UNIT-1

Alphabet Test: Concepts, Solved Examples:

Alphabet Test is one of the most important sections of the Reasoning sections. Candidates must
have a crystal clear understanding of the Alphabet Test which is a part of Logical
Reasoning section to score well in various Government Competitive examinations. We all know
about the alphabets such as A to Z but most of us fail to give the correct answer to the questions
asked from this section as they are designed in a tricky way.

Many prestigious government exams such as UPSC, SSC, RBI Grade B, SBI PO, SBI Clerk,
IBPS PO, IBPS Clerk etc. ask questions from Alphabet Test every year. As we use the alphabets
regularly in our daily life for writing or reading so we all have the basic idea of what alphabets
are. In this article, we are going to cover the key concepts of the Alphabet Test reasoning section
along with the solved examples, practice questions and the tips and tricks which will be
sufficient to the candidates if they wish to appear in any of the upcoming government
examinations. Before starting out let us see some of the basic concepts we should know to
proceed further in this section.

Points to Remember:

o “A” Preceded by “B” means B A

o “A” Followed by “B” means A B
o “A” Precedes “B” means A B
o “A” Follows “B” means B A
o The Vowels are A, E, I, O, U
o The Consonants are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
o A number which is divisible by any number except 1, are known as Prime Numbers.
o Examples of Prime Numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, etc.
o A number which is divisible by 2, is known as Even Numbers.
o Examples of Even Numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 ,16, 18, 20, 22, etc.
o A number which is not divisible by 2, is known as Odd Numbers.
o Examples of Odd Numbers are 1,3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, etc.

What is the Alphabet Test?

Before going to the next part let us now understand what an Alphabet Test is? In general,
arranging the known alphabet letters which are given in jumbled letters or in word form
sequence, are known as Alphabetic Arrangement.

When the arrangement of letters or words sequence involves two or more patterns of letters
including numbers and symbols with an equal occurrence and all together making some pattern
in general are called patterns of words or letters in general.
So in Alphabet Test questions are based on finding the place of an English letter to the left or
right of another English letter in the alphabetical order. Sometimes the questions are based on
finding the number of English letter/s between two different letters.

This type of questions vary on the arrangement of alphabetical order. It can be backward, first
half backward, second half, backward, multiple letter segments in changed order etc. Some of the
questions asked in this section are based on finding the middle letter of two specified letters and
in some questions it is asked which letter/s do not change their place/s after the alphabetical
arrangement.
Types of Alphabet Test

As now we know what consists of an Alphabet Test reasoning section. Let us see the various
types of Alphabet Test one by one from below.

1. Number Series (Group Based)

The first type in the Number Series in which a group of numbers will be given and based on that
multiple operations need to be performed on them such as Addition, Multiplication,
Interchanging of digits and so on.

Given Series: 567 289 376 189 852

Example: If 1 is added to the 2nd digit of each number and then the position of the first and last
digits are interchanged, which of the following will be the highest number?

Solution: Given Series: 567 289 376 189 852

By adding 1 with the 2nd digit we get: 577 299 386 199 862

Now if we interchange the first and last digits then we get: 775 992 683 991 268

Therefore, 992 is the highest number which came from 289

2. Alphabet Series (Group Based)

In this an alphabet series will be given and based on that multiple operations need to be
performed on them such as arrange in dictionary or reverse dictionary order, interchanging of
alphabets and so on.

Given Series: DEW BIG RAW FAN DOG

Example: If the position of the first and last alphabets of each word are interchanged and
arranged in dictionary order then, which word comes last?

Solution: Given words are DEW BIG RAW FAN DOG

On interchanging the first and last alphabet we get the series as

WED GIB WAR NAF GOD

Now if we arrange the series in dictionary order then we get the series like this

GIB GOD NAF WAR WED

3. Mixed Series

Mixed Series involves the arrangement of numbers, letters and symbols in a certain way. Various
types of Mixed Series are given below.

(a) Simple Series

Questions from Simple Series will involve questions based on positions only. No types of
operations will need to be performed in these types of questions.

Given Series: A B 6 P 7 2 Z @ X ? V T W # & N S L %

Example: What element in 6th to the left of the 12th element from the left end?

Solution: If we carefully observe the given series then the 12th position from the left end is T.
(A B 6 P 7 2 Z @ X ? V T W # & N S L %)

Whereas, the 6th position to the left of the 12th element is 2. (A B 6 P 7 2 Z @ X ? V T W # &
N S L %)

Therefore, the answer will be 2 is the 6th to the left of the 12th element from the left end.

(b) Operation Based Series

In this type of mixed series candidates need to apply a few operations asked in the question to get
the desired result. Examples regarding this type of mixed series are given later in this article.

4. Creating New Words

In this type of Alphabet Test reasoning section candidates will be given a few letters from which
they need to find if the given letters are making a meaningful word or not. If meaningful words
are present or can be formed using the given letters then questions such as how many meaningful
words can be formed at any position can also be asked.

Example: How many meaningful English words can be formed with the help of letter T, A, E
such that no letter is missed, and no letter is repeated.
Solution: T A E, we can clearly see that various words can be formed by using these 3 letters
such as TEA, EAT and ATE. So the answer is 3 meaningful words can be formed.

5. Position of Letters and Numbers in a Word

In this type of questions, candidates need to find the pairs of letters or digits which may have as
many letters or digits between them as in words or numbers between them in the English
Alphabetical Series and Number Sequence explained above.

Example: How many such letters are there in the word “INTERNET’” after arranging the letters
of the word in alphabetical order each of which has as many letters between them in the word, as
they have between them in English Alphabetical series? (forward direction)

Solution: The word “INTERNET” can be represented as follows.

Letters I N T E R N E T
Alphabet Position 9 14 20 5 18 14 5 20
As we can see, 2 such pairs are there such as NT and IN.

How to Solve Alphabet Test Reasoning Questions – Tips and Tricks

Candidates can find various tips and alphabet test reasoning tricks from below for solving the
questions related to the Alphabet Test reasoning section.

Tip # 1: For questions such as the example of the Number Series type alphabet test reasoning
highest number after interchanging the first and last digits were asked. To solve these types of
questions candidates don’t need to add 1 to the 2nd digit of every number, instead they should
check the last digit of each number only.

Tip # 2: For questions where the lowest number after arranging the digits in increasing order is
asked, candidates should check which number has the lowest digit.

Tip # 3: For the questions where the number of words are starting with vowels after replacing
vowels of each word by its next letter and consonant by its previous letter is asked. Candidates
must replace only the first letter of the word which is starting with a consonant.

Tip # 4: Left – Left means from the left end, Right + Left means from left end, and Right –
Right means from the right.

What is Analogy Reasoning?

Analogy reasoning is a cognitive process where one understands or solves a problem by drawing
parallels or comparisons between the problem at hand and a similar situation or concept.
Analogies involves identifying the underlying relationships and mapping them from one domain
to another. This method of reasoning can be used in various fields, such as problem-solving,
decision-making, learning, and communication.

In essence, analogy reasoning relies on the idea that if two things share certain similarities, they
may also share other, unknown similarities. This process allows for the transfer of knowledge
from one context to another, facilitating understanding and creative thinking. For example, if you
want to explain how an electrical circuit works to someone unfamiliar with the concept, you
might use the analogy of water flowing through pipes, as it shares some similarities in terms of
flow, pressure, and resistance.

Analogy is one of the most common topics which can be seen in almost all Government exams
be it Banking, SSC, Railway, Insurance or Defence. In Analogy Logical Reasoning, Analogy
depicts the “resemblance of one object to another in certain aspects.” The aim of analogies are to
test the candidate’s ability to discover the relationship between the question pair, and then find
the required pair of words, which is most similar to that relationship. The weightage of this topic
varies from 1 mark to 5 marks. Though Reasoning Analogy has major weightage in SSC and
Railway exams where questions on different types of analogies can be seen which are mentioned
further in this article

Analogy Reasoning Questions

Given below are solved logical reasoning analogy questions to help improve your understanding
of them:

Question 1: EL : HJ :: DY : ?

Solution:

E(5) + 3 = H(8) and L(12) – 2 = J(10)

Similarly, D(4) + 3 = G(7) and Y(25) – 2 = W(23)

Hence, GW will replace the question mark

Question 2: RJ : IQ :: DH : ?

Solution:

R – I (Reverse Letter of R is I) and J – Q (Reverse Letter of J is Q)

Similarly, D – W (Reverse letter of D is W) and H – S (Reverse letter of H is S)

Hence, WS will replace the question mark.

Question 3: ACFJ : ZXUQ ∷ ELHK : ?

Solution: The pattern followed here is given below.

Alphabet Positional Value Positional Value Alphabet

A 1 26 Z

B 2 25 Y

C 3 24 X

D 4 23 W

E 5 22 V

F 6 21 U

G 7 20 T

H 8 19 S

I 9 18 R

J 10 17 Q

K 11 16 P

L 12 15 O

M 13 14 N

Each letter of the first term forms a reverse pair with the corresponding letter of the second term.

Hence, the correct answer is ‘VOSP’

Question 4: TOK : SNJ ∷ LAP : ?

Solution: The logic used here is given below.

Alphabet Positional Value Positional Value Alphabet

A 1 26 Z

B 2 25 Y

C 3 24 X
D 4 23 W

E 5 22 V

F 6 21 U

G 7 20 T

H 8 19 S

I 9 18 R

J 10 17 Q

K 11 16 P

L 12 15 O

M 13 14 N

Here The pattern followed is,

T O K

-1 -1 -1

S N J

Similarly,

L A P

-1 -1 -1

K Z O

Hence, “KZO” is the correct answer.

Question 5: 67 : 76 :: 42: ?

Solution:

67 + 9 = 76
Similarly, 42 + 9 = 51,

Hence, 51 will replace the question mark.

Question 6: 71 : 42 :: 98 : ?

Solution:

71 – 29 = 42

Similar, 98 – 29 = 69

Hence, 69 will replace the question mark.

Question 7: P21 : J28 :: G19 : ?

Solution:

P(16) – 6 = J(10), 21 + 7 = 28

Similarly, G(7) – 6 = A(1), 19 + 7 = 26

Hence, A26 will replace the question mark.

Question 8: Afghanistan : Kabul :: USA : ?

Solution:

Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan.

Similarly, Washington is the capital of the USA.

Hence, Washington will replace the question mark.

Question 9: Abode : Dwelling :: Blend : ?

Solution:

Abode is the synonym of Dwelling.

Similarly, Mix is the synonym of Blend.

Hence, Mix will replace the answer.

Question 10: History : Herodotus ∷ ? : Eratosthenes

Solution:

Here the relation is:

History : Herodotus → Herodotus is the father of History.

Similarly, ? : Eratosthenes → Eratosthenes is the father of Geography.

Hence, ‘Geography’ is the correct answer.

Question 11: Author : Book :: Painter : ?

Solution: Canvas (The relationship is the creator and their creation: an author creates a book and
a painter creates a painting on a canvas.)

Question 12: Nurse : Hospital :: Teacher : ?

Solution: School (The relationship is the professional and their workplace: a nurse works in a
hospital and a teacher works in a school.)

Question 13: Odometer : Distance :: Thermometer : ?

Solution: Temperature (The relationship is the instrument and the quantity it measures: an
odometer measures distance and a thermometer measures temperature.)

Question 14: Oak : Tree :: Rose : ?

Solution: Flower (The relationship is the specific to the general category: oak is a type of tree
and rose is a type of flower.)

Question 15: Starve : Food :: Dehydrate : ?

Solution: Water (The relationship is the condition caused by a lack of a particular substance:
starve is caused by a lack of food, and dehydrate is caused by a lack of water.)

Question 16: Marathon : Race :: Sonnet : ?

Solution: Poem (The relationship is the specific to the general category: a marathon is a type of
race and a sonnet is a type of poem.)

Question 17: Fear : Phobia :: Love : ?

Solution: Philia (The relationship is the emotion and its corresponding scientific term: fear is
called phobia and love is called philia.)

Question 18: Encyclopedia : Knowledge :: Thesaurus : ?

Solution: Synonyms (The relationship is the reference book and the information it provides: an
encyclopedia provides knowledge and a thesaurus provides synonyms.)

Question 19: Butterfly : Caterpillar :: Frog : ?

Solution: Tadpole (The relationship is the adult and the juvenile form of an organism: a butterfly
develops from a caterpillar and a frog develops from a tadpole.)

Question 20: Earth : Planet :: Sun : ?

Solution: Star (The relationship is the specific to the general category: Earth is a type of planet
and Sun is a type of star.)

Question 21: Glacier : Ice :: Desert : ?

Solution: Sand (The relationship is the geographical feature and its predominant substance: a
glacier is made of ice and a desert is made of sand.)

Question 22: Square : Rectangle :: Circle : ?

Solution: Ellipse (The relationship is the specific to the general geometric shape: a square is a
type of rectangle and a circle is a type of ellipse.)

Question 23: Conductor : Orchestra :: Captain : ?

Solution: Ship (The relationship is the leader and the entity they lead: a conductor leads an
orchestra and a captain leads a ship.)

Question 24: Ignite : Fire :: Freeze : ?

Solution: Ice (The relationship is the action and the resulting state: ignite leads to fire and freeze
leads to ice.)

Question 25: Glasses : Eyes :: Hearing Aid : ?

Solution: Ears (The relationship is the device and the sensory organ it assists: glasses assist eyes
and hearing aids assist ears.)

Question 26: Comedy : Laughter :: Tragedy : ?

Solution: Tears (The relationship is the genre and the emotional response it evokes: comedy
evokes laughter and tragedy evokes tears.)

Question 27: Wax : Candle :: Ink : ?

Solution: Pen (The relationship is the material and the object it is commonly used in: wax is
used in candles and ink is used in pens.)

Question 28: Surgeon : Scalpel :: Carpenter : ?

Solution: Hammer (The relationship is the professional and their primary tool: a surgeon uses a
scalpel and a carpenter uses a hammer.)

Question 29: Cow : Calf :: Horse : ?

Solution: Foal (The relationship is the adult animal and its offspring: a cow's offspring is a calf
and a horse's offspring is a foal.)

Question 30: Speak : Whisper :: Walk : ?

Solution: Tip-toe (The relationship is the normal action and its quieter or more subtle
counterpart: speaking is done more loudly than whispering, and walking is done more loudly
than tip-toeing.)

Types of Analogy Reasoning Questions

As of now, we know what consists of the questions in the logical analogy reasoning section. Let
us see the various types of questions that may come in your competitive exams.

1. Letter/Word Based Analogy

In these types of analogy reasoning questions, a pair of letters or words are given in a certain
similarity between them. Another word or letter is also given with the same similarities.
Candidates need to find out the similarities between the first two words and choose the word
from the given alternatives, which carries the same similarities to the “?”, as the two first carry.

Various types of letter based analogies are Addition/ Subtraction/ Multiplication with the
constant numbers, Reverse letter of the constant numbers and so on.

2. Number Based/Numerical Analogy

In numerical or number analogy reasoning, a pair of numbers are given in a certain similarity
between them. Another number is also given with the same similarities. Candidates need to find
 out the similarities between the first two numbers and choose the number from the given
alternatives, which carries the same similarities to the “?”, as the first two carry.

Various types of number-based analogies are Addition/ Subtraction/ Multiplication with constant
numbers, Square/Cube of constant numbers, Operation of Sum of the digits, and so on.

3. Letter and Number Based Analogy (Mixed Analogy)

In these type of logical analogy questions, a mixed pair of numbers and letters are given in a
certain similarity between them. Another mixed pair of numbers and letters are also given with
the same similarities. Candidates need to find out the similarities between the first two pairs and
choose the pair from the given alternatives, which carries the same similarities to the “?”, as the
two first carry.

Various types of letter and number-based analogies are Addition/Subtraction with a combination
of Letters and Numbers, Operation of Place Value, and so on.

4. Image-Based Analogy

In this type of analogy reasoning, a pair of Images are given in a certain similarity between them.
Another Image is also given with the same similarities. Candidates need to find out the
similarities between the first two Images and choose the correct image from the given
alternatives, which carries the same similarities to the “?”, as the first two.

5. General Knowledge Based Analogy

In general knowledge based analogy reasoning, a pair of words are given in a certain similarity
between them. Another word is also given with the same similarities. Candidates need to find out
the similarities between the first two words and choose the correct word from the given
alternatives, which carries the same similarities to the “?”, as the two first carry.

Arithmetic Reasoning: Concepts, Questions & Solutions




Arithmetic reasoning is an important skill that involves using principles of math to solve real-
world practical problems and make informed decisions. The process of arithmetic reasoning
includes analyzing numbers, identifying patterns, and drawing logical conclusions. This makes
arithmetic reasoning a valuable skill in various aspects of life, from academics to everyday
challenges.
Arithmetic reasoning extends beyond basic math operations and dives into the realm of problem-
solving, where individuals must discover complex mathematical relationships and interpret data.
It is a much-needed skill in the fields of finance, engineering, and science, and even in day-to-
day activities like shopping and budgeting.
Arithmetic Reasoning – Solved Examples

1. If the sum of three consecutive even numbers is 120, what is the second number?

a) 38
b) 40
c) 42
d) 44
Answer: b) 40
Explanation: Let the three numbers be x, x+2, and x+4. According to the given information, x +
(x+2) + (x+4) = 120. Solve for x, and you’ll find the second number is 40.

2. If a car travels at a constant speed of 55 miles per hour, how long will it take to cover a
distance of 165 miles?

a) 2 hours
b) 3 hours
c) 4 hours
d) 5 hours
Answer: b) 3 hours
Explanation: To cover 165 miles at a speed of 55 miles per hour, it will take 165 miles / 55
miles per hour = 3 hours.

3. A recipe calls for 2 cups of sugar to make 24 cookies. How many cups of sugar are
needed to make 36 cookies using the same recipe?

a) 2 cups
b) 3 cups
c) 4 cups
d) 5 cups
Answer: b) 3 cups
Explanation: To make 36 cookies, you need 1.5 times the amount of sugar, so 2 cups x 1.5 = 3
cups of sugar.

4. If a book costs $15 and you buy three books, how much will you pay in total?
a) $15
b) $30
c) $40
d) $45
Answer: b) $45
Explanation: Three books each costing $15 will amount to 3 x $15 = $45.

5. A rectangular garden is 8 feet long and 6 feet wide. What is the area of the garden in
square feet?

a) 14 square feet
b) 24 square feet
c) 30 square feet
d) 48 square feet
Answer: b) 48 square feet
Explanation: The area of the rectangular garden is length x width = 8 feet x 6 feet = 48 square
feet.

6. If the price of a product is increased by 20% and the new price is $60, what was the
original price?

a) $45
b) $50
c) $55
d) $48
Answer: c) $50
Explanation: If the new price is 120% (100% + 20%) of the original price and is $60, then the
original price was $60 / 1.20 = $50.

7. The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 63. What is the largest of these numbers?

a) 19
b) 21
c) 23
d) 25
Answer: d) 25
Explanation: Let the three numbers be x, x+2, and x+4. According to the given information, x +
(x+2) + (x+4) = 63. Solve for x, and you’ll find the largest number is 19.

8. If the cost of 5 oranges is $2.50, what is the cost of 8 oranges?

a) $2.00
b) $3.20
c) $4.00
d) $4.80
Answer: d) $4.00
Explanation: The cost of 1 orange is $2.50 / 5 = $0.50. So, the cost of 8 oranges is 8 x $0.50 =
$4.00.

9. A factory produces 450 widgets in a day. How many widgets will it produce in 5 days?

a) 2,250 widgets
b) 2,2500 widgets
c) 22,500 widgets
d) 225,000 widgets
Answer: a) 2,250 widgets
Explanation: In 5 days, the factory will produce 450 widgets/day x 5 days = 2,250 widgets.

10. If a train travels at a speed of 70 kilometers per hour, how long will it take to cover a
distance of 350 kilometers?

a) 3 hours
b) 4 hours
c) 5 hours
d) 6 hours
Answer: c) 5 hours
Explanation: To cover 350 kilometers at a speed of 70 kilometers per hour, it will take 350
kilometers / 70 kilometers per hour = 5 hours.
Blood Relations

Introduction

Any relation in the world which either by birth or by marriage is called a Blood Relation.
Ex: Any relation by birth will be mother, father, son, daughter, etc. and any relation by marriage
will be father-in-law, mother-in-law, etc.

Types of Questions on Blood Relation

Over the years, the standard and type of questions which are being asked from the blood relation
topic have seen a slight turn. Initially, the questions used to be less complex and statement or
dialogue-based, but with the increased competition, the variety of questions being asked have
also changed.

Being one of the most common concepts from which questions are asked in exams, given below
are the different ways in which the blood relation questions may be asked in the competitive
exams, for the assistance of candidates:

 Dialogue/ Conversation Based – In such questions, one person describes his/her relation
with another person (this may or may not be related to the person with whom the
conversation is being made).
 Based on Puzzles – To make the questions complex, blood relation questions are also
being asked in the form of a puzzle. A piece of brief information about multiple people
being interrelated is given and sub-questions based on the same may be asked.
 Coding-Decoding – The relationship between two people may be denoted using
symbols. This has become a common method of asking blood relation questions in
competitive exams, nowadays.

There also are a few things which need to be kept in mind while solving the blood relation
questions. Given below are few such important pointers:

 You cannot assume the gender of the person based on the name
 If the statement says X is the son of Y, the gender of Y cannot be determined unless
mentioned in the question
 In puzzle based questions, a web of relations can be formed, so do not solve such
questions in a haste
 These questions are scoring and easy to solve, so do not panic if the question seems
lengthy
 In case of coding-decoding blood relation, use a pictorial description to solve the
question. This will make the symbols and relation more clear
To ace the reasoning section, candidates can visit the 3 Sutras to Prepare Reasoning Ability at
the linked article.
Let us now move on to solving a few sample questions to get a better understanding of the
concept.

Blood Relations Topics

1. Jumbled descriptions
2. Relational puzzle
3. Coded relations
4. Miscellaneous questions

Family Tree

To solve the problems in blood relation, one should know how to draw a family tree.

A family tree is a pictorial representation of genealogical data.

The following points help in drawing a family tree.

1. All the female members of the family are represented by a circle. The name of the person
is written inside the circle for convenience.
2. All the male members of the family are represented by a square. The name of the person
is written inside the square for convenience.
3. The relation between two members of the family is shown by connecting a double-
headed arrow.
4. The spouse relation is represented by the two ends of a double-headed arrow.
5. All the family members of the upper generation are represented above in the family tree.
Ex: father, mother, uncle, aunt etc. The logic can be extended by representing the
grandparents above the parents in the family tree. Ex: grandfather and grandmother.
6. All the family members of the same generation are represented in the middle of the
family tree. Ex: brothers, Sisters, cousins, wife, husband, etc.
7. All the family members of the next generation are represented below in the family tree.
Ex: Daughter, son, niece, nephew.
Observations from the family tree

1. Akash and Arjun are brothers and Anne is the wife of Arjun.
2. Myra is the daughter of Arjun and Anne.
3. Veena is the mother of Akash and She has three brothers, Vishnu, Ravi and Guru.
4. Lakshmi Narayan is the father of Arjun and the son of Krishna Rao and Radha.
5. Narayan and Shakuntala are husband and wife and are the parents of Veena.
Type of Relationship Terminology in Use

Mother’s or Father’s son Myself/Brother

Mother’s or Father’s daughter Myself/Sister

Mother’s or Father’s brother Uncle

Mother’s or Father’s sister Aunt

Mother’s or Father’s father Grandfather

Mother’s or Father’s mother Grandmother

Son’s wife Daughter-in-law

Daughter’s husband Son-in-law

Husband’s or wife’s sister Sister-in-law

Husband’s or wife’s brother Brother-in-law

Brother’s son Nephew

Brother’s daughter Niece

Uncle or aunt’s son or daughter Cousin

Sister’s husband Brother-in-law

 Brother’s wife Sister-in-law

Grandson’s or Granddaughter’s daughter Great-granddaughter

To explore the IBPS Syllabus, check at the linked article.

Topic 1: Decoding the jumbled descriptions

This section provides a description of the relationship between two members of the family in a
jumbled manner. One has to decode the jumbled descriptions to find the exact relationship by
drawing a family tree.

Question 1: Pointing to a photograph of a boy Mr.Ram said, “He is the son of the only son of
my mother.” How is Mr Ram related to that boy?

A. Brother

B. Uncle

C. Cousin

D. Father

Topic 2: Relational puzzle

Unlike in the previous section, this section will have all the information about the family
members in a simple and straightforward manner. The number of family members are more here
and many times this section will have a union of two or three families.

One should make use of the family tree to solve the question in the beginning, once the concept
is mastered the questions can be answered by looking at information directly.

Question 1: Ravi is a son of Aman’s father’s sister. Sahil is the son of Divya who is the mother
of Gaurav and grandmother of Aman. Ashok is the father of Tanya and grandfather of Ravi.
Divya is the wife of Ashok.

How is Ravi related to Divya?

1. Nephew
 2. Son
3. Grandson
4. Data inadequate
Solution: There is no requirement for drawing a family tree to solve this question. Since Divya
is the grandmother of Aman and Aman and Ravi are cousins (from the first statement). Ravi
should be a grandson to Divya.

Hence, option C is the correct answer.

Question 1: How is Gaurav’s wife related to Tanya?

1. Niece
2. Sister
3. Sister-in-law
4. Mother
Solution: Since Divya is the wife of Ashok and Ashok is the father of Tanya. We already know
the Divya is also the mother of Gaurav and Sahil, Gaurav and Tanya should be siblings. Hence
Gaurav’s wife will be sister in law to Tanya.

Think, but don’t blink!!!

Question 2: A blind beggar had a brother who died. What relation was the blind beggar to the
brother who died? (Brother is not the answer).

Solution: Sister. The word beggar doesn’t specify any gender, it can be used for either of the
genders.

To explore IBPS PO Syllabus in detail, check at the linked article.

Topic 3: Coded relations

In this section, the relationships among the members of the family are represented by certain
specific codes or symbols such as +._ $,*,&,#,@,! etc. The answers are obtained by decoded the
relationships hidden in the symbols. The only tedious process here is to solve all the options to
arrive at the final correct answer.

Example:

Question 1: Read the following instructions:

 1. A + B indicates A is the brother of B;
2. A – B indicates A is the sister of B and
3. A x B indicates A is the father of B
Which of the following means that C is the son of M?

1. M–NxC+F
2. F–C+NxM
3. N+M–FxC
4. MxN–C+F
Solution: Option A: According to this option NxC indicates N is the father of c. Hence it is
wrong. Option B: According to this option C is the brother of N who is the father of M. Hence it
is wrong. Option C: According to this option Fx C indicates F is the father of C. Hence it is
wrong. Option D: According to this option M is the father of N who is the sister of C hence C
and N are siblings and C is the brother of F so, C is male, Hence C is the son of M.

Option D is the correct answer.

Question 2: Read the following instructions:

1. P $ Q means P is the brother of Q;

2. P # Q means P is the mother of Q;
3. P * Q means P is the daughter of Q
If the code of family is A # B $ C * D, who is the father in them?

1. D
2. B
3. C
4. A
Solution:

1. A # B indicates A is the mother in the family

2. B $ C indicates B is the brother of C.
3. C * D indicates C is the daughter of D.
Since B and C are siblings and A is the mother of B and D is the father of C, D is the father in
the family.

What is Coding & Decoding?

Coding-Decoding is a process of encrypt or decrypt any word, letter or sentence in a set pattern
or code based on some set of rules. Coding and Decoding of information is done with various
rules or patterns, so that only the right person can decipher it. Coding Decoding helps candidates
to improve their logical reasoning skill and ability to focus.

When any letter/word/sentence is written or said in such a way that it hides the actual meaning of
that particular letter/word/sentence from others except the desired person, is called Coding. On
the other hand, decoding is the process in which any letter/word/sentence is written or said in
such a way that it hides the actual meaning of that particular letter/word/sentence from others
except the desired person.

To solve the coding decoding reasoning questions, first of all it is necessary to remember
the positions of all alphabetical letters, both in forward and backward order, which is given
below.

Positional Value of Alphabets in forward direction

Alphabet Positional Value

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

E 5

F 6

G 7

H 8

I 9

J 10

K 11

L 12

M 13

N 14

O 15
P 16

Q 17

R 18

S 19

T 20

U 21

V 22

W 23

X 24

Y 25

Z 26

Positional Value of Alphabets in backward direction

Alphabet Positional Value

A 26

B 25

C 24

D 23

E 22

F 21

G 20

H 19

I 18

J 17

K 16

L 15
M 14

N 13

O 12

P 11

Q 10

R 9

S 8

T 7

U 6

V 5

W 4

X 3

Y 2

Z 1

Types of Coding Decoding Questions

As now we know what consists of the questions related to the Coding-Decoding reasoning
section. Let us see the various types of reasoning questions on coding decoding one by one
below:

1. Letter to Letter Coding

In this type of coding and decoding reasoning, the alphabets of a word are coded with the help of
different operations such as addition, subtraction, interchanging, and so on. Candidates need to
find the code of another word using the same operations.

2. Letter to Number Coding

In this type of coding decoding reasoning, either numerical code values are assigned to a word or
alphabetical code letters are assigned to the number.

3. Substitutional Coding
In these type of coding decoding questions, words are encrypted or coded with the suitable
word.

4. Chinese Coding

In these type of coding and decoding reasoning questions, a few statements consisting of the
same words but in different order will be coded as words or symbols or letters. Candidates need
to find the codes of words by finding the common words in different statements as the code of a
word in both the statements will be the same.

5. LSN Coding

In this type of coding decoding reasoning, words of different statements are coded with letters,
symbols and numbers by using different operations. Candidates need to find the logic used for
letter, symbol, and number.

6. Conditional Coding

In this type of coding decoding reasoning, a few operations will be given and candidates need to
apply all the given conditions to find the code of a given word.

7. Clock Coding

In these type of coding decoding questions, numbers between 1 to 12 are coded and the questions
will be asked on the basis of clock time.

8. Binary Coding

In these type of coding decoding reasoning questions, decimal numbers are coded by binary
numbers such as 0 and 1.

What is Inequality?

As mentioned above, Inequality refers to expressions that contain inequality signs such as <, >,
=, etc. To understand the questions based on mathematical inequalities, candidates must know
about various signs, which are used in such types of questions. The same is given below:

Symbol Meaning

A>B A is greater than B

A<B A is less than B

A=B A is equal to B

A≥B A is either greater than or equal to B

A≤B A is either less than or equal to B

A≠B A is either greater than or less than B

Types of Inequality

As now we know what consists of the questions related to the Inequality reasoning section. Let
us see the various types of questions that may come one by one from below:

1. Basic Inequality

In these type of Inequality reasoning questions, expressions consisting of comparison between

different elements will be given and a defined relation between any 2 elements will be asked.

2. Either – or Case

In these type of Inequality reasoning questions, a definite relation between two elements cannot
be determined. In this type of question there will be given 2 relations only from which either
relation 1 or 2 can be true.

3. Coded Inequality

In these type of Inequality reasoning questions, codes will be assigned to inequality symbols and
the expression will be given using those codes. Candidates need to decode the symbols and find
the relation between the elements.

How to Solve Inequality Reasoning Questions – Tips and Tricks

Candidates can find various tips and inequality reasoning tricks from below for solving the
questions related to the Inequality reasoning section.

Tip # 1: Candidates can consider the symbols by trick to find the answers quickly such as > as
Father, ≥ as Mother, = as Servant, the priority for solving any questions will be given on the
basis of seniority such as Father is senior than Mother and Mother is senior than Servant, and so
on.

Tip # 2: Some of the rules for Basic Inequalities are as follows.

Statement Conclusion

P > Q >R P>R

P>Q≥R
P≥Q>R

P=Q>R

P>Q=R

P<Q<R P<R

P<Q≤R

P≤Q<R

P=Q<R

P<Q=R

P≥Q≥R P > R or P = R

P=Q≥R

P≥Q=R

P≤Q≤R P < R or P = R

P=Q≤R

P≤Q=R

P<Q>R No conclusion can be inferred

P≤Q>R

P<Q≥R

P>Q<R

P>Q≤R

P≥Q<R

Tip # 3: Candidates need to follow the below mentioned rules for solving the either or case
inequalities reasoning section:

Complementary Conditions
Pair

>+= o Elements in both conclusions should be the same.

o Both are individually false.
<+=
>+<+=
o Combination of the relation should be true.
≤+> o Elements in all conclusions should be the same.
o The relation between the elements in all the cases should be “can’t
>+ ≤ say”

What is a Venn Diagram?

A Venn diagram is a diagram that uses circles to demonstrate the connections between items or
finite groupings of things. Intersecting circles have similar features, but non-overlapping circles
don't. Venn diagrams are useful for visualizing the similarities and contrasts between two
concepts. They have long been acknowledged for their value as instructional aids. Venn
diagrams have been utilized in introductory logic curriculums and elementary-level instructional
strategies across the world since the mid-twentieth century.

Applications of Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are used to show how elements connect to one another in relation to a larger
background, data set, or environment. Let us consider, two businesses in the same sector. The
part where circles of the diagram overlap shows the items offered by both companies (where
circles overlap) and the items that are unique to each company (outer circles).
Despite their simplicity, Venn diagrams can be used to visualize a wide variety of complex
relationships and concepts. They are also commonly used in statistics to represent the
relationships between different data sets. You can also see the applications of Venn diagrams in
other aspects of study as well.
Overall, the versatility and simplicity of Venn diagrams have made them a valuable tool for
organizing and communicating complex ideas in a wide range of fields.

Types of Venn Diagram

As now we know what the Venn Diagram reasoning section consists of, let us see the various
types of logical venn diagram questions are given below.

1. Basic Relation

In this type of Venn diagram reasoning, general relations will be given and candidates need to
find the best Venn Diagram for those relations.

2. Geometrical Relation

In this type of Venn diagram reasoning, some relations are given in geometrical form and
candidates need to find the best logical Venn Diagram for those relations.
How to Solve Logical Venn Diagram Reasoning Questions– Know all Tips and Tricks

Candidates can find various tips and tricks from below for solving Venn Diagram
reasoning questions.

Tip # 1: n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) this set are disjoint.

Tip # 2: n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) – n ⋅ (A ∩ B)

Tip # 3: n (A ∩ B) = Φ then n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B)

Tip # 4: n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n (A) + n(B) + n(C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (A ∩ C) – n (B ∩ C)

Tip # 5: Venn diagram of two sets:

(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B), Num of ‘A’ & ‘B’ here is known as ‘’A union B’’ i.e A ∪ B. A
∪ B = n(A) + n(B) – A ∩ B
o

o A ∩ B is called “A intersection B’’, or that part which is common in A & B.

Get more insights on Seating Arrangement Reasoning

Venn Diagram Reasoning Sample Questions

Given below are some solved logical Venn diagram questions to improve your understanding of
this section:

Question 1: Draw the Venn diagram for Mother, Grandmother, Females

Solution:

As all grandmothers are mothers and both mother and grandmother are female.

Therefore, it can be best shown as:

Question 2: Draw the Venn diagram for Brinjal, Banana, Vegetables

Solution:

Brinjal is a type of vegetable.

And, Banana is a fruit.

The correct Venn diagram representation is:

Question 3: Draw the Venn diagram for Professor, Student, Player

Solution:

A professor can also be a student to someone else and can also be a player.

A student can be a professor and a player.

The correct Venn diagram representation is:

Question 4: In the following figure, circle represents bed sheet, triangle represents pillow and
square represents blanket. Which set of letters represents all the three elements?
Solution: Here, D represents all three elements.

Question 5: In the given Venn diagram, the circle represents ‘PhD students’, the triangle
represents ‘science students’ and the rectangle represents ‘girls’. The numbers given in the
shapes represent the number of persons of that particular category. How many girls are PhD
students but are NOT science students?

Solution: From the given diagram,

The shaded part represents girls who are PhD students but not science students = 11 + 8 = 19

Hence, “19” is the correct answer.

Seating Arrangement
Seating arrangement is the arrangement of people/objects logically. This concept involves the
arrangement of people in many possible ways. Seating Arrangement is a common category
of Logical Reasoning that is asked in competitive exams.
In these types of questions, you will have to arrange a group of persons satisfying certain
conditions. The questions on this topic can be asked in any sequence (linear arrangement,
circular arrangement). By applying the logical analysis, we can perform the logical
arrangement to answer the questions or decode.

Seating Arrangement

Rules for Seating Arrangement Questions

Seating Arrangement Questions can be a linear arrangement or circular arrangement. In
circular seating arrangement, we arrange people around a circle while in linear seating
arrangement, we arrange people in a line. Some detail regarding the objects/person and how
they are seated is given, one should arrange either in a Linear or circular as mentioned. Here,
we will discuss the rules:
1. Identifying the right and left in a given seating arrangement
2. If it is not mentioned in the question we cannot assume left an immediate left.
3. Always start the arrangement with complete fixed details.
4. In the case of a circular arrangement, if nothing is mention regarding the direction they are
facing then by default take it as facing Centre.
Types of Seating Arrangement Questions
The questions on Seating arrangement are the most common types of questions asked in
reasoning in all entrance exams. There are different types of problems with the concept of
seating arrangement as follows.
1. Linear Arrangement
2. Square/Rectangular Arrangement
3. Circular Arrangement
4. Triangular arrangement
5. Hexagonal arrangement
6. Pentagon arrangement.
7. Combination of the above.
Examples :
Following are some questions on seating arrangement as follows.
Example1 :
B, L, M, N, P, and Q are in a row. P and Q are in the center, B and L are at the ends. M is
sitting to the left of B. Who is to the right of L?
Solution –
The seating arrangement is as follows.
L–N–P–Q–M–B
Therefore, the right of L is N.
Example2 :
Five boys are sitting to be photographed. S is to the left of R and to the right of B. M is to the
right of R. E is between R and M.
1. Who is sitting immediate right to E?
Answer- M
2. Who is second from the right?
Answer- E
Solution –
The seating arrangement is as follows.
B–S–R–E–M
Example3 :
Five girls are standing in a line. One of the two girls at extreme end is P and the other is B. A
is to the right of S. C is to the left of the B. What is the position of A from the left?
Solution –
The seating arrangement is as follows.
P–S–A–C–B
Conclusion
Seating arrangements can be asked as mixed with puzzles or any topic of logical reasoning. In
any seating arrangement problem, the easiest way is from the possible cases, eliminate one by
one using the statements. While solving questions, first start with the clues with more
connectors. It is important that students practice all types of questions on this topic to ace it in
any competitive exam. If you can solve seating arrangement questions with ease, then you can
ace any competitive exam easily.
Seating Arrangement Reasoning Questions and Answers
Q 1. In a row of 20 students facing North, R is 9th from the left end. How many
students are there between R and S?
a) 7
b) 8
c) 9
d) 10
Answer: b) 8
Q 2. There are six persons sitting in a row facing North. A is sitting left to B but right
to C. C is stting to the immediate right of F. D is sitting left to F but right to E. Who is
sitting in the middle?
a) D and B
b) A and B
c) F and C
d) E and D
Answer: c) F and C
Q 3. In a circular arrangement of 7 persons, A is sitting between B and C, D is sitting
immediate right of C and E is sitting immediate left of A. Who is sitting between D
and F?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) E
Answer: b) B

What is Puzzle Reasoning?

As mentioned above, Puzzle reasoning is all about analyzing the given data, arranging them in
given order, and marking the correct answer. Puzzle reasoning questions require candidates to
analyze the given piece of information, pick the information that is important, and leave out the
information that is not required in solving the given set of questions.

Several types of Puzzle reasoning problems are asked in various government competitive exams
such as Bank and Railways Recruitment Examinations.

Types of Puzzle Reasoning

Now that we know what logical reasoning puzzles are, let us see the various types of questions
that may come in your competitive exams.

1. Floor Puzzle

In this type of logical puzzle reasoning, information of people living on different floors of the
same or different building will be given. Candidates need to arrange them according to the given
information.

2. Scheduling Puzzle

In this type of puzzle reasoning, data based on months, days, or years will be given.

3. Double Line up / Multiple Variable Puzzle

In these type of puzzle reasoning questions, information about different people will be given.
Candidates need to arrange them according to the given data.

4. Linear Puzzle
In this type of logical puzzle reasoning, candidates need to arrange people in a row or multiple
rows according to the given conditions.

5. Square Puzzle

In these type of puzzle reasoning questions, candidates are required to arrange different
people around a square table.

6. Box Puzzle

In this type of puzzle reasoning, candidates need to arrange the boxes one above another.

How to Solve Logical Reasoning Puzzles - Know all Tips and Tricks

Candidates can find various tips and tricks from below for solving the questions related to the
Puzzle reasoning section.

Tip # 1: A triangle has 3 corners and three sides, so three persons can sit at these corners and
they are facing either the center or the direction opposite to the center.

Tip # 2: If A is three people away from B is given, then 3 – 1 = 2 people will sit between them.

Tip # 3: Candidates need to keep the following points in mind while solving the puzzle
reasoning questions.

o When A is second to the left of B: A – B

o When A is second to right of B: B – A
o When A is 2 places away from B: A/B – – B/A
o When A is two places to the right of B or B is two places to the left of A: B – A
o When there are 2 people between A and B: A – – B

Tip # 4: The person born in the year 1990 is the order than the person born in the year 1992 or
any year after 1990. The person born in January is older than the person born in March and so
on.

Question 1:

Direction: Study the following information carefully and answer the given question.

There are eight people A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H sitting around a circular table facing towards
the centre (not necessarily in the same order). C is sitting second to the right of G. E is sitting
immediately to the left of A who is facing C. D is sitting between A and G, B is sitting fourth to
the left of G who is sitting immediately to the left of H.
Who is sitting fifth to the right of H?

Solution:

According to the statement:

1. C is sitting second to the right of G

2. A who is facing C.
3. E is sitting immediate left of A.
4. D is sitting between A and G.
5. G is immediate left of H.
6. B is sitting fourth to the left of G.

So, A is sitting fifth to the right of H.

Check out more details on Order and Ranking Reasoning

Question 2:

Direction: Study the following information carefully and answer the given question.

There are eight persons P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W sitting in a row(not necessarily in the same
order) and facing east. T is sitting fourth to the right of Q. V is sitting third from the right end of
the row. Q is sitting between U and W who is sitting third to the left of T who is sitting at a
corner. P is sitting immediate left of U. R is sitting at the left corner of the row.

How many people sit to the right of W?

Solution:

1. V is sitting third from the right end of the row.

2. R is sitting at the left corner of the row.
3. T who is sitting at a corner.
4. T is sitting fourth to the right of Q.
5. Q is sitting between U and W.
6. P is sitting immediate left of U.

So, there are three people sitting to the right of W.

Get to know more questions on Blood Relations Reasoning

Question 3:

Direction: Study the following information carefully and answer the given question.
There are eight people F, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M sitting around the square table (not necessarily
in the same order) and facing inside the table.

L is sitting fifth to the left of F, who is an immediate neighbor of J. M is sitting second to the left
of K, who is third to the right of L. I is not an immediate neighbor of K and M. G is sitting fourth
to the left of I.

What is the position of K with the respect of H?

Solution:

According to the statement:

1. L is sitting fifth to the left of F.

2. K who is third to the right of L.
3. M is sitting second to the left of K.
4. It is not an immediate neighbor of K and M. So, I is placed at right of F because if I
placed at left of L then (G is sitting fourth to the left of I) this statementment can’t be
true.
5. F who is an immediate neighbor of J.
6. G is sitting fourth to the left of I.
7. F who is an immediate neighbor of J. And, H is sitting in the remaining place.

So, K is sitting Fourth to the left/right of H.

What is Puzzle Reasoning?

As mentioned above, Puzzle reasoning is all about analyzing the given data, arranging them in
given order, and marking the correct answer. Puzzle reasoning questions require candidates to
analyze the given piece of information, pick the information that is important, and leave out the
information that is not required in solving the given set of questions.

Several types of Puzzle reasoning problems are asked in various government competitive exams
such as Bank and Railways Recruitment Examinations.

Types of Puzzle Reasoning

Now that we know what logical reasoning puzzles are, let us see the various types of questions
that may come in your competitive exams.

1. Floor Puzzle

In this type of logical puzzle reasoning, information of people living on different floors of the
same or different building will be given. Candidates need to arrange them according to the given
information.
2. Scheduling Puzzle

In this type of puzzle reasoning, data based on months, days, or years will be given.

3. Double Line up / Multiple Variable Puzzle

In these type of puzzle reasoning questions, information about different people will be given.
Candidates need to arrange them according to the given data.

4. Linear Puzzle

In this type of logical puzzle reasoning, candidates need to arrange people in a row or multiple
rows according to the given conditions.

5. Square Puzzle

In these type of puzzle reasoning questions, candidates are required to arrange different
people around a square table.

6. Box Puzzle

In this type of puzzle reasoning, candidates need to arrange the boxes one above another.

How to Solve Logical Reasoning Puzzles - Know all Tips and Tricks

Candidates can find various tips and tricks from below for solving the questions related to the
Puzzle reasoning section.

Tip # 1: A triangle has 3 corners and three sides, so three persons can sit at these corners and
they are facing either the center or the direction opposite to the center.

Tip # 2: If A is three people away from B is given, then 3 – 1 = 2 people will sit between them.

Tip # 3: Candidates need to keep the following points in mind while solving the puzzle
reasoning questions.

o When A is second to the left of B: A – B

o When A is second to right of B: B – A
o When A is 2 places away from B: A/B – – B/A
o When A is two places to the right of B or B is two places to the left of A: B – A
o When there are 2 people between A and B: A – – B

Tip # 4: The person born in the year 1990 is the order than the person born in the year 1992 or
any year after 1990. The person born in January is older than the person born in March and so
on.
Question 1:

Direction: Study the following information carefully and answer the given question.

There are eight people A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H sitting around a circular table facing towards
the centre (not necessarily in the same order). C is sitting second to the right of G. E is sitting
immediately to the left of A who is facing C. D is sitting between A and G, B is sitting fourth to
the left of G who is sitting immediately to the left of H.

Who is sitting fifth to the right of H?

Solution:

According to the statement:

1. C is sitting second to the right of G

2. A who is facing C.
3. E is sitting immediate left of A.
4. D is sitting between A and G.
5. G is immediate left of H.
6. B is sitting fourth to the left of G.

So, A is sitting fifth to the right of H.

Check out more details on Order and Ranking Reasoning

Question 2:

Direction: Study the following information carefully and answer the given question.

There are eight persons P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W sitting in a row(not necessarily in the same
order) and facing east. T is sitting fourth to the right of Q. V is sitting third from the right end of
the row. Q is sitting between U and W who is sitting third to the left of T who is sitting at a
corner. P is sitting immediate left of U. R is sitting at the left corner of the row.

How many people sit to the right of W?

Solution:

1. V is sitting third from the right end of the row.

2. R is sitting at the left corner of the row.
3. T who is sitting at a corner.
4. T is sitting fourth to the right of Q.
5. Q is sitting between U and W.
6. P is sitting immediate left of U.
So, there are three people sitting to the right of W.

Get to know more questions on Blood Relations Reasoning

Question 3:

Direction: Study the following information carefully and answer the given question.

There are eight people F, G, H, I, J, K, L, and M sitting around the square table (not necessarily
in the same order) and facing inside the table.

L is sitting fifth to the left of F, who is an immediate neighbor of J. M is sitting second to the left
of K, who is third to the right of L. I is not an immediate neighbor of K and M. G is sitting fourth
to the left of I.

What is the position of K with the respect of H?

Solution:

According to the statement:

1. L is sitting fifth to the left of F.

2. K who is third to the right of L.
3. M is sitting second to the left of K.
4. It is not an immediate neighbor of K and M. So, I is placed at right of F because if I
placed at left of L then (G is sitting fourth to the left of I) this statementment can’t be
true.
5. F who is an immediate neighbor of J.
6. G is sitting fourth to the left of I.
7. F who is an immediate neighbor of J. And, H is sitting in the remaining place.

So, K is sitting Fourth to the left/right of H.