FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS

1. DC CIRCUITS

 State Kirchhoff’s laws and explain about it with an example.

ANS: Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s laws are fundamental principles in electrical circuit analysis, comprising

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL).

1. Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):

Statement: The algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or junction) in an electrical
circuit is equal to the sum of currents leaving the node. In other words, the total current
entering a junction equals the total current leaving it.

Mathematical Expression: ∑𝐼 in = ∑𝐼 out

Explanation: KCL is based on the conservation of electric charge, which states that
charge can neither be created nor destroyed. Hence, the total current flowing into a node
must be equal to the total current flowing out.

2. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):

Statement: The sum of all electrical potential differences (voltages) around any closed
loop or mesh in a circuit is zero. This means that the total voltage gains in the loop are
equal to the total voltage drops.

Mathematical Expression: ∑𝑉=0

Explanation: KVL is derived from the principle of conservation of energy, implying that in
a closed loop, the energy supplied by the sources is completely used up by the
components (resistors, capacitors, etc.)

 Define the following terms (a) node (b) branch (c)loop (d)mesh (e)active and
passive elements (f) bilateral and unilateral devices (g) linear and non-linear
elements.

ANS: (a) Node:

A node is a point in a circuit where two or more circuit elements are connected. It serves as a
junction for the current to split or merge, and all points with negligible resistance are
considered to be part of the same node.

(b) Branch:
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A branch represents any part of a circuit that connects two nodes and contains a single
circuit element, such as a resistor, capacitor, inductor, or power source. Each branch carries
a distinct current.

(c) Loop:

A loop is a closed path in a circuit where you can start from a particular node, traverse
through various elements, and return to the original node without crossing any other node
more than once. It helps in analyzing circuits using methods like Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
(KVL).

(d) Mesh:

A mesh is a specific type of loop that does not contain any other loops within it. In circuit
analysis, a mesh is the simplest closed path and is used in techniques like mesh analysis to
solve for unknown currents.

(e) Active and Passive Elements

Active Elements: These are components that can supply energy to a circuit or amplify signals.
Examples include voltage sources, current sources, transistors, and operational amplifiers.

Passive Elements: These components cannot supply energy but can store or dissipate it.
Examples include resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

(f) Bilateral and Unilateral Devices

Bilateral Devices: A device is bilateral if it allows current to flow in both directions with the
same characteristics. Examples include resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

Unilateral Devices: These devices allow current to flow in only one direction, or they behave
differently depending on the direction of current flow. Examples include diodes and
transistors.

(g) Linear and Non-Linear Elements

Linear Elements: In these components, the relationship between voltage and current is
linear, meaning it follows Ohm's Law (V = IR). Examples include resistors and ideal
capacitors/inductors.

Non-Linear Elements: In these components, the voltage-current relationship is not linear, and
their behavior changes with variations in voltage or current. Examples include diodes and
transistors.
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 Explain about Mesh and Nodal Analysis

ANS: 1. Nodal Analysis:

Nodal analysis focuses on the nodes(junction points) in a circuit. It uses Kirchhoff's Current
Law (KCL), which states that the sum of currents entering a node equals the sum of currents
leaving the node. The goal is to find the voltage at each node relative to a chosen reference
node (often called ground).

Procedure:

1. Choose a reference node: This node is assigned a voltage of 0V.

2. Assign node voltages: Assign voltage variables (e.g., V1, V2, V3) to the remaining nodes.

3. Apply KCL at each non-reference node: For each node, write an equation expressing the
sum of currents entering and leaving the node. Express each current using Ohm's Law (I =
V/R), where V is the voltage difference across the resistor and R is its resistance.

4. Solve the system of equations: The resulting system of equations (one equation per non-
reference node) can be solved simultaneously to find the unknown node voltages.

Advantages: Generally more efficient for circuits with many parallel branches.

Disadvantages: Can become cumbersome with a large number of nodes.

2. Mesh Analysis:

Concept: Mesh analysis focuses on the meshes (loops) in a circuit. It uses Kirchhoff's Voltage
Law (KVL), which states that the sum of voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit is
zero. The goal is to find the current flowing in each mesh. This method is best suited for
*planar* circuits (circuits that can be drawn on a plane without any wires crossing over each
other).

Procedure:

1. Assign mesh currents: Assign a clockwise current variable to each mesh in the circuit.

2. Apply KVL to each mesh: For each mesh, write an equation expressing the sum of
voltage drops around the loop. Include voltage drops across resistors (using Ohm's Law, V =
IR) and voltage sources. Note that currents in adjacent meshes may contribute to the
voltage drop across a shared resistor.

3. Solve the system of equations: The resulting system of equations (one equation per
mesh) can be solved simultaneously to find the unknown mesh currents.

Advantages: Generally more efficient for circuits with many series branches.
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Disadvantages: Not suitable for non-planar circuits; can become complex with many
meshes.

Example (Illustrative): Consider a simple circuit with two resistors in series connected to a
voltage source. Nodal analysis would be less efficient than directly using Ohm's law. Mesh
analysis would be efficient, requiring only one mesh current to be solved for. For more
complex circuits with multiple voltage and current sources and branches, the systematic
approach offered by either nodal or mesh analysis is crucial for efficient solution.

 State and explain Superposition theorem with an example

ANS: Superposition theorem

Statement:

The Superposition Theorem states that in a linear circuit with multiple independent sources,
the voltage or current in any element of the circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages or
currents caused by each independent source acting alone, while all other independent
sources are turned off (deactivated).

Explanation: This theorem works because linear circuits obey the principle of
linearity. Linearity implies that if you double the input, you double the output, and
the response to the sum of multiple inputs is the sum of the responses to each input
individually.

1. Linear Circuit: The theorem applies only to linear circuits, where the relationship
between voltage and current is linear (e.g., resistors).

2. Independent Sources: In the circuit, only one independent source is considered at a

time while deactivating all other sources.

 Deactivating a Voltage Source: Replace the voltage source with a short circuit
(0V).

 Deactivating a Current Source: Replace the current source with an open circuit
(0A).

3. Superposition: Calculate the contribution to the current or voltage for each individual
source, and then add the effects algebraically to get the total current or voltage.

Steps for Applying the Superposition Theorem:

Identify all independent sources in the circuit.

Deactivate all sources except one, and analyze the circuit to find the contribution of
the active source to the desired quantity (current or voltage).
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Repeat step 2 for each independent source.

Add the contributions from all sources to find the total response in the circuit.

Example:( )

Significance

The Superposition Theorem helps simplify circuit analysis by breaking down complex
circuits with multiple sources into simpler cases. It is particularly useful for linear
circuits with more than one independent source.

 State and explain Thevenin’s Theorem with an example

ANS: Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin's Theorem is a fundamental principle in electrical circuit analysis that simplifies

complex circuits. It allows for the reduction of any linear circuit with multiple elements into
an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source and a single resistor.

1. Statement:

Thevenin's Theorem states that any linear electrical network with resistors and sources
(voltage or current sources) can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single
voltage source

𝑉𝑡h(Thevenin equivalent voltage) in series with a resistor 𝑅𝑡ℎ(Thevenin equivalent

resistance), connected across the load.

2. Explanation:

Linear Circuit: The theorem is applicable only to linear circuits where components like
resistors, capacitors, and inductors have a linear relationship between voltage and current.

Thevenin Equivalent Voltage (𝑉𝑡ℎ ): It is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals where the
load is connected, meaning the voltage across the terminals when the load is removed.

Thevenin Equivalent Resistance (𝑅𝑡ℎ ): It is the resistance seen from the load terminals
when all independent voltage sources are replaced by short circuits and all independent
current sources are replaced by open circuits.

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit: Once 𝑉th and 𝑅𝑡ℎ are determined, the original circuit can be
replaced by a simpler equivalent circuit that consists of a voltage source 𝑉𝑡ℎ in series with
a resistance 𝑅𝑡ℎ , making circuit analysis easier.

3. Steps for Applying Thevenin’s Theorem:

Remove the load resistance from the original circuit if there is one.
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Find the Thevenin equivalent voltage (V𝑡ℎ ) by calculating the open-circuit voltage across
the terminals where the load was connected.

Find the Thevenin equivalent resistance (𝑅𝑡ℎ ):

Deactivate all independent sources: replace voltage sources with short circuits and current
sources with open circuits.

Calculate the equivalent resistance across the open terminals.

Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit: a voltage source 𝑉𝑡ℎ in series with a resistor 𝑅𝑡ℎ ,
connected to the original load.

4. Example:( )

5. Significance:

Thevenin’s Theorem simplifies the analysis of circuits with multiple elements by reducing
them to a simple equivalent circuit. This makes it easier to calculate the current through and
the voltage across the load, especially when the load varies.

 Give the statement and derive the condition for a maximum power transfer
Theorem.

ANS: Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

transferred from a source to a load when the load resistance 𝑅𝐿 is equal to the Thevenin
The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that in a linear DC circuit, maximum power is

equivalent resistance 𝑅𝑡h of the source network seen from the load terminals.

Statement:

resistance 𝑅𝐿 matches the Thevenin equivalent resistance 𝑅𝑡ℎ of the circuit supplying the
The theorem states that the power delivered to the load will be maximized when the load

power.

Derivation of the Condition for Maximum Power Transfer

To derive the condition, consider a simple circuit where a voltage source 𝑉𝑡ℎ (Thevenin
equivalent voltage) with a series resistance 𝑅𝑡ℎ (Thevenin equivalent resistance) is
connected to a load resistance 𝑅𝐿.

1. Circuit Configuration:

The circuit consists of a voltage source 𝑉𝑡ℎ , a series resistor 𝑅th , and a load resistor 𝑅𝐿.
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2. Current through the Circuit:

The total resistance in the circuit is 𝑅𝑡ℎ +𝑅L.

The current 𝐼 flowing through the circuit is given by:

𝐼 =𝑉𝑡ℎ/𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅L

3. Power Delivered to the Load:

The power 𝑃𝐿 delivered to the load 𝑅 is given by:

𝑃𝐿=𝐼^2𝑅𝐿=(𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑅𝑡ℎ+𝑅𝐿)^2𝑅𝐿

Expanding this, we get:

𝑃𝐿=Vth^2RL/(Rth + RL)^2

4. Condition for Maximum Power:

To find the value of 𝑅𝐿 that maximizes 𝑃 , differentiate 𝑃L with respect to RL and set the
derivative equal to zero:

𝑑𝑃𝐿/𝑑𝑅𝐿=𝑉𝑡ℎ^2(R𝑡ℎ +R𝐿 )^2−𝑉𝑡ℎ^2 𝑅𝐿⋅2(𝑅tℎ + 𝑅𝐿)/ (𝑅𝑡ℎ

+ 𝑅𝐿 )^4=0

Simplifying the expression:

(𝑅𝑡h +𝑅 )^2−2𝑅𝐿 (𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅 ) =0

Factoring out (Rth + RL ), we get:

𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅𝐿 − 2𝑅𝐿 = 0 ⟹ Rth = RL

5. Conclusion:

The power delivered to the load is maximized when the load resistance 𝑅𝐿 is equal to the
Thevenin equivalent resistance Rth of the source network.

Maximum Power Expression

When𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅tℎ , the maximum power delivered to the load can be found by substituting
𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ in the power equation:

𝑃max= 𝑉𝑡ℎ^2/4𝑅𝑡ℎ

Significance: The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem is widely used in electrical engineering
for designing circuits, especially in communication systems and impedance matching to
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maximizes power, it does not maximize efficiency, as half the power is dissipated in 𝑅𝑡h.
ensure the efficient transfer of power. It is important to note that while this condition

 Explain and derive the current and voltage of series connected resistances

ANS: Series Connected Resistances

When resistors are connected in series, they are arranged end-to-end, so the same current
flows through each resistor. The total resistance in the circuit is the sum of the individual
resistances, and the voltage across the circuit is divided among the resistors.

Current in Series Circuit

Same Current Flow:

In a series connection, the current passing through each resistor is the same because there is
only one path for the current to flow.

Let the current in the circuit be I. Then, I is the current through each resistor.

Voltage in Series Circuit

Voltage Division:

The total voltage across the series connection is equal to the sum of the individual voltages
across each resistor.

Let the total voltage supplied to the circuit be , and let 𝑉1,𝑉2,…,𝑉𝑛 be the voltages across
resistors 𝑅1,𝑅2,…,𝑅n, respectively. Then, according to Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL):

V = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + … + 𝑉n

Using Ohm’s Law (V=IR), the voltage across each resistor can be written as:

𝑉1 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑅1 , 𝑉2 = 𝐼 . 𝑅2 , … , 𝑉𝑛 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑅𝑛

Therefore, the total voltage can be expressed as:

𝑉 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑅1 + 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑅2 + … + 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑅𝑛

Factoring out 𝐼, we get:

𝑉 = 𝐼 ( 1 + 𝑅2 + … + 𝑅𝑛 )

Derivation of Total Resistance

Total Resistance:
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The equivalent or total resistance 𝑅eq of resistors connected in series is given by the sum of
the individual resistances:

𝑅eq = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + … + 𝑅𝑛

Using Ohm's Law for the entire circuit, we can write:

𝑉 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑅eq

Substituting 𝑅eq=𝑅1+𝑅2+…+𝑅 , we have:

𝑉 = 𝐼 ( 1 + 𝑅2 + … + 𝑅n )

Current and Voltage Relations

Current Relation:

The current through each resistor is the same and is given by:

𝐼 = 𝑉 / 𝑅eq

The voltage drop across each resistor can be found using:

𝑉𝑖 = 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑅𝑖 = ( / 𝑅eq ) ⋅ 𝑅𝑖

This shows that the voltage across each resistor is proportional to its resistance.

Summary

Current in Series Circuit: The same current flows through each resistor.

Voltage in Series Circuit: The total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages across each
resistor.

Total Resistance: The equivalent resistance is the sum of all individual resistances:

R eq = R1 + R2 + … + Rn

This analysis helps understand how resistors behave in series, with applications in voltage
dividers and circuit analysis.

 Explain and derive the current and voltage of parallel connected resistance

ANS: Parallel Connected Resistances

In a parallel connection, resistors are connected across the same two terminals, creating
multiple paths for current to flow. Each resistor experiences the same voltage across it, but
the current through each resistor can be different.

Voltage in Parallel Circuit

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Same Voltage Across Resistors: In a parallel circuit, the voltage 𝑉 across each resistor is the
same and is equal to the total voltage supplied to the circuit. If resistors 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 ,…, 𝑅𝑛
are connected in parallel, then: 𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = … = 𝑉𝑛

Current in Parallel Circuit

Current Division: The total current 𝐼 supplied to the circuit is the sum of the currents
through each resistor. Let 𝐼1,2,…,𝐼𝑛 be the currents through resistors 𝑅1,R2,…,𝑅𝑛 ,
respectively.

According to Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):

𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + … + 𝐼𝑛

Current Through Each Resistor:

The current through each resistor can be expressed using Ohm's Law:

𝐼𝑖 = 𝑉 / 𝑅𝑖

Therefore, the total current can be expressed as:

𝐼 = 𝑉 / 𝑅1 + 𝑉 / 𝑅2 + … + 𝑉 / 𝑅𝑛

Factoring Out Voltage:

Factoring out V from the current equation gives:

𝐼 = 𝑉 ( 1 / 𝑅1 + 1 / 𝑅 2 + … + 1 / 𝑅𝑛 )

Derivation of Total Resistance:

The total or equivalent resistance 𝑅eq of resistors in parallel can be derived from the above
relationship: 𝐼 = 𝑉 / 𝑅eq

Setting the two expressions for I equal gives:

𝑉 / Req = 𝑉 ( 1 / 𝑅1 + 1 / 𝑅2 + … + 1 / 𝑅𝑛 )

Dividing both sides by 𝑉

V (assuming 𝑉≠0,V=0):

1 / 𝑅eq = 1 / 𝑅1 + 1 / 𝑅2 + … + 1 / 𝑅𝑛

Total Resistance:

The equivalent resistance Req of resistors in parallel is given by:

𝑅eq = 1 / ( 1 / 𝑅1 + 1 / 𝑅2 + … + 1/ 𝑅𝑛)
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Summary

Voltage in Parallel Circuit: The same voltage V is applied across each resistor.

V = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = … = Vn

Current in Parallel Circuit: The total current 𝐼 is the sum of the individual currents through
each resistor: 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + … + 𝐼𝑛

Current Through Each Resistor: The current through each resistor is given by:

𝐼𝑖 = 𝑉 / 𝑅𝑖

Total Resistance: The equivalent resistance for resistors in parallel is calculated as:

𝑅eq = 1 / 1 / 𝑅1 + 1/ 𝑅2 + …+ 1/ 𝑅𝑛

This understanding of parallel circuits is crucial for designing circuits with specific current
and voltage requirements and for analyzing complex circuit networks.

2. AC CIRCUITS
 Define (i) AC Voltage and Current with equations (ii) instantaneous value (iii)
RMS value (iv)average value

ANS: (i) AC Voltage and Current

AC Voltage: Alternating Current (AC) voltage varies sinusoidally with time. It is

characterized by its amplitude (peak value), frequency, and phase angle. Equation:
The expression for AC voltage V(t) can be represented

V(t)=Vm sin(ωt+ϕ)

Where, V(t) = instantaneous voltage at time

Vm= peak (maximum) voltage

ω = angular frequency in radians per second (ω=2πf), where

f is the frequency in hertz (Hz)

ϕ = phase angle in radians

AC Current: AC current also varies sinusoidally, following a similar pattern to AC

voltage.

Equation: The expression for AC current I(t) can be represented as:

I(t)=Im sin(ωt+ϕ)
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Where,

I(t) = instantaneous current at time 𝐼𝑚 = peak (maximum) current

(ii) Instantaneous Value

The instantaneous value refers to the value of the voltage or current at any specific
moment in time. It is given directly by the equations of AC voltage and current.

For Voltage: V(t)=Vm sin(ωt+ϕ)

For Current: (t)=Im sin(ωt+ϕ)

(iii) RMS Value

The RMS (Root Mean Square) value is a measure of the effective value of an AC
voltage or current. It represents the equivalent DC value that would deliver the same
power to a load.

Formula for RMS Voltage:

𝑉rms=𝑉𝑚 /root2≈0.707𝑉𝑚

Formula for RMS Current:

𝐼rms=𝐼m/root2≈0.707𝐼𝑚

(iv) Average Value

The average value of an AC waveform is the average of all instantaneous values over a
complete cycle. For a sinusoidal wave, the average value over one complete cycle is zero, as
positive and negative halves cancel out. Therefore, for practical applications, the average
value is typically calculated over the positive half-cycle.

Formula for Average Voltage (over half a cycle):

𝑉avg=2𝑉𝑚/𝜋≈0.636𝑉𝑚

Formula for Average Current (over half a cycle):

𝐼avg=2𝐼𝑚/𝜋≈0.636𝐼𝑚

 Define (i) frequency (ii) time period (iii) amplitude

ANS: (i) Frequency:

Frequency refers to the number of cycles of a periodic waveform that occur in one
second. It is a measure of how often a wave repeats itself.
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Unit: The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz), where 1 Hz is equal to one cycle per second.

Formula: 𝑓=1/𝑇

Where:

f = frequency in hertz (Hz) T = time period in seconds (s)

(ii) Time Period:

The time period is the duration of one complete cycle of a periodic waveform. It is the
time it takes for the wave to return to its starting point.

Unit: The unit of time period is seconds (s).

Formula: 𝑇=1/𝑓

Where:

T = time period in seconds (s) f = frequency in hertz (Hz)

(iii) Amplitude:

Amplitude is the maximum value of a wave measured from its mean (or equilibrium)
position. It indicates the strength or intensity of the wave and can refer to the
maximum voltage, current, or displacement in mechanical waves.

Unit: The unit of amplitude varies depending on the type of wave. For electrical waves, it is
usually volts (V) for voltage and amperes (A) for current. For mechanical waves, it could be
meters (m) for displacement.

 What is the relation between frequency and time period

ANS: Frequency (f): The number of cycles of a waveform that occur in one second. It is
measured in hertz (Hz).

Time Period (T): The duration of one complete cycle of a waveform. It is measured in seconds
(s).

Mathematical Relationship:

The relationship can be expressed with the following formulas:

From Time Period to Frequency:

𝑓=1/𝑇
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Where:

f = frequency (in Hz) T = time period (in seconds)

From Frequency to Time Period:

𝑇=1/𝑓

Where:

T = time period (in seconds) f = frequency (in Hz)

Explanation:

If the frequency increases (more cycles occur in a second), the time period must
decrease because each cycle takes less time to complete.

Conversely, if the time period increases (each cycle takes longer to complete), the
frequency decreases because fewer cycles occur in the same amount of time.

Example: If a waveform has a time period of 0.01 seconds (10 milliseconds), the frequency
can be calculated as:

𝑓=1/0.01=100Hz

𝑇=1/50=0.02seconds (or 20 milliseconds)

If the frequency is 50 Hz, the time period would be:

 What is the relation between frequency and speed

ANS: Frequency (f): The number of cycles of a wave that occur in one second. Measured in
hertz (Hz).

Speed (v): The distance traveled by a wave per unit of time. Measured in meters per second
(m/s).

Wavelength (λ): The distance between two successive points in phase on a wave (e.g., crest
to crest or trough to trough). Measured in meters (m).

Relationship: The relationship between frequency, speed, and wavelength can be expressed
with the formula:

𝑣 =𝑓 ×𝜆

Where:

v = speed of the wave (in meters per second, m/s)

f = frequency of the wave (in hertz, Hz) λ = wavelength of the wave (in meters, m)
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Explanation:

Speed and Frequency:

As frequency increases (more cycles per second), the speed of the wave can also increase if
the wavelength remains constant. if the wavelength decreases while frequency remains
constant, the speed of the wave must also increase.

Wavelength Influence:

The speed of a wave in a given medium is constant (for example, the speed of light in a
vacuum is approximately 3×10^8m/s). if the frequency increases, the wavelength must
decrease to maintain the same speed, and vice versa.

Example:

For example, if a wave has a frequency of 50Hz and a wavelength of 2 meters, its speed can
be calculated as:

V = f × λ = 50 Hz × 2 m = 100 m/s

 Explain and derive the all equations (current, impedance, power, power
factor) when resistance and inductance is connected to AC supply.

When a resistor (R) and inductor (L) are connected in series to an alternating current (AC)
supply, the circuit exhibits characteristics of both resistance and inductance. Here’s a
comprehensive explanation and derivation of the relevant equations for current, impedance,
power, and power factor in this configuration.

. Impedance in the RL Circuit

Impedance (Z) is the total opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current
and is a combination of resistance and reactance.

Reactance of Inductor

The inductive reactance (𝑋 ) of an inductor is given by:

𝑋𝐿=𝜔𝐿=2𝜋𝑓𝐿

Where:

ω = angular frequency in radians per second f = frequency in hertz (Hz)

L = inductance in henries (H)

Total Impedance

In a series RL circuit, the total impedance (Z) is calculated as:

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𝑍 =rootover𝑅^2+𝑋𝐿^2

Where:

R = resistance in ohms (Ω) 𝑋𝐿 = inductive reactance in ohms (Ω)

3. Current in the RL Circuit

Using Ohm's Law for AC circuits, the current (𝐼) flowing through the circuit can be expressed
as: 𝐼=𝑉/Z

Where:

V = RMS voltage across the circuit

Substituting for 𝑍:

𝐼=𝑉/rootover𝑅^2+(2𝜋𝑓𝐿)^2

4. Power in the RL Circuit

The real power (𝑃) consumed by the circuit is given by: P=VIcosϕ

Where: ϕ = phase angle between voltage and current

Finding the phase angle:

The phase angle (ϕ) in a series RL circuit is defined as:

Tan𝜙 = 𝑋𝐿 / 𝑅 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 / R

From this, we can find

cosϕ=𝑅/𝑍

Average Power Calculation

Substituting 𝐼 into the power equation:

P = V I cosϕ = V( V/Z ) cosϕ

Thus,

𝑃= 𝑉^2/𝑍 ⋅ 𝑅/𝑍 = 𝑉^2𝑅/𝑅^2+(2𝜋𝑓𝐿)^

 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
5. Power Factor

Power Factor = cos𝜙 = 𝑅/𝑍

The power factor (PF) is the ratio of real power to apparent power and is defined as:

Where:

Apparent power

S=VI

 Explain about relation between phase voltage, line voltages and line currents,
phase currents in star connected system

ANS: In a three-phase electrical system, the configuration of the connections significantly

influences the relationship between phase voltages, line voltages, phase currents, and line
currents. One of the most common configurations is the star (Y) connection.

1. Star Connection Configuration

In a star connection, each of the three phases is connected to a common neutral point. The
three phases are typically labeled as A, B, C and N.

Where:

N = Neutral point

A, B, C = Phase conductors

2. Definitions

Phase Voltage (𝑉 ): The voltage across each individual phase winding (from each phase to
the neutral point).

Line Voltage (𝑉 ): The voltage between any two line conductors (i.e., between phases).

Phase Current (𝐼 ): The current flowing through each individual phase winding.

Line Current (𝐼 ): The current flowing in each line conductor (from the source to the load).

3. Relationships in a Star-Connected System

Phase Voltage and Line Voltage

In a star-connected system, the relationship between phase voltage and line voltage is given
by:
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
𝑉𝐿=root3𝑉𝜙

Where:

𝑉 = Line voltage 𝑉𝜙= Phase voltage

This means that the line voltage is root3 times the phase voltage.

Phase Current and Line Current

In a star-connected system, the relationship between phase current and line current is given
by:

𝐼𝐿=𝐼𝜙

Where:

𝐼 = Line current 𝐼𝜙= Phase current

This means that the line current is equal to the phase current. The same current flows
through each phase in a star connection.

 Explain about relation between phase voltage, line voltages and line currents,
phase currents in delta connected system

In a three-phase electrical system, the delta (Δ) connection is another common configuration
used to connect loads or generators. The relationships between phase voltages, line
voltages, phase currents, and line currents differ from those in a star connection. Below is a
detailed explanation of these relationships in a delta-connected system.

1. Delta Connection Configuration

a triangle (or delta) shape. The three phases are typically labeled as A,B, and 𝐶
In a delta connection, each phase winding is connected end-to-end in a closed loop, forming

Where:

A, B, C = Phase conductors.

Phase Voltage (𝑉𝜙): The voltage across each phase winding.

Line Voltage (𝑉 ): The voltage between any two line conductors (i.e., between phases).

Phase Current (𝐼 ): The current flowing through each individual phase winding.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
Line Current (𝐼 ): The current flowing in each line conductor (from the source to the load).

3. Relationships in a Delta-Connected System

Phase Voltage and Line Voltage

In a delta-connected system, the relationship between phase voltage and line voltage is
given by:

𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝜙

Where:

𝑉 = Line voltage 𝑉𝜙 = Phase voltage

the line voltage is equal to the phase voltage in a delta connection.

Phase Current and Line Current

In a delta-connected system, the relationship between line current and phase current is given
by:

𝐼𝐿 = root3 𝐼𝜙

Where:

𝐼𝐿 = Line current 𝐼𝜙 = Phase current

This indicates that the line current is root3 times the phase current.

 Discuss about three phase power and describe about any one power
measurement technique (two-watt meter method).

Three-Phase Power

In a three-phase electrical system, power can be delivered more efficiently compared to

single-phase systems. This is particularly beneficial for industrial applications, where heavy
machinery requires substantial power.

Types of Power in a Three-Phase System

Active Power (P): The real power consumed by the load, measured in watts (W). It represents
the actual energy consumed to perform useful work.

𝑃 = root3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜙

Where:

𝑉𝐿= Line voltage 𝐼 = Line current

 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
ϕ = Phase angle between the voltage and current.

Reactive Power (𝑄): The power that oscillates between the source and the load due to
inductive and capacitive elements, measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR).

𝑄= root3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin𝜙

Apparent Power (S): The total power flowing in the circuit, measured in volt-amperes (VA). It
is the vector sum of active and reactive power.

𝑆 = root3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

Power Factor (𝑃𝐹): The ratio of active power to apparent power, indicating the efficiency of
the power usage.

PF = cosϕ = P/S

Power Measurement Techniques

To accurately measure power in three-phase systems, several methods are used. One
effective method is the Two-Watt Meter Method.

Two-Watt Meter Method

The two-watt meter method is a widely used technique to measure the total active power in
a three-phase system, particularly in balanced and unbalanced loads.

Setup

Connection: Two wattmeters are connected to the three-phase load as follows:

The first wattmeter (𝑊1 ) is connected between line 𝐴 and line 𝐵(or phase 𝐴 and phase
B).

The second wattmeter (𝑊2) is connected between line B and line 𝐶 (or phase B and phase
C).

Neutral Connection: The neutral point is not required in this method, making it suitable for
systems with unbalanced loads.

Power Calculation

The total active power (𝑃) can be calculated using the readings from the two wattmeters:
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
𝑃=𝑊1+𝑊2

Where:

𝑊1 = Reading of the first wattmeter. 𝑊2= Reading of the second wattmeter.

Balance and Unbalance Conditions

Balanced Load: If the load is balanced, each wattmeter will read equal power.

P=2W1=2W2

Unbalanced Load: In the case of unbalanced loads, the total power is still accurately
measured by summing the two wattmeter readings.

Advantages of Two-Watt Meter Method

Simplicity: It requires only two wattmeters, making it cost-effective and straightforward.

Accuracy: It provides accurate measurements for both balanced and unbalanced loads.

Independence from Neutral: It does not require a neutral connection, which is advantageous
in certain system configurations.

 Discuss about theory and equations of real or active, reactive and apparent
powers.

ANS: In electrical engineering, power in alternating current (AC) systems can be categorized
into three types: real power (active power), reactive power, and apparent power

1. Real Power (Active Power)

Definition: Real power, also known as active power, is the power that performs useful work
in an electrical circuit. It is the power consumed by resistive elements in a circuit to produce
heat, light, or mechanical work. Unit: Watts (W)

Equation: In a single-phase AC circuit, the real power (P) can be calculated using the formula:

P = VI cosϕ

Where:

P = Real power (W) V = Voltage (V) I = Current (A)

ϕ = Phase angle between voltage and current (degrees or radians)

In a three-phase system, the real power can be expressed as:

 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
𝑃 = root3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 cos𝜙

Where:

𝑉 = Line voltage (V) 𝐼𝐿 = Line current (A)

2. Reactive Power

Definition: Reactive power is the power that oscillates between the source and the load due
to inductive and capacitive elements in the circuit. It does not perform any useful work but is
essential for maintaining voltage levels necessary for active power transfer.

Unit: Volt-amperes reactive (VAR)

Equation

In a single-phase AC circuit, the reactive power (Q) can be calculated using the formula:
Q=VIsinϕ

In a three-phase system, the reactive power can be expressed as:

𝑄 = root3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 sin𝜙

3. Apparent Power

Definition: Apparent power is the total power flowing in the circuit, which is the combination
of real power and reactive power. It represents the product of the voltage and current in the
circuit, regardless of their phase relationship.

Unit: Volt-amperes (VA)

Equation

In a single-phase AC circuit, the apparent power (𝑆) can be calculated using the formula:

S = VI

In a three-phase system, the apparent power can be expressed as:

𝑆 = root3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿

4. Power Relationships

The relationships between real power, reactive power, and apparent power can be
summarized using the following equations:

𝑆^2=𝑃^2+𝑄^2

Where:
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
S = Apparent power (VA) P = Real power (W) Q = Reactive power (VAR)

Power Factor:

The power factor (PF) is the ratio of real power to apparent power and indicates the
efficiency of power usage in the circuit:

𝑃 𝐹= 𝑃/𝑆 = cos𝜙

3. ELECTRICAL MECHINES
 Explain the working principle and operation of DC Generator and DC motor
with sketches.

ANS: DC Generator:

A DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using the principle of
electromagnetic induction. It consists of a rotating coil (armature) within a magnetic field.
When the armature rotates, it cuts the magnetic lines of force, inducing an electromotive
force (EMF) according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The generated DC
voltage is collected using brushes and a commutator. The output voltage can be adjusted by
varying the field strength.

DC Motor:

A DC motor operates on the principle of the Lorentz force, which states that a current-
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a mechanical force. In a DC motor,
the armature is supplied with DC voltage, causing a current to flow through it. This current
interacts with the magnetic field, producing torque that causes the rotor to rotate. The
direction of rotation can be reversed by changing the direction of the current or the magnetic
field.

 Explain the construction of DC Generator and DC Motor with sketches

ANS: DC Generator

A DC generator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy into direct

current (DC) electrical energy. Its main components include the armature, magnetic field, and
commutator.

1. Armature: The armature is a coil of wire wound around a core, often made of iron,
which enhances magnetic flux. This coil rotates within a magnetic field, either
generated by electromagnets (field windings) or permanent magnets.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
2. Magnetic Field: The magnetic field is crucial for inducing electromotive force
(EMF). The strength and configuration of the magnetic field significantly influence
the generator's efficiency.
3. Commutator: The commutator consists of segmented copper rings attached to the
armature. As the armature rotates, it generates alternating current (AC). The
commutator rectifies this AC into DC by reversing the connection to the external
circuit at the right moment, ensuring a steady unidirectional current.

DC Motor

A DC motor operates on the same fundamental principles but in reverse, converting

electrical energy into mechanical energy.

1. Armature: Like the generator, the armature in a DC motor consists of a coil of wire
that creates a magnetic field when a DC voltage is applied.
2. Field Windings: These create a magnetic field, usually by using electromagnets or
permanent magnets. The interaction between the armature's magnetic field and the
stator's field produces torque.
3. Commutator: The commutator ensures that the direction of current through the
armature coils is reversed as the motor turns. This action keeps the armature rotating
continuously, allowing for sustained mechanical output.

Applications

Both DC generators and motors are widely used in various applications. DC generators are
found in battery chargers and power supply systems, while DC motors are used in electric
vehicles, robotics, and household appliances. Their ability to provide precise control over
speed and torque makes them invaluable in modern technology.

 Compare DC machines and write the applications of DC generators and DC

motors.

ANS: Comparison of DC Machines

DC Generators and DC Motors are both vital components in electrical systems, but they
serve opposite functions.

1. Operation Principle:
o DC Generator: Converts mechanical energy into direct current (DC)
electrical energy. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction,
where the rotation of the armature within a magnetic field induces an EMF.
o DC Motor: Converts direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical
energy. It operates by generating torque through the interaction of the
magnetic fields created by the armature and stator.
2. Components:
o Both machines have similar structures, including an armature, commutator,
and field windings. However, the direction of current flow and the function of
the armature differ. In generators, the armature is driven by an external
mechanical source, while in motors, the armature is driven by electrical input.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
3. Efficiency:
o Generally, both machines exhibit high efficiency, but losses in a DC motor can
occur due to friction and heat, while in a generator, losses can result from
resistance in the windings and magnetic losses.

Applications

DC Generators:

 Battery Charging: Used in battery chargers to convert mechanical energy into

electrical energy for charging batteries.
 Power Supply Systems: Provide a stable DC output for various applications,
including telecommunications.
 Portable Generators: Employed in portable power systems for tools and equipment
in remote areas.

DC Motors:

 Electric Vehicles: Widely used in electric and hybrid vehicles for propulsion.
 Robotics: Essential in robotic arms and automated systems where precise control of
motion is required.
 Household Appliances: Found in devices such as washing machines, vacuum
cleaners, and fans, where variable speed control is beneficial.


 Explain the construction and working principle of a single-phase

transformer.

ANS: Construction and Working Principle of a Single-Phase Transformer

Construction:

Core: The transformer consists of a magnetic core, typically made of silicon steel, which
enhances magnetic coupling and reduces energy losses. The core is usually laminated to
minimize eddy current losses.

Winding: There are two windings: the primary winding and the secondary winding. These
are made of insulated copper or aluminum wire. The primary winding receives the input
voltage, while the secondary winding delivers the output voltage.

Insulation: Insulating materials separate the windings from each other and from the core to
prevent short circuits and ensure safe operation.

Tank: The transformer is encased in a protective tank filled with insulating oil, which also
helps in cooling and protecting the core and windings from environmental factors.

Cooling Mechanism: Depending on the size and application, transformers may use air, oil,
or forced cooling systems to dissipate heat generated during operation.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
Working Principle:

The working of a single-phase transformer is based on electromagnetic induction. Here’s

how it operates:

AC Input: When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it generates
a varying magnetic field around the winding.

Magnetic Flux: This changing magnetic field induces a magnetic flux in the core, which is
directed through the secondary winding.

Induction: According to Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, the changing magnetic

flux in the core induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the secondary winding. The induced
voltage is proportional to the turns ratio of the windings.

Vs = Ns / Np × Vp

Where: Vs = secondary voltage Vp = primary voltage

Ns = number of turns in the secondary winding Np = number of turns in the primary winding

Voltage Transformation: Depending on the turns ratio, the transformer can either step up
(increase) or step down (decrease) the voltage.

Energy Transfer: The transformer operates under the principle of conservation of energy.
Ideally, the power input to the primary winding equals the power output from the secondary
winding, minus losses.

 Explain the construction and operation of a 3-phase induction motor.

ANS: Construction:

Stator: The stator is the stationary part of the motor, consisting of a cylindrical laminated
core made of thin sheets of steel to minimize eddy currents. It houses three-phase winding,
which is connected to the three-phase supply. The windings are arranged in a specific pattern
to create a rotating magnetic field.

Rotor: The rotor is the rotating component, situated inside the stator. There are two main
types of rotors:

Squirrel Cage Rotor: This is the most common type, made up of conductive bars (usually aluminum
or copper) shorted at both ends by end rings. It resembles a cage structure.

Wound Rotor: This type has windings similar to the stator and is connected to external resistors for
speed control.

Air Gap: There is a small air gap between the stator and rotor, essential for magnetic
coupling and efficient operation.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
End Bells: These are the end covers that support the rotor and maintain the alignment of the
stator and rotor.

Bearings: Bearings support the rotor and allow it to rotate smoothly within the stator.

Operation:

Rotating Magnetic Field: When a three-phase current flows through the stator windings, it
produces a rotating magnetic field. The magnetic field rotates at a synchronous speed
determined by the supply frequency and number of poles in the stator winding.

Ns = 120×f / Pwhere:

NS = synchronous speed (RPM) f = frequency (Hz) P = number of poles

Induction of Current: The rotating magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the rotor
conductors due to Faraday’s Law. This induction occurs because the rotor is stationary when the
motor starts.

Rotor Current: The induced EMF generates a current in the rotor bars (in squirrel cage
motors) or winding's (in wound rotors), creating its own magnetic field.

Torque Production: The interaction between the magnetic fields of the stator and the rotor
produces torque. The rotor tries to catch up with the rotating magnetic field but never fully
reaches it, resulting in a slip.

Slip: The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual rotor speed is called slip,
which is essential for torque production. Without slip, there would be no induced current, and
therefore no torque.

Self-Starting: 3-phase induction motors are self-starting due to the inherent design of the
rotor and the rotating magnetic field, which provides the necessary torque to start the motor
without external assistance.

 Explain the working principle, construction, operation, and

applications of a Stepper motor.

ANS: Working Principle:

A stepper motor operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction, converting electrical

pulses into discrete mechanical movements. It moves in fixed steps, allowing precise control
of angular position, speed, and acceleration. Each pulse sent to the motor corresponds to a
specific angular rotation, enabling accurate positioning.

Construction:

Stator: The stator consists of a series of coils (windings) arranged around a central axis.
These coils are energized in a specific sequence to create a rotating magnetic field.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
Rotor: The rotor is the rotating part of the motor, which may be permanent magnet or soft
iron. It is designed with specific shapes (e.g., toothed or notched) to engage with the stator’s
magnetic field.

Housing: The motor is enclosed in a protective housing, which supports the stator and rotor
and provides structural integrity.

Control Circuit: Stepper motors require a driver or control circuit to manage the sequencing
of the coils, allowing for precise step control.

Operation:

Sequential Energizing: The motor operates by energizing the stator coils in a specific
sequence. For example, in a four-phase stepper motor, the coils are activated in a pattern
(e.g., A, B, C, D) to create a rotating magnetic field.

Magnetic Attraction: As the stator coils are energized, they create magnetic fields that
attract the rotor. The rotor aligns itself with the energized coil, and as the next coil is
energized, the rotor moves to align with it.

Step Movement: Each complete sequence of energizing the coils results in a fixed angular
movement of the rotor, known as a "step." The size of each step depends on the design of the
motor, typically ranging from 1.8° (200 steps per revolution) to 0.9° (400 steps per
revolution).

Microstepping: Advanced control techniques, such as microstepping, allow for even finer
resolution by controlling the current through the coils to achieve smoother motion and
reduced vibrations.

Applications:

Robotics: Stepper motors are widely used in robotic applications for precise control of
movement and positioning.

3D Printers: They are essential in 3D printers for moving the print head and build platform
with accuracy.

CNC Machines: Stepper motors drive the axes of CNC machines, providing accurate and
repeatable movements.

Camera Platforms: They are used in camera gimbals and robotic camera systems for smooth
panning and tilting.

Medical Equipment: Stepper motors are found in devices such as automated syringes and
diagnostic equipment, where precise movements are crucial.

 Explain the working principle of a Capacitor Start Induction Motor and also write the
applications.

ANS: Working Principle of a Capacitor Start Induction Motor

 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
A Capacitor Start Induction Motor is a type of single-phase induction motor designed to start
with high torque and run efficiently. Its operation involves the use of a capacitor in the
starting circuit, which enhances the starting characteristics. Here’s how it works:

Stator and Rotor Construction: Like other induction motors, it has a stator and a rotor. The
stator has two windings: the main winding and the auxiliary (starting) winding. The rotor is
typically a squirrel cage type.

Starting Phase: When power is supplied to the motor, both the main and auxiliary windings
are energized. The auxiliary winding is connected in series with a capacitor, which creates a
phase shift in the current flowing through it.

Rotating Magnetic Field: The phase difference between the currents in the main and
auxiliary windings generates a rotating magnetic field. This field induces current in the rotor,
causing it to rotate. The torque generated during this phase is sufficient to start the motor
under load.

Capacitor Role: The capacitor improves the starting torque by creating a leading current in
the auxiliary winding, which aids in establishing a stronger rotating magnetic field. This
helps the motor to overcome inertia and start under load.

Switching Off the Auxiliary Winding: Once the motor reaches approximately 70-80% of its
rated speed, a centrifugal switch or an electronic relay disconnects the auxiliary winding and
capacitor from the circuit. The motor then continues to run solely on the main winding.

Running Condition: After starting, the motor operates like a standard induction motor. The
main winding continues to produce a rotating magnetic field, and the motor runs efficiently
without the capacitor.

Applications

Capacitor Start Induction Motors are commonly used in various applications due to their high
starting torque and reliable operation. Some typical applications include:

Pumps: Used in water pumps, especially those requiring high starting torque to lift water.

Fans and Blowers: Common in ventilation systems where initial starting torque is necessary.

Refrigerators and Air Conditioners: Employed in compressor motors to start the

refrigeration cycle efficiently.

Machine Tools: Utilized in equipment that demands high torque during startup, such as
milling machines and lathes.

HVAC Systems: Found in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems where reliable
and efficient starting is crucial.

 Why is a single-phase induction motor not self-starting? Explain the methods used to
make it self-starting.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
ANS:A single-phase induction motor is not self-starting due to the nature of its magnetic
field. When powered by a single-phase AC supply, it produces a pulsating magnetic field
instead of a rotating magnetic field. This pulsating field fails to generate any net torque when
the rotor is stationary, preventing it from overcoming inertia and starting to rotate. Without
sufficient starting torque, the rotor remains at rest, and the motor cannot initiate motion.

Methods to Make a Single-Phase Induction Motor Self-Starting

Split Phase Method:

1. This involves two windings: the main and the auxiliary winding. The auxiliary winding
is designed to create a phase shift in the current, producing a weak rotating
magnetic field.
2. A centrifugal switch disconnects the auxiliary winding once the motor reaches a
certain speed, allowing it to run on the main winding.

Capacitor Start Method:

1. A capacitor is connected in series with the auxiliary winding. This configuration

creates a leading current, enhancing the starting torque.
2. Like the split-phase motor, the auxiliary winding is disconnected after the motor
reaches a predefined speed, typically using a centrifugal switch.

Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor:

1. Here, the capacitor remains in the circuit during both starting and running, providing
a continuous phase shift. This allows for smoother operation and is effective for
applications requiring constant speed.
2. Although starting torque is lower than the capacitor start method, it is sufficient for
many applications.

 Explain the working principle, construction, operation, and applications of a BLDC

motor.

ANS: Working Principle

A Brushless DC (BLDC) motor uses electromagnetic induction to

generate motion. It features a rotor with permanent magnets and
a stator with coils. An electronic controller supplies current to the
stator windings, creating a rotating magnetic field that interacts
with the rotor, producing torque. This design eliminates brushes,
enhancing efficiency and reducing maintenance needs

Stator: The stator consists of laminated steel cores with windings (usually made of copper)
wound around them. These windings create the magnetic field when energized.
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
Rotor: The rotor contains permanent magnets arranged in a specific configuration (either
surface-mounted or embedded) that generates a constant magnetic field.

Electronic Controller: An electronic speed controller (ESC) manages the operation of the
motor by supplying current to the appropriate stator windings in a precise sequence, enabling
smooth rotation and speed control..

Operation

Starting: When the motor is powered on, the electronic controller energizes the stator
windings in a specific sequence based on rotor position. This creates a rotating magnetic
field.

Magnetic Interaction: The magnetic field interacts with the rotor's permanent magnets,
generating torque that causes the rotor to turn.

Commutation: As the rotor turns, the controller continuously adjusts the current supplied to
the stator windings. This process, known as electronic commutation, ensures that the
magnetic field always follows the rotor, maintaining efficient rotation.

Speed Control: The speed of the motor can be adjusted by varying the voltage or frequency
of the input power supplied by the controller. Feedback from the rotor position can help
achieve precise speed control.

Applications

BLDC motors are widely used across various industries due to their efficiency and reliability.
Common applications include:

Consumer Electronics: Used in computers, printers, and cooling fans due to their quiet
operation and compact size.

Automotive: Found in electric vehicles (EVs), where they are used for propulsion, power
steering, and HVAC systems.

Industrial Automation: Employed in robotic arms, conveyor systems, and CNC machines
for precise control and high efficiency.

Home Appliances: Utilized in washing machines, air conditioners, and refrigerators for
energy-efficient operation.

Medical Devices: Used in surgical tools, ventilators, and imaging equipment due to their
precision and reliability.

 Explain the working principle, construction, operation, and applications of a servo motor.

ANS:Working Principle

A servo motor operates based on feedback control systems. It uses a closed-loop mechanism
where the motor’s position, speed, and torque are controlled through a feedback sensor. The
 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
motor adjusts its movement to match a desired position as specified by the control signal,
ensuring precise control over motion.

Construction

A typical servo motor consists of:

1. Stator: The stationary part containing coils, which create a magnetic field when energized.
2. Rotor: The rotating part, often a permanent magnet or an iron core, which turns in response
to the magnetic field.
3. Gearbox: Often included to increase torque and control speed.
4. Feedback Device: Typically an encoder or potentiometer, providing real-time position
feedback to the controller.
5. Controller: A microcontroller or driver that processes input signals and regulates the motor’s
operation.

Operation

The operation begins when a control signal is sent to the servo motor. The controller
compares the desired position to the actual position from the feedback device. If there is a
discrepancy, the controller adjusts the current supplied to the motor, causing it to move in the
correct direction until the desired position is reached. This continuous adjustment ensures
accurate positioning and smooth motion.

Applications

Servo motors are widely used in various applications, including:

1. Robotics: For precise control of robotic arms and joints.

2. Industrial Automation: In CNC machines and conveyor systems for accurate movement.
3. Aerospace: In control surfaces of aircraft for stable flight.
4. Consumer Electronics: In camera autofocus mechanisms and drone gimbals.
5. Automotive: In power steering and throttle control systems

 Write the statements of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

ANS: Faraday’s First Law: An electromotive force (EMF) is induced in a circuit whenever there is a
change in the magnetic field around it.

Faraday’s Second Law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is proportional to the rate of change of
the magnetic flux through the circuit. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

EMF = − dt/dΦ

Where: Φ is the magnetic flux.

 FEEE QUESTION& ANSWERS
 List the parts of a DC machine.

ANS: Stator: The stationary part containing field windings or permanent magnets.

Rotor (Armature): The rotating part that generates or consumes electrical energy.

Commutator: A mechanical switch that reverses current direction in the armature windings.

Brushes: Conductive materials that maintain contact with the commutator to transfer current.

End Shields: Provide mechanical support and house bearings for the rotor.

 Write the applications of DC Generators.

ANS: Battery charging.

Electroplating.

DC power supplies for various applications.

Field excitation for synchronous machines.

Used in arc welding machines.

 Write the applications of DC motors.

ANS: Electric vehicles.

Conveyor systems.

Robotics.

Household appliances (like fans and washing machines).

Elevators and hoists

 What is the need for a commutator in a DC generator?

ANS: The commutator is necessary in a DC generator to convert the alternating current generated
in the armature windings into direct current. It ensures that the output voltage remains
unidirectional and provides a steady flow of current to the load.

 List the types of 3-phase squirrel cage induction motors.

ANS: Standard Squirrel Cage Motor: Commonly used for general purposes.

High Slip Squirrel Cage Motor: Designed for applications requiring high starting torque.
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Low Slip Squirrel Cage Motor: Used in applications requiring a constant speed.

Double Squirrel Cage Motor: Has two rotor cages for improved starting characteristics.

 Define transformer.

ANS: A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction. It is used to step up or step down voltage levels while
maintaining power (ideally) across the windings.

 What are the applications of squirrel cage induction motors?

ANS: Pumps (water and other fluids).

Fans and blowers.

Conveyor systems.

HVAC equipment (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning).

Industrial machinery.

 How to make a Single Phase Induction motor self-starting?

ANS: A single-phase induction motor can be made self-starting by:

Using a split-phase winding that creates a phase difference to produce a rotating magnetic field.

Employing a capacitor in series with the starting winding to create a phase shift for initial torque.

Implementing a shaded pole design that provides a weak rotating field.

 What are Servo motors used for?

ANS: Servo motors are used for applications requiring precise control of position, speed, and
acceleration. They are widely utilized in robotics, CNC machinery, automation systems, and any
application needing accurate motion control.

 Write the applications of:

ANS: (i) Capacitor Start Induction Motor: Air conditioners, refrigeration units, and pumps requiring
high starting torque.

(ii) Stepper Motor: 3D printers, CNC machines, camera focus mechanisms, and robotic applications.

(iii) Servo Motor: Robotics, CNC equipment, conveyor systems, and precise positioning systems.
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(iv) BLDC Motor: Electric vehicles, computer cooling fans, appliances like washing machines, and
drones