Lists: creating, indexing, slicing, modifying

2. Tuples: creating, indexing, slicing

3. Dictionaries: creating, accessing, modifying

4. Sets: creating, operations

5. File input/output: reading, writing, appending

Week 5-6: Functions, Modules, and Error Handling

1. Functions: defining, calling, parameters, return values

2. Modules: importing, creating, using

3. Error handling: try-except blocks, raising exceptions

4. Debugging: using print statements, pdb

Week 7-8: Object-Oriented Programming and Data Analysis

1. Classes and objects: defining, creating, attributes, methods

2. Inheritance: single, multiple, multilevel

3. Polymorphism: method overriding, method overloading

4. Data analysis: using Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib

Week 9-10: Advanced Topics and Project Development

1. Advanced topics: decorators, generators, lambda functions

2. Project development: applying concepts to real-world problems

3. Best practices: coding standards, testing, documentation

Assessment and Evaluation

1. Quizzes and assignments (40%)

2. Project development and presentation (30%)

3. Final exam (30%)

Resources

1. Python documentation: (link unavailable)

2. Python tutorials: (link unavailable)

3. Python courses: (link unavailable)

4. Python books: “Python Crash Course” by Eric Matthes, “Automate the

Boring Stuff with Python” by Al Sweigart

TUTORIAL LESSON FOR PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR BEGINNERS

TO ADVANCE

BY TRAINPDEV

SCHEME OF WORK FOR THE LESSON.

:Week 1-2: Introduction to Python and Basic Syntax

1. Introduction to Python

2. Installing Python and setting up the environment

3. Basic syntax: variables, data types, indentation

4. Basic operators: arithmetic, comparison, logical

5. Control structures: if-else statements, for loops

Week 3-4: Data Structures and File Input/Output

1. Lists: creating, indexing, slicing, modifying

2. Tuples: creating, indexing, slicing

3. Dictionaries: creating, accessing, modifying

4. Sets: creating, operations

5. File input/output: reading, writing, appending

Week 5-6: Functions, Modules, and Error Handling

1. Functions: defining, calling, parameters, return values

2. Modules: importing, creating, using

3. Error handling: try-except blocks, raising exceptions

4. Debugging: using print statements, pdb

Week 7-8: Object-Oriented Programming and Data Analysis

1. Classes and objects: defining, creating, attributes, methods

2. Inheritance: single, multiple, multilevel

3. Polymorphism: method overriding, method overloading

4. Data analysis: using Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib

Week 9-10: Advanced Topics and Project Development

1. Advanced topics: decorators, generators, lambda functions

2. Project development: applying concepts to real-world problems

3. Best practices: coding standards, testing, documentation

Assessment and Evaluation

1. Quizzes and assignments (40%)

2. Project development and presentation (30%)

3. Final exam (30%)

Resources

1. Python documentation: (link unavailable)

2. Python tutorials: (link unavailable)

3. Python courses: (link unavailable)

4. Python books: “Python Crash Course” by Eric Matthes, “Automate the

Boring Stuff with Python” by Al Sweigart

WEEK 1-2

Introduction to Python

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language that is widely used

for various purposes such as web development, scientific computing, data
analysis, artificial intelligence, and more. Created in the late 1980s by Guido
van Rossum, Python is known for its simplicity, readability, and ease of use,
making it an ideal language for beginners and experts alike.

Basic Syntax in Python

Variables and Data Types*

• - Variables: Assign a value to a variable using the assignment operator

(=). For example: `x = 5`
• - Data Types: Python has several built-in data types, including:
• Integers (int): Whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.
• - Floats (float): Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5, etc.
• - Strings (str): Sequences of characters, e.g., “hello”, ‘hello’, etc.
Strings can be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes.
• - Boolean (bool): A logical value that can be either True or False
• - List (list): An ordered collection of items, e.g., [1, 2, 3], [”a”, “b”,
“c”], etc.
• - Tuple (tuple): An ordered, immutable collection of items, e.g., (1, 2,
3), (”a”, “b”, “c”), etc.

*Operators*

• - Arithmetic Operators:

• - Addition: `a + b`
• - Subtraction: `a – b`
• - Multiplication: `a * b`
• - Division: `a / b`
 • - Modulus (Remainder): `a % b`

• - Exponentiation: `a ** b`

- Comparison Operators:

- Equal: `a == b`

- Not Equal: `a != b`

- Greater Than: `a > b`

- Less Than: `a < b`

- Greater Than or Equal: `a >= b`

- Less Than or Equal: `a <= b`

- Logical Operators:

- And: `a and b`

- Or: `a or b`

- Not: `not a`

- Assignment Operators:

- Assign: `a = b`

- Add and Assign: `a += b`

- Subtract and Assign: `a -= b`

- Multiply and Assign: `a *= b`

- Divide and Assign: `a /= b`

- Modulus and Assign: `a %= b`

- Exponentiation and Assign: `a **= b`

*Control Structures*

• - Conditional Statements:

• - If Statement: `if condition: code`

• - If-Else Statement: `if condition: code1 else: code2`
• - If-Elif-Else Statement: `if condition1: code1 elif condition2: code2
else: code3`
 • - Loops:
• - For Loop: `for variable in iterable: code`
• - While Loop: `while condition: code`

*Functions*

- Defining a Function: `def function_name(parameters): code`

- Calling a Function: `function_name(arguments)`

*Modules*

- Importing a Module: `import module_name`

- Importing a Specific Function or Variable: `from module_name import

function_or_variable_name`

Here are examples, definitions, and code for each of the concepts I
mentioned earlier:

Variables and Data Types

- *Definition:* A variable is a name given to a value. Data types determine

the type of value a variable can hold.

- *Example:* Assigning a string value to a variable named `name`.

- *Code:*

```

```

Name = “John Doe”

Print(name) # Output: John Doe

```

* **Data Types:**

* **Integers:** Whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.

```python

Age = 30

Print(age) # Output: 30

```

``` * **Floats:** Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5, etc.

```python

```

Height = 1.75

Print(height) # Output: 1.75

```

 **Strings:** Sequences of characters, e.g., “hello”, ‘hello’, etc. Strings

can be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes.

```python

Greeting = “Hello, World!”

Print(greeting) # Output: Hello, World!

```

``` * **Boolean:** A logical value that can be either True or False.

 ```python

```

isAdmin = True

print(isAdmin) # Output: True

```

 **List:** An ordered collection of items, e.g., [1, 2, 3], [”a”, “b”, “c”],
etc.

```python

Fruits = [”apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]

Print(fruits) # Output: [’apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’]

```

``` * **Tuple:** An ordered, immutable collection of items, e.g., (1, 2, 3),

(”a”, “b”, “c”), etc.

```python

```

Colors = (”red”, “green”, “blue”)

Print(colors) # Output: (’red’, ‘green’, ‘blue’)

```

## Operators

* **Definition:** Operators are symbols used to perform operations on

variables and values.

* **Example:** Using the addition operator to add two numbers.

* **Code:**

```python

Num1 = 5

Num2 = 3

Sum = num1 + num2

Print(sum) # Output: 8

```

```* **Arithmetic Operators:**

 **Addition:** `a + b`

```python

```

Sum = 5 + 3

Print(sum) # Output: 8

```

 **Subtraction:** `a – b`

```python

Difference = 5 – 3

Print(difference) # Output: 2

```

``` * **Multiplication:** `a * b`
 ```python

```

Product = 5 * 3

Print(product) # Output: 15

```

 **Division:** `a / b`

```python

Quotient = 5 / 3

Print(quotient) # Output: 1.6666666666666667

```

``` * **Modulus (Remainder):** `a % b`

```python

```

Remainder = 5 % 3

Print(remainder) # Output: 2

```

 **Exponentiation:** `a ** b`

```python

Result = 5 ** 3

Print(result) # Output: 125

```
```* **Comparison Operators:**

 **Equal:** `a == b`

```python

```

Result = 5 == 3

Print(result) # Output: False

```

 **Not Equal:** `a != b`

```python

Result = 5 != 3

Print(result) # Output: True

```

``` * **Greater Than:** `a > b`

```python

```

Result = 5 > 3

Print(result) # Output: True

```

 **Less Than:** `a < b`

 ```python

Result = 5 < 3

Print(result) # Output: False

```

``` * **Greater Than or Equal:** `a >= b`

```python

```

Result = 5 >= 3

Print(result) # Output: True

```

 **Less Than or Equal:** `a <= b`

```python

Result = 5 <= 3

Print(result) # Output: False

```

```* **Logical Operators:**

 **And:** `a and b`

```python

```

Result = 5 > 3 and 3 > 1

Print(result) # Outputs
Here is the full note:

Variables and Data Types

Definition

A variable is a name given to a value. Data types determine the type of

value a variable can hold.

Example

Assigning a string value to a variable named `name`.

Code

```

Name = “John Doe”

Print(name) # Output: John Doe

```

Data Types

*Integers*

Whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.

```

Age = 30

Print(age) # Output: 30

```

*Floats*

Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5, etc.

```

Height = 1.75

Print(height) # Output: 1.75

```

*Strings*

Sequences of characters, e.g., “hello”, ‘hello’, etc. Strings can be enclosed in

single quotes or double quotes.

```

Greeting = “Hello, World!”

Print(greeting) # Output: Hello, World!

```

*Boolean*

A logical value that can be either True or False.

```

isAdmin = True

print(isAdmin) # Output: True

```

*List*

An ordered collection of items, e.g., [1, 2, 3], [”a”, “b”, “c”], etc.

```
Fruits = [”apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]

Print(fruits) # Output: [’apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’]

```

*Tuple*

An ordered, immutable collection of items, e.g., (1, 2, 3), (”a”, “b”, “c”), etc.

```

Colors = (”red”, “green”, “blue”)

Print(colors) # Output: (’red’, ‘green’, ‘blue’)

Operators

## Definition

Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.

## Example

Using the addition operator to add two numbers.

## Code

```python

Num1 = 5

Num2 = 3

Sum = num1 + num2

Print(sum) # Output: 8

```

Arithmetic Operators
*Addition*

`a + b`

```

Sum = 5 + 3

Print(sum) # Output: 8

```

*Subtraction*

`a – b`

```

Difference = 5 – 3

Print(difference) # Output: 2

```

*Multiplication*

`a * b`

```

Product = 5 * 3

Print(product) # Output: 15

```

*Division*

`a / b`
```

Quotient = 5 / 3

Print(quotient) # Output: 1.6666666666666667

```

*Modulus (Remainder)*

`a % b`

```

Remainder = 5 % 3

Print(remainder) # Output: 2

```

*Exponentiation*

`a ** b`

```

Result = 5 ** 3

Print(result) # Output: 125

WEEK 1-2

Introduction to Python

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language that is widely used

for various purposes such as web development, scientific computing, data
analysis, artificial intelligence, and more. Created in the late 1980s by Guido
van Rossum, Python is known for its simplicity, readability, and ease of use,
making it an ideal language for beginners and experts alike.

Basic Syntax in Python

Variables and Data Types*

• - Variables: Assign a value to a variable using the assignment operator

(=). For example: `x = 5`

• - Data Types: Python has several built-in data types, including:

• Integers (int): Whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.

• - Floats (float): Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5, etc.

• - Strings (str): Sequences of characters, e.g., “hello”, ‘hello’, etc.

Strings can be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes.

• - Boolean (bool): A logical value that can be either True or False

• - List (list): An ordered collection of items, e.g., [1, 2, 3], [”a”, “b”,
“c”], etc.

• - Tuple (tuple): An ordered, immutable collection of items, e.g., (1, 2,

3), (”a”, “b”, “c”), etc.

*Operators*

• - Arithmetic Operators:

• - Addition: `a + b`

• - Subtraction: `a - b`

• - Multiplication: `a * b`

• - Division: `a / b`

• - Modulus (Remainder): `a % b`

• - Exponentiation: `a ** b`

- Comparison Operators:

- Equal: `a == b`

- Not Equal: `a != b`

- Greater Than: `a > b`

- Less Than: `a < b`

- Greater Than or Equal: `a >= b`

 - Less Than or Equal: `a <= b`

- Logical Operators:

- And: `a and b`

- Or: `a or b`

- Not: `not a`

- Assignment Operators:

- Assign: `a = b`

- Add and Assign: `a += b`

- Subtract and Assign: `a -= b`

- Multiply and Assign: `a *= b`

- Divide and Assign: `a /= b`

- Modulus and Assign: `a %= b`

- Exponentiation and Assign: `a **= b`

*Control Structures*

• - Conditional Statements:

• - If Statement: `if condition: code`

• - If-Else Statement: `if condition: code1 else: code2`

• - If-Elif-Else Statement: `if condition1: code1 elif condition2: code2

else: code3`

• - Loops:

• - For Loop: `for variable in iterable: code`

• - While Loop: `while condition: code`

*Functions*

- Defining a Function: `def function_name(parameters): code`

- Calling a Function: `function_name(arguments)`

*Modules*

- Importing a Module: `import module_name`

- Importing a Specific Function or Variable: `from module_name import

function_or_variable_name`

Here are examples, definitions, and code for each of the concepts I
mentioned earlier:

Variables and Data Types

- *Definition:* A variable is a name given to a value. Data types determine

the type of value a variable can hold.

- *Example:* Assigning a string value to a variable named `name`.

- *Code:*

```

```

name = “John Doe”

print(name) # Output: John Doe

```

* **Data Types:**

* **Integers:** Whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.

```python

age = 30
print(age) # Output: 30

```

``` * **Floats:** Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5, etc.

```python

```

height = 1.75

print(height) # Output: 1.75

```

* **Strings:** Sequences of characters, e.g., “hello”, ‘hello’, etc.

Strings can be enclosed in single quotes or double quotes.

```python

greeting = “Hello, World!”

print(greeting) # Output: Hello, World!

```

``` * **Boolean:** A logical value that can be either True or False.

```python

```

isAdmin = True

print(isAdmin) # Output: True

```
 * **List:** An ordered collection of items, e.g., [1, 2, 3], [”a”, “b”, “c”],
etc.

```python

fruits = [”apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]

print(fruits) # Output: [’apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’]

```

``` * **Tuple:** An ordered, immutable collection of items, e.g., (1, 2, 3),

(”a”, “b”, “c”), etc.

```python

```

colors = (”red”, “green”, “blue”)

print(colors) # Output: (’red’, ‘green’, ‘blue’)

```

## Operators

* **Definition:** Operators are symbols used to perform operations on

variables and values.

* **Example:** Using the addition operator to add two numbers.

* **Code:**

```python

num1 = 5

num2 = 3

sum = num1 + num2

print(sum) # Output: 8
```

```* **Arithmetic Operators:**

* **Addition:** `a + b`

```python

```

sum = 5 + 3

print(sum) # Output: 8

```

* **Subtraction:** `a - b`

```python

difference = 5 - 3

print(difference) # Output: 2

```

``` * **Multiplication:** `a * b`

```python

```

product = 5 * 3

print(product) # Output: 15

```

* **Division:** `a / b`
 ```python

quotient = 5 / 3

print(quotient) # Output: 1.6666666666666667

```

``` * **Modulus (Remainder):** `a % b`

```python

```

remainder = 5 % 3

print(remainder) # Output: 2

```

* **Exponentiation:** `a ** b`

```python

result = 5 ** 3

print(result) # Output: 125

```

```* **Comparison Operators:**

* **Equal:** `a == b`

```python

```

result = 5 == 3
print(result) # Output: False

```

* **Not Equal:** `a != b`

```python

result = 5 != 3

print(result) # Output: True

```

``` * **Greater Than:** `a > b`

```python

```

result = 5 > 3

print(result) # Output: True

```

* **Less Than:** `a < b`

```python

result = 5 < 3

print(result) # Output: False

```

``` * **Greater Than or Equal:** `a >= b`

 ```python

```

result = 5 >= 3

print(result) # Output: True

```

* **Less Than or Equal:** `a <= b`

```python

result = 5 <= 3

print(result) # Output: False

```

```* **Logical Operators:**

* **And:** `a and b`

```python

```

result = 5 > 3 and 3 > 1

print(result) # Outputs

Here is the full note:

Variables and Data Types

Definition

A variable is a name given to a value. Data types determine the type of

value a variable can hold.
Example

Assigning a string value to a variable named `name`.

Code

```

name = “John Doe”

print(name) # Output: John Doe

```

Data Types

*Integers*

Whole numbers, e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.

```

age = 30

print(age) # Output: 30

```

*Floats*

Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -0.5, etc.

```

height = 1.75

print(height) # Output: 1.75

```

*Strings*
Sequences of characters, e.g., “hello”, ‘hello’, etc. Strings can be enclosed in
single quotes or double quotes.

```

greeting = “Hello, World!”

print(greeting) # Output: Hello, World!

```

*Boolean*

A logical value that can be either True or False.

```

isAdmin = True

print(isAdmin) # Output: True

```

*List*

An ordered collection of items, e.g., [1, 2, 3], [”a”, “b”, “c”], etc.

```

fruits = [”apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]

print(fruits) # Output: [’apple’, ‘banana’, ‘cherry’]

```

*Tuple*

An ordered, immutable collection of items, e.g., (1, 2, 3), (”a”, “b”, “c”), etc.
```

colors = (”red”, “green”, “blue”)

print(colors) # Output: (’red’, ‘green’, ‘blue’)

Operators

## Definition

Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.

## Example

Using the addition operator to add two numbers.

## Code

```python

num1 = 5

num2 = 3

sum = num1 + num2

print(sum) # Output: 8

```

Arithmetic Operators

*Addition*

`a + b`

```

sum = 5 + 3

print(sum) # Output: 8

```
*Subtraction*

`a - b`

```

difference = 5 - 3

print(difference) # Output: 2

```

*Multiplication*

`a * b`

```

product = 5 * 3

print(product) # Output: 15

```

*Division*

`a / b`

```

quotient = 5 / 3

print(quotient) # Output: 1.6666666666666667

```

*Modulus (Remainder)*

`a % b`
```

remainder = 5 % 3

print(remainder) # Output: 2

```

*Exponentiation*

`a ** b`

```

result = 5 ** 3

print(result) # Output: 125

## Comparison Operators

### Equal

`a == b`

```python

result = 5 == 3

print(result) # Output: False

```

*Not Equal*

`a != b`

```

result = 5 != 3

print(result) # Output: True

```

*Greater Than*

`a > b`

```

result = 5 > 3

print(result) # Output: True

```

*Less Than*

`a < b`

```

result = 5 < 3

print(result) # Output: False

```

*Greater Than or Equal*

`a >= b`

```

result = 5 >= 3

print(result) # Output: True

```

*Less Than or Equal*

`a <= b`

```

result = 5 <= 3

print(result) # Output: False

## Logical Operators

### And

`a and b`

```python

result = 5 > 3 and 3 > 1

print(result) # Output: True

```

*Or*

`a or b`

```

result = 5 > 3 or 3 > 5

print(result) # Output: True

```

*Not*

`not a`

```
result = not 5 > 3

print(result) # Output: False

Control Structures

## Conditional Statements

### If Statement

`if condition: code`

```python

x=5

if x > 10:

print(”x is greater than 10”)

else:

print(”x is less than or equal to 10”)

```

*If-Else Statement*

If-Else Statement

`if condition: code1 else: code2`

```

x=5

if x > 10:

print(”x is greater than 10”)

else:

print(”x is less than or equal to 10”)

```
If-Elif-Else Statement

`if condition1: code1 elif condition2: code2 else: code3`

```

x=5

if x > 10:

print(”x is greater than 10”)

elif x == 5:

print(”x is equal to 5”)

else:

print(”x is less than 5”)

```

Loops

*For Loop*

`for variable in iterable: code`

```

fruits = [”apple”, “banana”, “cherry”]

for fruit in fruits:

print(fruit)

```

While Loop

`while condition: code`

```

x=0

while x < 5:

print(x)

x += 1

```

Functions

*Defining a Function*

`def function_name(parameters): code`

```

def greet(name):

print(”Hello, “ + name + “!”)

greet(”John”)

```

Modules

*Importing a Module*

`import module_name`

```

import math

print(math.pi)

```
Arrays

*Creating an Array*

`array_name = [value1, value2, ..., valueN]`

```

scores = [90, 80, 70, 60]

print(scores)

```

Classes and Objects

*Defining a Class*

`class ClassName: code`

```

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def greet(self):

print(”Hello, my name is “ + self.name + “ and I am “ + str(self.age) + “

years old.”)

person = Person(”John”, 30)

person.greet()

Here is the rest of the note:

Classes and Objects

_Defining a Class_

`class ClassName: code`

```

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def greet(self):

print(”Hello, my name is “ + self.name + “ and I am “ + str(self.age) + “

years old.”)

person = Person(”John”, 30)

person.greet()

```

Constructors

_Defining a Constructor_

`def __init__(self, parameters): code`

```

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age
person = Person(”John”, 30)

print(person.name)

print(person.age)

```

Methods

_Defining a Method_

`def method_name(self, parameters): code`

```

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def greet(self):

print(”Hello, my name is “ + self.name + “ and I am “ + str(self.age) + “

years old.”)

person = Person(”John”, 30)

person.greet()

```

Inheritance

_Defining a Subclass_

`class SubClassName(ParentClassName): code`

```

class Animal:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

def eat(self):

print(self.name + “ is eating.”)

class Dog(Animal):

def __init__(self, name, breed):

super().__init__(name)

self.breed = breed

def bark(self):

print(self.name + “ the “ + self.breed + “ is barking.”)

dog = Dog(”Fido”, “Golden Retriever”)

dog.eat()

dog.bark()

```

Polymorphism

_Method Overriding_

`def method_name(self, parameters): code`

```
class Animal:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

def sound(self):

print(self.name + “ makes a sound.”)

class Dog(Animal):

def __init__(self, name, breed):

super().__init__(name)

self.breed = breed

def sound(self):

print(self.name + “ the “ + self.breed + “ barks.”)

dog = Dog(”Fido”, “Golden Retriever”)

dog.sound()

```

_Method Overloading_

`def method_name(self, parameters): code`

```

class Calculator:

def calculate(self, *args):

if len(args) == 1:

return args[0] ** 2
 elif len(args) == 2:

return args[0] + args[1]

else:

return “Invalid number of arguments”

calculator = Calculator()

print(calculator.calculate(5)) # Output: 25

print(calculator.calculate(5, 3)) # Output: 8

```

Encapsulation

_Public Attributes_

`attribute_name = value`

```

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

person = Person(”John”, 30)

print(person.name)

print(person.age)

```

_Private Attributes_

`__attribute_name = value`
```

class Person:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.__name = name

self.__age = age

def get_name(self):

return self.__name

def get_age(self):

return self.__age

person = Person(”John”, 30)

print(person.get_name())

print(person.get_age())

```

Abstraction

_Abstract Classes_

`from abc import ABC, abstractmethod`

```

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):

@abstractmethod
 def area(self):

pass

class Square(Shape):

def __init__(self, side):

self.side = side

def area(self):

return self.side ** 2

square = Square(5)

print(square.area())

TEST

Variables and Data Types

1) What is the purpose of variables in programming?

a. Answer: To store and manipulate data.

2) What are the basic data types in Python?

a. Answer: Integers, floats, strings, boolean, list, tuple, and
dictionary.

3) What is the difference between a string and an integer?

a. Answer: A string is a sequence of characters, while an integer is
a whole number.

b. Operators

4) What is the purpose of operators in programming?

a. Answer: To perform operations on variables and values.

5) What is the difference between the “==” and “=” operators?

 a. Answer: The “==” operator checks for equality, while the “=”
operator assigns a value.

6) What is the purpose of the “+” operator?

a. Answer: To perform addition.

b. Control Structures

7) What is the purpose of conditional statements in programming?

a. Answer: To execute different blocks of code based on conditions.

8) What is the difference between an if-else statement and a switch

statement?
a. Answer: An if-else statement checks multiple conditions, while a
switch statement checks a single value against multiple cases.

9) What is the purpose of loops in programming?

a. Answer: To execute a block of code repeatedly.

b. Functions

10) What is the purpose of functions in programming?

a. Answer: To group a block of code together to perform a specific
task.

11) What is the difference between a function and a method?

a. Answer: A function is a standalone block of code, while a method
is a function that belongs to a class.

12) What is the purpose of function arguments?

a. Answer: To pass values to a function.

b. Modules

13) What is the purpose of modules in programming?

a. Answer: To organize and reuse code.

14) How do you import a module in Python?

a. Answer: Using the “import” statement.
15) What is the purpose of the “from” keyword in importing
modules?
a. Answer: To import specific functions or variables from a module.

b. Arrays

16) What is the purpose of arrays in programming?

a. Answer: To store multiple values in a single variable.

17) How do you create an array in Python?

a. Answer: Using square brackets “[]”.

18) What is the purpose of indexing in arrays?

a. Answer: To access specific elements in an array.

b. Classes and Objects

19) What is the purpose of classes and objects in programming?

a. Answer: To define custom data types and create objects that
have properties and methods.

20) How do you define a class in Python?

a. Answer: Using the “class” keyword.

21) What is the purpose of inheritance in classes?

a. Answer: To create a new class that inherits properties and
methods from an existing class.

b. Encapsulation

22) What is the purpose of encapsulation in programming?

a. Answer: To hide internal implementation details and expose only
necessary information to the outside world.

23) How do you achieve encapsulation in Python?

a. Answer: Using private attributes and methods.

24) What is the purpose of getters and setters in encapsulation?

a. Answer: To control access to private attributes.
 b. Abstraction

25) What is the purpose of abstraction in programming?

a. Answer: To show only necessary information to the outside world
while hiding internal implementation details.

26) How do you achieve abstraction in Python?

a. Answer: Using abstract classes and interfaces.

27) What is the purpose of abstract methods in abstraction?

a. Answer: To define methods that must be implemented by
subclasses.