Created in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.

Transonic Flow in a Sajben Diffuser

This model is licensed under the COMSOL Software License Agreement 6.2.
All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. See www.comsol.com/trademarks.
 Introduction
In the present example the high speed turbulent gas flow in a converging and diverging
nozzle is modeled using the High Mach Number Flow interface. The diffuser is transonic
in the sense that the flow at the inlet is subsonic, but due to the contraction and the low
outlet pressure, the flow accelerates and becomes sonic (Ma = 1) in the throat of the
nozzle. After a short region of supersonic flow, a normal shock wave brings the flow back
to subsonic flow. This setup has been studied in a number of experiments and numerical
simulations by M. Sajben and co-workers (see for example Ref. 1, Ref. 2, Ref. 3, and
Ref. 4), in an effort to study unsteady fluctuations in supersonic inlets with applications in
supersonic aircraft propulsion systems. The geometry and setup are often referred to as a
Sajben diffuser and constitutes a common test case for the simulation of high Mach
number internal flows. In this example, the time-averaged transonic flow through a Sajben
diffuser is solved for using two different exit pressures. The flow in the diffuser is fully
turbulent with an inlet Reynolds number of 7  105 based on the inlet fluid properties and
the channel height. The model uses the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model to compute
the turbulent viscosity. For the first outlet pressure value a normal shock is present, but the
flow remains attached throughout the diverging part. For the second, lower, outlet
pressure value, the shock is strong enough to cause a shock-induced separation in the
diverging part. Based on the ability to induce flow separation, the shock in the first case is
referred to as weak, while in the second case it is termed strong following the definition in
Ref. 2.

Model Definition
Figure 1 shows the physical geometry of the converging and diverging nozzle model. The
nozzle dimensions correspond to those used in the experiments in Ref. 2 and in the
benchmarks simulation of Ref. 5 and Ref. 6. In the central contraction part, the minimum
vertical height separating the lower and upper walls, the throat height hth, is 1.7322 in
(44 mm). The channel height at the inlet is 1.4hth, and the outlet height is 1.5hth.

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 Walls

hth hth hth

Inlet Outlet

Figure 1: Geometry and dimensions of the Sajben diffuser model.

FLUID PROPERTIES
The fluid occupying the channel is assumed to be air, by specifying a specific gas constant
of 287 J/(kg·K) and a ratio of specific heats of 1.4. The dynamic viscosity is computed
using Sutherland’s Law:

3
---
T 2 T ref + S 
 =  ref  ---------- -----------------------
T ref T + S

where the Tref  500 R (about 278 K) corresponds to the inlet total temperature, and the
Sutherland constant is S  111 K. The reference viscosity ref is defined from the inlet
Reynolds number:

 in U in h in
Re in = -------------------------
-
 ref

which in turn is used in a parametric sweep, where the model is solved for increasing
Reynolds number. The final inlet Reynolds number to be computed is 7  105,

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corresponding to the one used in the simulation in Ref. 5. The thermal conductivity of the
gas is defined using the definition of the Prandtl number

Cp 
Pr = ----------
-
k

which is assumed to be 0.71 in this case. This is a typical number for air around 293 K.

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Inlet Condition
The flow at the inlet is subsonic with a flow speed corresponding to a Mach number of
0.46. The inlet conditions are specified in terms of total properties, where the total
pressure is defined as 19.58 psi and the total temperature is 500 R. The inlet conditions
are applied using an Inlet feature, where the Flow condition is specified to be
Characteristics based. This provides a numerically consistent boundary condition by
evaluating the flow characteristics at the inlet (for more background on this boundary
condition, see the CFD Module User’s Guide).

Outlet Condition
At the outlet the static pressure is specified. The model is solved for the two outlet pressure
values specified in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1: OUTLET PRESSURE.

PRESSURE FRACTION OF INLET TOTAL PRESSURE DESCRIPTION

16.05 psi 0.82 Case 1: weak shock

14.10 psi 0.72 Case 2: strong shock

These outlet pressure values are known from experiments and simulations to be low
enough to produce sonic conditions at the throat of the nozzle. However, they are not low
enough for the flow to stay supersonic throughout the diverging part. The supersonic flow
in the divergent part is terminated by a normal shock wave, so that the flow in the
following part including the outlet becomes subsonic. The pressure is specified in the
model using an Outlet node with the Flow condition set to Subsonic.

Results and Discussion

Below, some of the results from the transonic diffuser model computed in COMSOL
Multiphysics are shown and discussed. The results are compared to experimental data from
Ref. 2 (strong shock case) and Ref. 4 (weak shock case). The experimental data was

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extracted as tabulated data from Ref. 5 and Ref. 6 and plotted in COMSOL using
interpolation functions.

Figure 2 shows the Mach numbers and velocity streamlines resulting from applying the
first outlet pressure, 16.05 psi. It can be seen that the flow accelerates in the converging
part, reaches sonic conditions at the throat, after which a region of supersonic flow follows
in the diverging part. The supersonic region is terminated by a normal shock wave, which
brings the flow back to subsonic conditions. In the remaining part of the channel the flow
decelerates subsonically toward the outlet. The zero contour of the x-component velocity
is also plotted in the figure, but this is only present on the walls and not visible inside the
domain. Hence no separation zone is present, and the flow remains attached throughout
the divergent part of the channel. The shock is not able to cause flow separation and is
therefore termed weak. These results correlate well with those in Ref. 2 and Ref. 5.

Figure 2: Mach number, flow streamlines, and zero x-component velocity contour resulting
from the weak shock case.

Figure 3 shows the same quantities as Figure 2, but uses the results from the second outlet
pressure case, pout = 14.10 psi. Due to the lower outlet pressure, the normal shock wave
is positioned further downstream in the divergent channel part. More importantly, a flow
separation zone can be seen behind the shock, as indicated by the zero x-component

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velocity contour. The shock wave in this case is apparently strong enough to induce flow
separation. This result is in accordance with those presented in Ref. 2 and Ref. 6.

Figure 3: Mach number, flow streamlines, and zero x-component velocity contour (in red)
resulting from the strong shock case.

Figure 4 shows the development of the static pressure on the upper wall normalized by the
inlet total pressure. Results from both the weak and strong cases are plotted and compared
with the experimental data of Ref. 1 and Ref. 2. The results from both outlet cases are in
general in very good agreement with the experimental results in the diffuser. Note
however that the shock positions in the model are slightly shifted in the downstream
direction in comparison with the experiments.

For analysis of the results in the interior of the channel, Figure 5 plots the streamwise
velocity profiles from the strong shock case at two different positions in the divergent part
of the channel together with experimental results. The velocity profile at the first position,
x = 4.611hth, compares very well with the experimental results. Both the velocity
magnitude and the size of the separation zone, including reversed flow, are accurately
reproduced. Further downstream, at the x = 6.340hth position, the velocity magnitude in
the central part of the channel is also in good agreement with the experimental results.
Closer to the upper wall, the model results include flow reversal at this position. This is
not found in the experimental result, indicating that the separation zone in the model
extends further downstream than that in the experiment.

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Figure 4: Top wall static pressure normalized by the inlet total pressure. Model results (lines)
and experimental results (diamonds) are shown.

Figure 5: Mean x-component velocity at two positions downstream of the strong shock. Model
results (lines) and experimental results (diamonds) are shown.

Notes About the COMSOL Implementation

The present model is highly nonlinear and sensitive to the solution procedure. The
sensitivity is accentuated by the fact that the model seeks to determine the equilibrium
position of a normal shock wave, positioned in a channel with smoothly varying channel
height.

You solve the model in two steps. First, apply the higher outlet pressure to simulate the
weak shock case. To solve this case, use a parametric sweep where the inlet Reynolds
number increases stepwise by decreasing the dynamic viscosity. When you have obtained a
converged result for the highest Reynolds number, use this solution as the initial condition

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for the second case with the lower outlet pressure value. In both cases, use pseudo-time
stepping with manually defined CFL number expressions to compute stationary solutions.

References
1. M. Sajben, J.C. Kroutil, and C.P. Chen, “A High-Speed Schlieren Investigation of
Diffuser Flows with Dynamic Distortion”, AIAA Paper 77-875, 1977.

2. T.J. Bogar, M. Sajben, and J.C. Kroutil, “Characteristic Frequencies of Transonic

Diffuser Flow Oscillations,” AIAA J., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1232–1240, 1983.

3. J.T. Salmon, T.J. Bogar, and M. Sajben, “Laser Doppler Velocimetry in Unsteady,
Separated, Transonic Flow,” AIAA J., vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1690–1697, 1983.

4. T. Hsieh, A.B. Wardlaw Jr., T.J. Bogar, P. Collins, and T. Coakley, “Numerical
Investigation of Unsteady Inlet Flowfields,” AIAA J., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 75–81, 1987.

5. NPARC Alliance Validation Archive, “Sajben Transonic Diffuser: Study #1,”, 2008,
www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/transdif/transdif01/transdif01.html.

6. NPARC Alliance Validation Archive, “Sajben Transonic Diffuser: Study #2,”, 2008,
www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/transdif/transdif02/transdif02.html.

Application Library path: CFD_Module/High_Mach_Number_Flow/sajben_diffuser

Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.

NEW
In the New window, click Model Wizard.

MODEL WIZARD
1 In the Model Wizard window, click 2D.
2 In the Select Physics tree, select Fluid Flow>High Mach Number Flow>Turbulent Flow>
High Mach Number Flow, Spalart-Allmaras (hmnf).
3 Click Add.
4 Click Study.

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5 In the Select Study tree, select Preset Studies for Selected Physics Interfaces>
Stationary with Initialization.
6 Click Done.

GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Geometry parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, under Global Definitions click Parameters 1.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:

Name Expression Value Description

x0 -6.99809[in] -0.17775 m Inlet x-position
xEnd 14.98353[in] 0.38058 m Outlet x-position
h_in 2.44483[in] 0.062099 m Diffuser inlet height
h_out 2.59830[in] 0.065997 m Diffuser outlet height
h_th 1.732[in] 0.043993 m Throat height

4 In the Label text field, type Geometry parameters.

Fluid flow parameters

1 In the Home toolbar, click Parameters and choose Add>Parameters.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters, type Fluid flow parameters in the Label text
field.
3 Locate the Parameters section. In the table, enter the following settings:

Name Expression Value Description

Rein 7e5 7E5 Inlet Reynolds
number
case 1 1 Case number; 1 =
weak shock, 2 =
strong shock
Min 0.46 0.46 Inlet Mach number
gamma 1.4 1.4 Ratio of specific
heats
Pr 0.72 0.72 Prandtl number
Rs 287[J/kg/K] 287 J/(kg·K) Specific gas
constant

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Name Expression Value Description
Tin_tot 500[R] 277.78 K Inlet total
temperature
Tin_stat Tin_tot/(1+0.5* 266.5 K Inlet static
Min^2*(-1+gamma)) temperature
pin_tot 19.58[psi] 1.35E5 Pa Inlet total
pressure
pin_stat pin_tot/(1+0.5* 1.1677E5 Pa Inlet static
Min^2*(-1+ pressure
gamma))^(gamma/(-1+
gamma))
rhoin pin_stat/Rs/Tin_stat 1.5267 kg/m³ Inlet density
mu_ref rhoin*u_in*h_in/Rein 2.0387E-5 kg/ Reference dynamic
(m·s) viscosity

u_in Min*sqrt(gamma*Rs* 150.53 m/s Inlet velocity

Tin_stat+eps)
pOut if(case==1,16.05, 1.1066E5 Pa Outlet pressure
0)[psi]+if(case==2,
14.1,0)[psi]

Interpolation 1 (int1)
1 In the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Interpolation.
2 In the Settings window for Interpolation, locate the Definition section.
3 From the Data source list, choose File.
4 Find the Functions subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:

Function name Position in file

top_pos 1

5 Click Browse.
6 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
sajben_diffuser_upper_wall.txt.

7 Click Import.
8 Locate the Units section. In the Function table, enter the following settings:

Function Unit
top_pos in

Interpolation 2 (int2)
1 In the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Interpolation.

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2 In the Settings window for Interpolation, locate the Definition section.
3 From the Data source list, choose File.
4 Find the Functions subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:

Function name Position in file

ptop_weak 1

5 Click Browse.
6 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
sajben_diffuser_ptop_weak.txt.

7 Click Import.

Interpolation 3 (int3)
1 In the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Interpolation.
2 In the Settings window for Interpolation, locate the Definition section.
3 From the Data source list, choose File.
4 Find the Functions subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:

Function name Position in file

ptop_strong 1

5 Click Browse.
6 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
sajben_diffuser_ptop_strong.txt.

7 Click Import.

Interpolation 4 (int4)
1 In the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Interpolation.
2 In the Settings window for Interpolation, locate the Definition section.
3 From the Data source list, choose File.
4 Find the Functions subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:

Function name Position in file

u_at4611 1

5 Click Browse.
6 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
sajben_diffuser_u-xh4611.txt.

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7 Click Import.

Interpolation 5 (int5)
1 In the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Interpolation.
2 In the Settings window for Interpolation, locate the Definition section.
3 From the Data source list, choose File.
4 Find the Functions subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:

Function name Position in file

u_at6340 1

5 Click Browse.
6 Browse to the model’s Application Libraries folder and double-click the file
sajben_diffuser_u-xh6340.txt.

7 Click Import.

GEOMETRY 1

Parametric Curve 1 (pc1)

1 In the Geometry toolbar, click More Primitives and choose Parametric Curve.
2 In the Settings window for Parametric Curve, locate the Parameter section.
3 In the Minimum text field, type x0[1/in].
4 In the Maximum text field, type xEnd[1/in].
5 Locate the Expressions section. In the x text field, type s[in].
6 In the y text field, type top_pos(s).
7 Click Build Selected.

Polygon 1 (pol1)
1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Polygon.
2 In the Settings window for Polygon, locate the Object Type section.
3 From the Type list, choose Open curve.
4 Locate the Coordinates section. From the Data source list, choose Vectors.
5 In the x text field, type x0 x0 x0 xEnd xEnd xEnd.
6 In the y text field, type h_in 0 0 0 0 h_out.
7 Click Build Selected.

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Convert to Solid 1 (csol1)
1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Conversions and choose Convert to Solid.
2 Click in the Graphics window and then press Ctrl+A to select both objects.
3 In the Settings window for Convert to Solid, click Build Selected.

Add a rectangular domain in the divergent part of the nozzle. This will be used to increase
the resolution in the region where the shock is located.

Rectangle 1 (r1)
1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Rectangle.
2 In the Settings window for Rectangle, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Width text field, type 0.16.
4 In the Height text field, type 0.1.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x text field, type 0.025.
6 Click Build Selected.

Partition Objects 1 (par1)

1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Booleans and Partitions and choose Partition Objects.
2 Select the object csol1 only.
3 In the Settings window for Partition Objects, locate the Partition Objects section.
4 Click to select the Activate Selection toggle button for Tool objects.
5 Select the object r1 only.
6 Click Build Selected.

Add a Mesh Control Edges feature to specify the interior boundaries as mesh control entities.
In this manner these entities can be used to control the mesh, but at the same time they
will automatically be omitted when defining the physics and when postprocessing results.

Mesh Control Edges 1 (mce1)

1 In the Geometry toolbar, click Virtual Operations and choose Mesh Control Edges.

13 | TRANSONIC FLOW IN A SAJBEN DIFFUSER

2 On the object fin, select Boundaries 3 and 5 only.
It might be easier to select the boundaries by using the Selection List window. To open
this window, in the Home toolbar click Windows and choose Selection List. (If you are
running the cross-platform desktop, you find Windows in the main menu).

3 In the Geometry toolbar, click Build All.

HIGH MACH NUMBER FLOW, SPALART-ALLMARAS (HMNF)

Fluid 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>High Mach Number Flow,
Spalart-Allmaras (hmnf) click Fluid 1.
2 In the Settings window for Fluid, locate the Heat Conduction section.
3 From the k list, choose User defined. In the associated text field, type hmnf.Cp*
hmnf.mu/Pr.

Here the conductivity is defined using a constant Prandtl number.

4 Locate the Thermodynamics section. From the Rs list, choose User defined. In the
associated text field, type Rs.
5 From the Specify Cp or  list, choose Ratio of specific heats.
6 From the  list, choose User defined. In the associated text field, type gamma.
7 Locate the Dynamic Viscosity section. In the ref text field, type mu_ref.
8 In the T,ref text field, type Tin_stat.

14 | TRANSONIC FLOW IN A SAJBEN DIFFUSER

Initial Values 1
1 In the Model Builder window, click Initial Values 1.
2 In the Settings window for Initial Values, locate the Initial Values section.
3 Specify the u vector as

u_in x
0 y

4 In the p text field, type pin_stat.

5 In the nutilde text field, type subst(hmnf.nutildeinit,p,pin_stat).
This ensures that when evaluating the initial condition for nutilde, the pressure used
corresponds to pin_stat.
6 In the T text field, type Tin_stat.

Inlet 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Inlet.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
3 In the Settings window for Inlet, locate the Flow Properties section.
4 From the Input state list, choose Total.
5 In the p0,tot text field, type pin_tot.
6 In the T0,tot text field, type Tin_tot.
7 In the Ma0 text field, type Min.

Outlet 1
1 In the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Outlet.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
3 In the Settings window for Outlet, locate the Flow Condition section.
4 From the Flow condition list, choose Subsonic.
5 Locate the Flow Properties section. From the Boundary condition list, choose Pressure.
6 In the p0 text field, type pOut.

MESH 1

Mapped 1
In the Mesh toolbar, click Mapped.

15 | TRANSONIC FLOW IN A SAJBEN DIFFUSER

Distribution 1
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 4 and 6 only.
3 In the Settings window for Distribution, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution type list, choose Predefined.
5 In the Number of elements text field, type 40.
6 In the Element ratio text field, type 1/4.

Distribution 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 5 and 7 only.
3 In the Settings window for Distribution, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution type list, choose Predefined.
5 In the Number of elements text field, type 90.

Distribution 3
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 2 and 8 only.
3 In the Settings window for Distribution, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution type list, choose Predefined.
5 In the Number of elements text field, type 50.
6 In the Element ratio text field, type 3.
7 Select the Reverse direction check box.

Distribution 4
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 3 only.
3 In the Settings window for Distribution, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution type list, choose Predefined.
5 In the Number of elements text field, type 25.
6 In the Element ratio text field, type 2.5.
7 Select the Symmetric distribution check box.
8 Click Build All.
9 Click the Zoom Extents button in the Graphics toolbar.

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Boundary Layers 1
1 In the Mesh toolbar, click Boundary Layers.
In this case the mesh transition region, between the boundary layer and the interior
mesh, is explicitly controlled by the specified distributions. The default mesh smoothing
of the transition region can hence be disabled.
2 In the Settings window for Boundary Layers, click to expand the Transition section.
3 Clear the Smooth transition to interior mesh check box.

Boundary Layer Properties

1 In the Model Builder window, click Boundary Layer Properties.
2 Select Boundaries 2, 4, 6, and 8–10 only.

3 In the Settings window for Boundary Layer Properties, locate the Layers section.
4 In the Number of layers text field, type 20.
5 In the Thickness adjustment factor text field, type 0.11.

6 Click Build All.

STUDY 1

Parametric Sweep
1 In the Study toolbar, click Parametric Sweep.
2 In the Settings window for Parametric Sweep, locate the Study Settings section.

17 | TRANSONIC FLOW IN A SAJBEN DIFFUSER

3 Click Add.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:

Parameter name Parameter value list Parameter unit

case (Case number; 1 = weak 1
shock, 2 = strong shock)

Step 2: Stationary
Set up an auxiliary continuation sweep for the ’Rein’ parameter.

1 In the Model Builder window, click Step 2: Stationary.

2 In the Settings window for Stationary, click to expand the Study Extensions section.
3 Select the Auxiliary sweep check box.
4 Click Add.
5 In the table, enter the following settings:

Parameter name Parameter value list Parameter unit

Rein (Inlet Reynolds number) 5e3 5e4 2e5 7e5

6 In the Study toolbar, click Compute.

RESULTS
To reproduce the plot in Figure 2 perform the steps below.

Surface 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Mach Number (hmnf) node, then click Surface 1.
2 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Coloring and Style section.
3 Click Change Color Table.
4 In the Color Table dialog box, select Aurora>JupiterAuroraBorealis in the tree.
5 Click OK.
6 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Coloring and Style section.
7 From the Color table transformation list, choose Reverse.

Streamline 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Mach Number (hmnf) and choose Streamline.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
3 In the Settings window for Streamline, locate the Streamline Positioning section.
4 In the Number text field, type 9.

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Contour 1
1 Right-click Mach Number (hmnf) and choose Contour.
2 In the Settings window for Contour, locate the Expression section.
3 In the Expression text field, type u.
4 Locate the Levels section. From the Entry method list, choose Levels.
5 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
6 Clear the Color legend check box.
7 In the Mach Number (hmnf) toolbar, click Plot.
Select all 2D Plot Groups, right-click and select Group. This will group all the plots that
belong to the weak shock case together.

Weak Shock
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Group 1.
2 In the Settings window for Group, type Weak Shock in the Label text field.

ADD STUDY
1 In the Home toolbar, click Add Study to open the Add Study window.
2 Go to the Add Study window.
3 Find the Studies subsection. In the Select Study tree, select
Preset Studies for Selected Physics Interfaces>Stationary with Initialization.
4 Click Add Study in the window toolbar.
5 In the Home toolbar, click Add Study to close the Add Study window.

STUDY 2

Parametric Sweep
1 In the Study toolbar, click Parametric Sweep.
2 In the Settings window for Parametric Sweep, locate the Study Settings section.
3 Click Add.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:

Parameter name Parameter value list Parameter unit

case (Case number; 1 = weak 2
shock, 2 = strong shock)

Before computing the solution for the strong shock case, apply the last solution from the
weak shock case as initial value.

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Step 1: Wall Distance Initialization
1 In the Model Builder window, click Step 1: Wall Distance Initialization.
2 In the Settings window for Wall Distance Initialization, click to expand the
Values of Dependent Variables section.
3 Find the Values of variables not solved for subsection. From the Settings list, choose
User controlled.
4 From the Method list, choose Solution.
5 From the Study list, choose Study 1, Stationary.
6 From the Parameter value (Rein) list, choose Last.

CFL NUMBER
In this case the solution already contains a shock that will move due to the change in the
outlet pressure, and a cautious increase of the CFL number is needed.

Solution 5 (sol5)
1 In the Study toolbar, click Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solution 5 (sol5) node.
3 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 2>Solver Configurations>
Solution 5 (sol5)>Stationary Solver 2 node.
4 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solution 5 (sol5)>
Stationary Solver 2 click Segregated 1.
5 In the Settings window for Segregated, locate the General section.
6 In the Target error estimate text field, type 0.02.
7 In the Study toolbar, click Compute.

RESULTS
To reproduce the plot in Figure 3 perform the steps below.

Surface 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Mach Number (hmnf) 1 node, then click
Surface 1.
2 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Coloring and Style section.
3 Click Change Color Table.
4 In the Color Table dialog box, select Aurora>JupiterAuroraBorealis in the tree.
5 Click OK.
6 In the Settings window for Surface, locate the Coloring and Style section.

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7 From the Color table transformation list, choose Reverse.

Streamline 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Mach Number (hmnf) 1 and choose Streamline.
2 In the Settings window for Streamline, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner
of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Component 1 (comp1)>
High Mach Number Flow, Spalart-Allmaras (Fluid Flow)>Velocity and pressure>u,v -
Velocity field.
3 Select Boundary 1 only.
4 Locate the Streamline Positioning section. In the Number text field, type 9.

Contour 1
1 Right-click Mach Number (hmnf) 1 and choose Contour.
2 In the Settings window for Contour, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of
the Expression section. From the menu, choose Component 1 (comp1)>
High Mach Number Flow, Spalart-Allmaras (Fluid Flow)>Velocity and pressure>
Velocity field - m/s>u - Velocity field, x-component.
3 Locate the Levels section. From the Entry method list, choose Levels.
4 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
5 Clear the Color legend check box.
6 In the Mach Number (hmnf) 1 toolbar, click Plot.
Select all the new 2D plots, right-click and select Group.

Strong Shock
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Group 2.
2 In the Settings window for Group, type Strong Shock in the Label text field.
Create cut line datasets to plot results at two downstream positions in the diverging part
of the nozzle.

Cut Line 2D 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Datasets node.
2 Right-click Results>Datasets and choose Cut Line 2D.
3 In the Settings window for Cut Line 2D, locate the Data section.
4 From the Dataset list, choose Study 2/Solution 5 (sol5).
5 Locate the Line Data section. In row Point 1, set x to 4.611*h_th.
6 In row Point 2, set x to 4.611*h_th and y to 2*h_th.

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7 Click Plot.
The position of the cut line is indicated with a red line.

Cut Line 2D 2
1 In the Results toolbar, click Cut Line 2D.
2 In the Settings window for Cut Line 2D, locate the Data section.
3 From the Dataset list, choose Study 2/Solution 5 (sol5).
4 Locate the Line Data section. In row Point 1, set x to 6.340*h_th.
5 In row Point 2, set x to 6.340*h_th and y to 2*h_th.
6 Click Plot.

The following steps reproduce the normalized static pressure plots in Figure 4.

1D Plot Group 11
1 In the Results toolbar, click 1D Plot Group.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
3 From the Parameter selection (Rein) list, choose Last.

Line Graph 1
1 Right-click 1D Plot Group 11 and choose Line Graph.
2 Select Boundary 4 only.
3 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
4 In the Expression text field, type p/pin_tot.
5 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the x-Axis Data section. From the
menu, choose Component 1 (comp1)>Geometry>Coordinate>x - x-coordinate.
6 Right-click Line Graph 1 and choose Duplicate.

Line Graph 2
1 In the Model Builder window, click Line Graph 2.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
3 In the Expression text field, type ptop_weak(x/h_th).
4 Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. From the
Line list, choose None.
5 From the Color list, choose Black.
6 Find the Line markers subsection. From the Marker list, choose Diamond.
7 From the Positioning list, choose Interpolated.

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8 In the Number text field, type 30.

1D Plot Group 11
1 In the Model Builder window, click 1D Plot Group 11.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, click to expand the Title section.
3 From the Title type list, choose Manual.
4 In the Title text area, type Weak shock.
5 Locate the Axis section. Select the Manual axis limits check box.
6 In the x minimum text field, type -0.2.
7 In the x maximum text field, type 0.4.
8 In the y minimum text field, type 0.25.
9 In the y maximum text field, type 1.
10 Locate the Grid section. Select the Manual spacing check box.
11 In the x spacing text field, type 0.05.
12 In the y spacing text field, type 0.1.
13 In the 1D Plot Group 11 toolbar, click Plot.
Compare the result with that in the left panel of Figure 4.

To reproduce the plot in the right panel, use the plot you just created as the starting point.

Right-click 1D Plot Group 11 and choose Duplicate.

1D Plot Group 12
1 In the Model Builder window, click 1D Plot Group 12.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
3 From the Dataset list, choose Study 2/Solution 5 (sol5).
4 Locate the Title section. In the Title text area, type Strong shock.

Line Graph 2
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the 1D Plot Group 12 node, then click Line Graph 2.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
3 In the Expression text field, type ptop_strong(x/h_th).
4 In the 1D Plot Group 12 toolbar, click Plot.

1D Plot Group 12
1 In the Model Builder window, click 1D Plot Group 12.

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2 Click Plot.
Compare with the right panel of Figure 4.

Similarly, reproduce the x-velocity plots in Figure 5.

1D Plot Group 13
1 In the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
3 From the Dataset list, choose Cut Line 2D 1.

Line Graph 1
1 Right-click 1D Plot Group 13 and choose Line Graph.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner
of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Component 1 (comp1)>
High Mach Number Flow, Spalart-Allmaras (Fluid Flow)>Velocity and pressure>
Velocity field - m/s>u - Velocity field, x-component.
3 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression.
4 In the Expression text field, type y/0.0617.

Line Graph 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click 1D Plot Group 13 and choose Line Graph.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
3 In the Expression text field, type u_at4611(y/0.0617).
4 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression.
5 In the Expression text field, type y/0.0617.
6 Locate the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. From the Line list,
choose None.
7 From the Color list, choose Black.
8 Find the Line markers subsection. From the Marker list, choose Diamond.
9 From the Positioning list, choose Interpolated.
10 In the Number text field, type 30.

1D Plot Group 13
1 In the Model Builder window, click 1D Plot Group 13.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Title section.
3 From the Title type list, choose Manual.
4 In the Title text area, type x/h_th = 4.611.

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5 Locate the Plot Settings section.
6 Select the y-axis label check box. In the associated text field, type u (m/s).
7 Locate the Axis section. Select the Manual axis limits check box.
8 In the x minimum text field, type -0.1.
9 In the x maximum text field, type 1.1.
10 In the y minimum text field, type -80.
11 In the y maximum text field, type 320.
12 Locate the Grid section. Select the Manual spacing check box.
13 In the x spacing text field, type 0.05.
14 In the y spacing text field, type 20.
15 In the 1D Plot Group 13 toolbar, click Plot.
16 Right-click 1D Plot Group 13 and choose Duplicate.

1D Plot Group 14
1 In the Model Builder window, click 1D Plot Group 14.
2 In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
3 From the Dataset list, choose Cut Line 2D 2.
4 Locate the Title section. In the Title text area, type x/h_th = 6.340.

Line Graph 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the 1D Plot Group 14 node, then click Line Graph 1.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the x-Axis Data section.
3 In the Expression text field, type y/0.066.

Line Graph 2
1 In the Model Builder window, click Line Graph 2.
2 In the Settings window for Line Graph, locate the y-Axis Data section.
3 In the Expression text field, type u_at6340(y/0.066).
4 Locate the x-Axis Data section. In the Expression text field, type y/0.066.
5 In the 1D Plot Group 14 toolbar, click Plot.

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