C

180
15

155
10
130
Hotspot temperature margin 10
120

Permissible temperature rise 80 105 125

40

Maximum ambient temperature 40 40 40

Insulation class B F H
Maximum winding temperature 130 155 180
winding heads − one for each phase − to control motor temperature.

30 40 45 50 55 60 70 80
. .

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

supply limitations, the star-delta (Y/Δ) method can be employed. When a
motor wound for 400 V/Δ, for instance, is started with winding Y
 showing Y/Δ starting curves for an aluminum motor:
. Starting torque at U . Starting torque at U
. Starting torque at %U . Starting torque at %U
. Torque load . Torque load
Current Torque
DoL DoL

Y/ Y/

Softstart Softstart
2 4 6 8
 m
PN 1 −
mo
 2 4 6 8

A, B
A, B
A, B
L
L
M
M
ML
ML
ML
SM
SM
SM, ML
SM, ML
SM, ML, LK
L, LK
L
 dω
dt

ω = angular velocity of the motor

f
ϕp
 / .

nL
nM

2
n 
 L 
 nM 
%
 Torque
Lift motion

T'L

% Speed

Torque
Piston
pump

T'L
%
Speed

Torque
Fan

) – ⅓ x T’
T'L
= 0.45 x (1768 + 2912) – ⅓ x 800 = 1839 Nm
Speed

%
%

Torque
Flywheel

Speed
 P

Time

P N

%
Time

P N R

Time
One duty cycle
 One duty cycle
P

D N R Time

One duty cycle

P

Time

F
D N R
 P
One duty cycle

Time

D N F

One duty cycle

P

Time

D N F1 N2 F 2 N3

%
 %

plΔt for the respective load and its duration, and the per-unit quantity TL

Example: S10 plΔt = 1.1/0.4; 1/0.3; 0.9/0.2; r/0.1 T

 S1 continuous duty for motor size
S2 – - -
min
-
min -

S1 continuous duty for motor size

S3 – - -
%

,
%

,
%

,
%

,
%
ϕ ϕ

ϕ
 ϕ
ϕ
0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
C = capacitance, μF . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .

η . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
η = efficiency of motor
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
 ϕ
2 - 12 poles
1.25 x PN 1.00 x PN 0.75 x PN 0.50 x PN 0.25 x PN
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
%

3 3

. . .
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
SM. ML . . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
LK . . .
. .
. . .
. . .

%
 Δ-connection

Motors with two separate windings are normally Δ-Δ connected. They
can also be Y/Y, Y/Δ or Δ/Y connected. Motors with one winding,
Dahlander-connection, are connected Δ/YY when designed for constant

When starting a motor using Y Δ connection, always refer to the

2. Two separate windings ∆/∆

3. Dahlander-connection ∆/YY