Quality Answer

Solution
1. Which of the methods below constitute acceptable risk reduction measures?
a. an emergency shut down system designed and installed to SIL2

b. items a, c, and d are all acceptable methods of risk reduction
c. a routinely practiced evacuation drill
d. a passive blast shield
b is the correct answer. Each of these methods can be used to reduce risk by either reducing the
frequency of a harmful event or the magnitude of the harm in an event.
2. Which of the activities below should be performed first as part of the SIL selection process?
a. Identify the risks present in a process or piece of equipment.

b. Identify and agree on the tolerable level of risk.
c. Verify the budget for installing safety systems.
d. Identify potential safety equipment vendors.
b is the correct answer. The amount of risk that can be tolerated should be agreed upon before risk
identification, budget or equipment issues.
3. Which of the following are true?
I. A SIL2 system provides more risk reduction than a SIL1 system

II. A low demand mode SIL1 system can have a probability of failure on demand of 0.08.
III. III. A SIL3 system provides less risk reduction than a SIL4 system.
IV. IV. A low demand mode SIL2 system can have a probability of failure on demand
of 0.08.
a. only I, II and IV
b. only II and III
c. only I and II
d. only I, II and III
d is the correct answer. All of the items are true except it IV. A SIL2 system must have a PFDavg
between 0.001 and 0.01 to provide a risk reduction factor of 100 to 1000.
4. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative SIL selection processes?
a. Qualitative methods do not use any numbers while quantitative ones do.
b. Qualitative methods use categories of risk while quantitative ones use specific numerical criteria.
c. Qualitative methods are generally better than quantitative ones.
d. Both b and c.
b is the correct answer. Qualitative methods can have numerical components and may or may not be
better that quantitative methods depending on the type of information available for a given situation.
As defined in the presentation, qualitative methods make categorical groupings while quantitative risk
techniques use specific numerical criteria.
5. The hazard matrix has dimensions (rows or columns) for which of the following risk components?
I. Frequency of a harmful event

II. II. Probability of escaping the event
III. III. Magnitude of the harmful event.
IV. IV. Probability of being in the area of the event
a. II and III
b. I and III
c. all four items
d. I and II only
b is the correct answer. Both the magnitude and the frequency of the harmful event define the
dimensions of the hazard matrix method of SIL selection.
6. Which of the following are typical categories for a risk graph?
a. Consequence magnitude
b. Probability of avoiding the hazard if in its effect zone
c. Occupancy probability
d. Demand rate or frequency of the hazard.
e. all of the above
e is the correct answer. All of the items listed are commonly used categories in a risk graph analysis.
7. What would you expect a higher probability of occupancy to produce in a risk graph analysis?
a. A higher frequency of the hazard category entry

b. A higher resulting SIL
c. A higher consequence magnitude category entry
d. Both a and c
b is the correct answer. The higher probability of occupancy is generally likely to result in a higher SIL
requirement. It is important to note that each risk graph category should be treated independent of all
of the others so that each component of the risk is counted once and only once in the analysis.
8. What is the result of a risk graph analysis?
a. A recommended SIL for a safety instrumented system

b. A value for the probable loss of life
c. A measure of the tolerable risk for that event
d. The number of layers of protection needed
a is the correct answer. A risk graph provides a recommended SIL for the situation in question. The
other items listed are often considered in developing the risk graph analysis but are not its result.
9. Which safety standards address SIL selection methods?
I. IEC 61508
II. IEC 61511
III. ISO 9000
IV. ISA84.01
a. I and IV only
b. I, II, and IV only
c. all four items
d. I and II only
b is the correct answer. Both of the IEC standards and the ISA standard specifically cover SIL
selection methods. ISO 9000 addresses quality work process and production system issues.
10. Why does one select a SIL?

a. a. to specify an order of magnitude risk reduction target
b. b. to demonstrate compliance with laws
c. c. to specify the level of risk
d. d. to categorize the hazard consequence
a is the correct answer. A SIL specifies required risk reduction to an order of magnitude level. A SIL
does not specify the level of risk, it states risk reduction.

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Solution

1. Which of the methods below constitute acceptable risk reduction measures?

a. an emergency shut down system designed and installed to SIL2

a. Identify the risks present in a process or piece of equipment.

3. Which of the following are true?

I. A SIL2 system provides more risk reduction than a SIL1 system

I. Frequency of a harmful event

6. Which of the following are typical categories for a risk graph?

a. A higher frequency of the hazard category entry

8. What is the result of a risk graph analysis?

a. A recommended SIL for a safety instrumented system

10. Why does one select a SIL?

b. b. to demonstrate compliance with laws

c. c. to specify the level of risk

d. d. to categorize the hazard consequence

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