BIOLOGY-theory-and-practical-EXAM-OF-THE-THIRD-TERM-2021-FOR-S5 (1)

BIOLOGY
29/06/2021 08.30 AM - 11.30 AM
S5 END OF YEAR EXAM, 2020/2021
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
COMBINATIONS: - PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY (PCB)
-MATH- CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY (MCB)
- BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY (BCG)
DURATION: 3 hours.
Marks: 100
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
 Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
 Section A: Attempt all questions .( 70 marks )
 Section B: Attempt any three questions of your choice. ( 30 marks)
For more; visit http://www.thinkbig.rw/online-courses/ or (www.thinkbig.rw)
SECTION A: Attempt all questions (70 marks)
1) Distinguish between
a) Community and Population (2 marks)
b) Abiotic and biotic factors (2 marks)
c) Ecosystem and ecological niche. (2 marks)
2) Describe how a parasite is able to live in the host. (5 marks)
3) Copy and complete the table below using a tick (√) or a cross(X) in the
appropriate box.
Process Uses energy in Uses protein Controllable

the form of by cells
ATP
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated
diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis and
exocytosis
(5 marks)
4) Explain why a single cell organism such as amoeba can gain enough oxygen for its
respiration through simple diffusion across its membrane.
(2 marks)
5 a) Explain why nucleic acids are named after the sugar they contain.
(2 marks)
b) A DNA strand has the base sequence ATTAGGCTAT. Write down the
complementary strand sequence. (2 marks)
c) A DNA molecule is 20% Thymine(T). What percentage of each of the other
Page 2
Visit http://www.thinkbig.rw/online-courses/
types of base would it contain? (2 marks)
6) Compare and contrast the structure of DNA and RNA. (6 marks)
7 a) Distinguish between a codon and anticodon (2 marks)
b) Explain why a genetic code is described as:
(i) Universal (1 mark)
(ii) Degenerate (1 mark)
(iii) Non-overlapping (1 mark)
8 a) Name three molecules involved in carbon dioxide fixation (3 marks)
b) What is the role of NADPH in the Calvin cycle (1 mark)
c) Describe two functions of ATP in the Calvin Cycle (2 marks)
9 a) Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and carbon dioxide
fixation reactions of photosynthesis. (4 marks)
b) State the importance of Photosynthesis in plants and other organisms.
(2 marks)
10) a) Explain why smoking is a difficult habit to stop. (2 marks)
b) State three ways that can be used in tobacco control. (2 marks)
11 a) Explain the importance of maintaining a constant internal
temperature in humans. (2 marks)
b) Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of body
temperature. (2 marks)
c) Explain why in a normal healthy individual, the blood glucose level
fluctuates very little. (2 marks)
12 a) In human cell, there are 46 chromosomes. Which part of the cell
contains chromosomes. (1 mark)
b) A person’s sex is determined by their sex chromosomes. Explain
Page 3
why it is impossible for identical twins to be a girl and a boy.
( 3 marks)
c) Cloning is an artificial process to produce offsprings which are
genetically identical to their parents. Suggest some of the potential
problems with producing animals by this method. (4 marks)
13 a) Name the factors that make malaria a difficult disease to control
(3 marks)
b) Explain why there is a high risk of cholera in refugee camps.
(2 marks)
SECTION B (30 MARKS)
Answer ONLY three questions
14 ) a) Describe what is meant by the following terms.
(i) Community
(ii) Ecosystem
(iii) Food chains
(3 marks)
b) Evaluate the use of studying food webs, rather than food chains in
Ecology. (3 marks)
c) How is energy lost while passing through trophic levels. (4 marks)
15) Describe the pathway and mechanism by which water is transported
through a flowering plant from the soil to the atmosphere. (10 marks)
16) Discuss the various effects of Insulin hormone in man. (10 marks)
17) Transpiration is a necessary evil. Discuss. (10 marks)
Page 4
18 a) What is meant by Mitosis? ( 2 marks)
b) What is the importance of Mitosis? (8 marks)
Page 5
MARKING SCHEME BIOLOGY _end of term 3_SENIOR FIVE
1 a) A community is a group of individuals of different species while a population is a

group of individuals of the same species. (2 marks)
b) Abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem including temperature, soil,

water while biotic factors are the living components of an ecosystem including plants and
animals. (2 marks)
c) Ecosystem is a natural unit composed of abiotic and biotic factors whose interactions
lead to a self-sustaining system while an ecological niche is apposition that an organism
occupies in a habitat, this includes the physical space where an organism is found and its
role in that habitat in terms of feeding relationships and other interactions with other
species. (2 marks)
2) –Boring devices to enter the host
-Attachment organs such as hooks and suckers
- Outer covering resistant to attack by host enzymes
-Highly specialized mouth parts
-Reduction of sense organs
- Anticoagulant production in blood feeders
-Chemo sensitivity in order to reach the optimum location in the body
-Hermaphrodite condition allowing self fertilization
-use of secondary hosts as vectors
(5 marks)
Process Uses energy in Uses protein Controllable by

the form of ATP cells
Diffusion x x x
Page 6
Osmosis x x x
Facilitated x √ √
diffusion
Active √ √ √
transport
Endocytosis √ x √
and exocytosis
4) An amoeba is very small, so has large surface area to volume ratio. All amoeba cell
contents are close to the oxygen supply in the surrounding water and so diffusion is
sufficient for its needs. 2 marks
5 a) The sugar molecule is the same in nucleic acid and polymer for all constituent
nucleotides. One type of polymer contains deoxyribose the other ribose. This makes it
easy to distinguish the two types. 2 marks
b) Complementary strand sequence: T A A T C C G A T A 2 marks
C) 20% A; 30% C; 30% G 2marks
6) Differences
RNA DNA
Strand Single strand Double strand
Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose
Size Small Big
Location Cytoplasm Nucleus
Type 3 types One type
Specific base Uracil Thymine
3 marks
Similarities
Both have bases AC and G
Both are instructional molecules carrying codes
Both are made by nucleotides
3 marks
7 a) A codon is a group of triple bases that are found mRNA and they code for amino
acids whereas an anticodon is a group of triple bases found on tRNA, they are
complementary to the codon on mRNA.
b) (i) It is universal because it is the same in all living organisms. 1 mark
(ii) It is degenerative because most of amino acids have more than one code
Page 7
1 mark
(iii) It is overlapping because each base in the sequence is only read once.
1 mark
8 a) -Ribulose biophosphate (RUBP)
- Ribulose biosphate carboxylase and
- Glycerate 3-Phosphate
9 a) In the light-dependent reaction, electrons energized by light are used to generate ATP
and NADH; these compounds provide energy for the formation carbohydrates during the
Carbon fixation reaction. 4 marks
b) Photosynthesis is ultimate source of all chemical energy and organic molecules

available to photoautotrophs, such as plants and to all organisms as well.
2 marks
10 a) Because the tobacco contains nicotine which is an addictive substance
that conditions the brain to work properly when it is present. 2 marks
b) -Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
- Protect people from tobacco use
- Offer help to quit tobacco use
- Warn about the dangers of tobacco
- Raise taxes on tobacco 2 marks
11 a) Body temperature does not fluctuate as much as that of the environment this allows
humans to live in different places. Too low temperatures would denature the enzymes and
disrupt the balance of substances produced during metabolism.
2 marks
b) Hypothalamus has temperature receptors, measures blood temperature, contain both

heat again and loss centres, coordinates the responses. 2 marks
c) High concentration of glucose leads to increase of insulin which lowers the blood sugar
by favouring the glycogenesis. 2 marks
12 a) Nucleus 1 mark
Page 8
b) Identical twins have exactly the same genes so must be the same sex and result from a
single fertilized egg. 3 marks
c) -Clones have exactly the same genes as the parent, so any genetic defect will be
present in all clones and will be equally susceptible to disease. So, one epidemic could
wipe out entire population.
-Cloning is technically difficult and expensive. 4 marks
13 a) –The resistance of Mosquitoes to insecticide
-The difficulty of controlling the bleeding of mosquitoes because they
lay eggs in small bodies of water.
-Resistances of some trains of malaria parasites to anti-malarial drugs such as

chloroquine. 3 marks
b) Refugees rarely have access to proper sanitation, clean water
-Contaminated food. 2 marks
SECTION B
14 a) (i) A localized group of several populations of different species interacting
with one another and physical/chemical factors of environment.
1 mark
(ii) a localized group of communities and their physical environment 1 mark
(iii) A series of stages through which energy passes, always beginning
with chemical energy incorporated in plant tissues. 1 mark
b) Food webs give a more accurate picture of natural feeding relationships. It is
extremely rare to have linear food chains because few animals confine
themselves to a single type of food and few plants serve as the only food for
one type of herbivore. 3 marks
c) Not all the stored chemical energy is transferred to the herbivores, proportion seems
surprisingly low; similar wastage occurs between subsequent stages of the food chains.
All organisms of food chain will lose energy as heat during respiration, faeces, excretory
matter; through decay when they die. 4 marks
Page 9
15) Pathways (Consider the following points)
-Apoplast pathway
-Symplast pathway
-Vacuolar pathway
-Endodermis/casparian strip
-Pericycle secrets into Xylem to lower water potential in the xylem
-Water into xylem vessels.
5 marks
Mechanisms
-Cohesion of water molecules/tension theory
-Adhesion of water molecules to walls of the xylem
-Walls lined with cellulose; water molecules held with hydrogen bonds
-Water drawn up xylem vessels in continuous column by transpiration pull
-Evaporation from the surface of mesophyll cells by osmosis.
5 marks
16) Insulin
-Influences conversion of glucose to CO2 +H2O
-Influences conversion of glucose to glycogen
-Influences conversion of glucose to fats
-Influences the formation of ATP. RNA, DNA
Deficiency
-Results into hyperglycaemia
-breakdown of muscle tissue
-Loss of weight
Page 10
-Tiredness
Excess
-Hypoglycaemia
-Hunger
-Sweating
-Irritability and double vision
10 marks
17) Has both positive and negative effects that is why it is said to be a necessity at the
same time an evil.
Positive effects
-Absorption and transport of sap
-Cooling effect
-Provides the plant with essential nutrients
-Increases the relative humidity of the dry atmosphere
-Brings about the opening and closing of stomata.
Negative effects
-Loss of turgor and wilting
-May cause death of plant
-may cause reduced growth rate
-takes place along the gaseous exchange route which is essential for photosynthesis and
respiration
18 a) Mitosis is a type of cell division in which the cell divides into two daughter cells each
having exactly the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
2 marks
b) –Growth and development of living organisms.
Page 11
Since Mitosis produces daughter cells which are exact duplicates of parent cells, then it
enables a tissue to extend by formation of new cells which are identical to the pre-existing
cells.
-Replacement of worn out cells. Mitosis allows worn out cells to be replaced by exact
copies of the original cells.
-Asexual reproduction. Mitosis is the basis of asexual reproduction in organisms. Example:

in binary fission as in amoeba.
-Genetic stability. Mitosis produces two daughter cells which have the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.
Thus the daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. Therefore, no genetic
variation occurs during mitosis.
8 marks
(2 marks)
4 a) A C E D B (1 mark)
b) Centromeres have divided, chromosomes pulled a part/moved/migrated to
opposite poles. (2 marks)
c) DNA synthesis/ replication ie DNA doubles making it enough for daughter
cells. (3 marks)
5 a) Stroma of chloroplast. (1 mark)
b) CO2 combine with 5 C compound RUDP to form unstable 6C compound

Page 12
with enzyme RUBISCO. (2 marks)
c) Products are NADPH2 and ATP. ATP is the source of energy and NADPH2 is used to
reduce GP to triose phosphate and ATP is used to regenerate RUBP.
(2 marks)
6) - Disappearance of Substrate: Iodine in Potassium iodide solution
(reject iodine only) (2 marks)
- Appearance of product: Benedict’s solution/reagent (2 marks)
7 a) Hydrophilic/soluble, folded into spherical shape and is metabolically
active. (2 marks)
b) Iron needed for Haem group of Haemoglobin. They have less Haemoglobin and
therefore less oxygen transported, respiration is low. (2 marks)
8 a)
- Increases heart rate
- Constricts arteries
- Reduces blood flow to periphery parts
- Increases stickness (2 marks)
b) -Smoke/tar is carcinogenic/contains carcinogen

- Causes DNA mutation
- Causes uncontrolled cell division/mitosis
- Cancer cells do not respond to signals (2 marks)
9 a) Both alleles in a heterozygous organism are dominant and are fully expressed in
the phenotype. A is not dominant to B or vice versa. Both being expressed.
(2 marks)
b) Son receives Y chromosomes from father Y does not carry haemophilia allele.
Father will pass haemophilia alleles to daughter who will pass allele to her son who
are his grandson.
(2 marks)
10 a) - Oestrogen : Follicle cells/granulosa/theca
-Progesterone: Corpus Luteum. (2 marks)
b) -Mostly secreted during the second half of the cycle.
-Maintains the lining of the Uterus in preparation for implantation,
- Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH. (3 marks)
Page 13
11 a) (i) Palmitic acid has more hydrogen per mole needed for ATP
production during oxidative phosphorylation. (2 marks)
(ii) Alanine: Starvation
Lactate: After anaerobic respiration (2 marks)
b) –Oxidative phosphorylation
-Final electron acceptor
- Reduced to water.
-Increases ATP production any two: (2 marks)
12 (i) Protein molecules are too large to pass through the basement
membrane. (2 marks)
(ii) Glucose is reabsorbed into the blood from the filtrate in the
proximal convoluted tubule. (2 marks)
(iii) There is higher concentration of urea in the urine than in the
filtrate because water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the distal
convoluted tubule leaving most of the urea to pass out of the
body in the urine. (2 marks)
13) Catalyst, Globular, Active site, Activation energy (4 marks)
14 a) - Avoid unintended pregnancy

- Give mother time to work, feed well her child because child must breastfeed
at least 1000 days
- Women can plan and space their pregnancy
- Lead to better education, more job opportunities and economic security
(2 marks)
b) - Freedom from threat of STI and HIV
- No physical side effect
- No cost involved
-No need to visit health care providers. (2 marks)
15 a) A biological community and the physical environment associated
with it. Nutrients pass between the different organisms in an
ecosystem in a definite pathways form soils to plants to
herbivores to carnivores. (3 marks)
b) These big Fierce animals are in the top levels in food chain.
Energy is lost at every trophic level. They don’t get enough energy
Page 14
to maintain them. Need large habitat which are difficult to find
and defend. Competition and other environmental resistance
could have killed them. (3 marks)
16 a) (i) Causes mainly linked to habits during life of a person/results of
choices made by an individual person. (2 marks)
b) -Pathogen: Virus
-Transmission: Aerosol infection or droplet ie from infected to
uninfected. (2 marks)
SECTION B
17) Liver is the Largest internal organ in the body. Liver performs various
functions in the body including glucose metabolism. The level of glucose in
blood depends upon the level of mental and physical activity. It is against
these changes in supply and demand that three main hormones, Insulin,
glucagon and blood glucose level. In case of a decrease, glycogen is broken
down under the influence of glucagon and adrenaline hormones to glucose-
6-phosphate and in case of excess especially after a meal of carbohydrate,
glucose is converted to glycogen for storage in the Liver and Muscles.
(10 marks)
18) Include all possible ways involved in the control of Malaria parasites.
These include:
- Destroy the breeding ground ie:
 Clear stagnant water

 Cover stagnant water with oil to suffocate the mosquito larva
 Clear all the bushes around homes
- Sleep under mosquito net
- Close windows early enough in evening
- Spray insecticide before going to sleep
- Use malarial drugs to treat the sick
Page 15
(10 marks)
19 a) Refers to the preservation of Natural resources for sustainable use
overtime. (2 marks)
b) Forests can be conserved in the following ways:
 Re-afforestation
 Afforestation
 Selective feeling of trees
 Protecting forest from fires, pests and disease
 Overgrazing of forest floor should be discouraged
 Educating the masses about importance of forests
 Government to set up Laws preventing destruction of forests
 Use alternative sources of energy in homes such as biogas to replace
firewood
 Set up forest reserves
(8 marks)
20) The amount of water in the body is regulated by the kidneys under
the control of hypothalamus. When water level in blood is low the
blood is too concentrated. The nervous and endocrine
systems are stimulated. The Hypothalamus gland detects this
and stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH into blood stream.
The ADH causes Kidney tubules to reabsorb more water back into
blood. It makes the tubules to be more permeable to water. When
the level water is high the release of ADH is stopped/suppressed
water goes out with urea in form of urine.
(10 marks)
21 a) - Dumping of industrial wastes such as lead into water bodies
- Dumping domestic wastes such as detergents into water

- Release of hot water from industries into river
- Dumping untreated waste (sewage) into water
- Excess use of fertilizers and herbicides
- Dumping Petroleum products e.g oil into water
Page 16
(5 marks)
b) - Death of aquatic organisms
- Eutrophication ie excess growth of algae in water. This
reduces light and oxygen entry into water
- Toxicity by non-biodegradable pesticides killing organisms
- Water bone diseases such as cholera and dysentry.
(5 marks)
BIOLOGY Page 17
25/06/2021 08.30 AM - 11.30 AM

S5 END OF YEAR EXAM, 2021
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY PRACTICAL EXAM
COMBINATIONS: - PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY (PCB)
-MATH- CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY (MCB)
- BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY (BCG)
Instructions
All questions are compulsory
Page 18
1) Three thermos flasks, A,B,C were set up as shown in the diagram. The temperature of
each flask was noted at the beginning of the investigation and each day during a week in
school. The observations were:
Monday Tuesday Wednesda Thursday Friday

y
Flask A 0
C 20.0 20.5 23.5 23.7 24.2
Flask B 0
C 20.0 20.0 24.3 24.5 25.0
Flask 0
C 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.0 20.2
a) What is the source of heat produced by the germinating peas?
Page 19
b) Why did the temperature in flask B rise towards the end of the week?
c) Why is it important to use thermos flasks in the investigation and not
ordinary glass bottles?
d) What is the purpose of disinfectant in flask C?
e) Why does temperature in Flask C change slightly during the week?
(10 marks)
2) The diagram below shows a simple farm ecosystem:
A cow grazing in a grass field (clover)
a) Insert label lines from letters A-D to appropriate parts of the diagram (One from
each letter) to show precisely the location of the processes stated below.
A Proteins become amino acids
B Proteins become ammonia
C Organic matter becomes CO2 and Mineral salts
D Non-symbiotic bacteria make nitrogen into nitrates
Page 20
b) Label the ‘Producer’ organism in the ecosystem ‘P’

c) State one way in which organic nitrogen compounds are lost in large quantities
from the cosystem`
d) Indicate by an arrow and the Label ‘N’ where, on one of the organism shown,
Nitrogen is gained for the Ecosystem.
e) What process, common to aal the organisms shown causes a loss of organic
carbon from the ecosystem.
(10 marks)
Page 21

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BIOLOGY

29/06/2021 08.30 AM - 11.30 AM

S5 END OF YEAR EXAM, 2020/2021

COMBINATIONS: - PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY (PCB)

-MATH- CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY (MCB)

SECTION A: Attempt all questions (70 marks)

a) Community and Population (2 marks)

b) Abiotic and biotic factors (2 marks)

c) Ecosystem and ecological niche. (2 marks)

2) Describe how a parasite is able to live in the host. (5 marks)

Process Uses energy in Uses protein Controllable

complementary strand sequence. (2 marks)

c) A DNA molecule is 20% Thymine(T). What percentage of each of the other

types of base would it contain? (2 marks)

6) Compare and contrast the structure of DNA and RNA. (6 marks)

7 a) Distinguish between a codon and anticodon (2 marks)

b) Explain why a genetic code is described as:

(i) Universal (1 mark)

(ii) Degenerate (1 mark)

(iii) Non-overlapping (1 mark)

8 a) Name three molecules involved in carbon dioxide fixation (3 marks)

b) What is the role of NADPH in the Calvin cycle (1 mark)

c) Describe two functions of ATP in the Calvin Cycle (2 marks)

9 a) Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions and carbon dioxide

fixation reactions of photosynthesis. (4 marks)

b) State the importance of Photosynthesis in plants and other organisms.

10) a) Explain why smoking is a difficult habit to stop. (2 marks)

b) State three ways that can be used in tobacco control. (2 marks)

11 a) Explain the importance of maintaining a constant internal

temperature in humans. (2 marks)

b) Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of body

c) Explain why in a normal healthy individual, the blood glucose level

fluctuates very little. (2 marks)

12 a) In human cell, there are 46 chromosomes. Which part of the cell

contains chromosomes. (1 mark)

b) A person’s sex is determined by their sex chromosomes. Explain

why it is impossible for identical twins to be a girl and a boy.

c) Cloning is an artificial process to produce offsprings which are

genetically identical to their parents. Suggest some of the potential

problems with producing animals by this method. (4 marks)

13 a) Name the factors that make malaria a difficult disease to control

b) Explain why there is a high risk of cholera in refugee camps.

SECTION B (30 MARKS)

Answer ONLY three questions

14 ) a) Describe what is meant by the following terms.

(iii) Food chains

c) How is energy lost while passing through trophic levels. (4 marks)

15) Describe the pathway and mechanism by which water is transported

17) Transpiration is a necessary evil. Discuss. (10 marks)

18 a) What is meant by Mitosis? ( 2 marks)

b) What is the importance of Mitosis? (8 marks)

MARKING SCHEME BIOLOGY _end of term 3_SENIOR FIVE

1 a) A community is a group of individuals of different species while a population is a

b) Abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem including temperature, soil,

2) –Boring devices to enter the host

-Attachment organs such as hooks and suckers

- Outer covering resistant to attack by host enzymes

-Highly specialized mouth parts

-Reduction of sense organs

- Anticoagulant production in blood feeders