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Learning PHP, MySQL &
JavaScript
SIXTH EDITION
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take advantage of these technologies long before the official
release of these titles.
Robin Nixon
Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript
by Robin Nixon
Copyright © 2021 Robin Nixon. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North,
Sebastopol, CA 95472.
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corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or
corporate@oreilly.com.
Copyeditor: TK
Proofreader: TK
Indexer: TK
Audience
This book is for people who wish to learn how to create effective and
dynamic websites. This may include webmasters or graphic
designers who are already creating static websites but wish to take
their skills to the next level, as well as high school and college
students, recent graduates, and self-taught individuals.
In fact, anyone ready to learn the fundamentals behind responsive
web design will obtain a thorough grounding in the core
technologies of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5, and you’ll
learn the basics of the React library and React Native Framework,
too.
Assumptions This Book Makes
This book assumes that you have a basic understanding of HTML
and can at least put together a simple, static website, but does not
assume that you have any prior knowledge of PHP, MySQL,
JavaScript, CSS, or HTML5—although if you do, your progress
through the book will be even quicker.
Supporting Books
Once you have learned to develop using PHP, MySQL, JavaScript,
CSS, and HTML5, you will be ready to take your skills to the next
level using the following O’Reilly reference books:
Dynamic HTML: The Definitive Reference by Danny
Goodman
PHP in a Nutshell by Paul Hudson
MySQL in a Nutshell by Russell Dyer
JavaScript: The Definitive Guide by David Flanagan
CSS: The Definitive Guide by Eric A. Meyer and Estelle Weyl
HTML5: The Missing Manual by Matthew MacDonald
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Senior Content Acquisitions Editor, Amanda
Quinn, Content Development Editor, Melissa Potter, and everyone
who worked so hard on this book, including ???, ??? & ??? for their
comprehensive technical reviews, ??? for overseeing production, ???
for copy editing, ??? for proofreading, ??? for creating the index,
Karen Montgomery for the original sugar glider front cover design,
??? for the latest book cover, my original editor, Andy Oram, for
overseeing the first five editions, and everyone else too numerous to
name who submitted errata and offered suggestions for this new
edition.
Chapter 1. Introduction to
Dynamic Web Content
NOTE
It is necessary to start using some acronyms more or less right away. I
have tried to clearly explain them before proceeding, but don’t worry
too much about what they stand for or what these names mean,
because the details will become clear as you read on.
Using PHP
With PHP, it’s a simple matter to embed dynamic activity in web
pages. When you give pages the .php extension, they have instant
access to the scripting language. From a developer’s point of view,
all you have to do is write code such as the following:
<?php
echo " Today is " . date("l") . ". ";
?>
The opening <?php tells the web server to allow the PHP program
to interpret all the following code up to the ?> tag. Outside of this
construct, everything is sent to the client as direct HTML. So, the
text Here's the latest news. is simply output to the browser;
within the PHP tags, the built-in date function displays the current
day of the week according to the server’s system time.
The final output of the two parts looks like this:
NOTE
If you intend to enter the PHP examples in this book into a program
editor to work along with me, you must remember to add <?php in
front and ?> after them to ensure that the PHP interpreter processes
them. To facilitate this, you may wish to prepare a file called
example.php with those tags in place.
Using PHP, you have unlimited control over your web server.
Whether you need to modify HTML on the fly, process a credit card,
add user details to a database, or fetch information from a third-
party website, you can do it all from within the same PHP files in
which the HTML itself resides.
Using MySQL
Of course, there’s not a lot of point to being able to change HTML
output dynamically unless you also have a means to track the
information users provide to your website as they use it. In the early
days of the web, many sites used “flat” text files to store data such
as usernames and passwords. But this approach could cause
problems if the file wasn’t correctly locked against corruption from
multiple simultaneous accesses. Also, a flat file can get only so big
before it becomes unwieldy to manage—not to mention the difficulty
of trying to merge files and perform complex searches in any kind of
reasonable time.
That’s where relational databases with structured querying become
essential. And MySQL, being free to use and installed on vast
numbers of internet web servers, rises superbly to the occasion. It is
a robust and exceptionally fast database management system that
uses English-like commands.
The highest level of MySQL structure is a database, within which you
can have one or more tables that contain your data. For example,
let’s suppose you are working on a table called users, within which
you have created columns for surname, firstname, and email,
and you now wish to add another user. One command that you
might use to do this is as follows:
Using JavaScript
The oldest of the three core technologies discussed in this book,
JavaScript, was created to enable scripting access to all the elements
of an HTML document. In other words, it provides a means for
dynamic user interaction such as checking email address validity in
input forms and displaying prompts such as “Did you really mean
that?” (although it cannot be relied upon for security, which should
always be performed on the web server).
Combined with CSS (see the following section), JavaScript is the
power behind dynamic web pages that change in front of your eyes
rather than when a new page is returned by the server.
However, JavaScript can also be tricky to use, due to some major
differences in the ways different browser designers have chosen to
implement it. This mainly came about when some manufacturers
tried to put additional functionality into their browsers at the
expense of compatibility with their rivals.
Thankfully, the developers have mostly now come to their senses
and have realized the need for full compatibility with one another, so
it is less necessary these days to have to optimize your code for
different browsers. However, there remain millions of users using
legacy browsers, and this will likely be the case for a good many
years to come. Luckily, there are solutions for the incompatibility
problems, and later in this book we’ll look at libraries and techniques
that enable you to safely ignore these differences.
For now, let’s take a look at how to use basic JavaScript, accepted
by all browsers:
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Today is " + Date() );
</script>
Using CSS
CSS is the crucial companion to HTML, ensuring that the HTML text
and embedded images are laid out consistently and in a manner
appropriate for the user’s screen. With the emergence of the CSS3
standard in recent years, CSS now offers a level of dynamic
interactivity previously supported only by JavaScript. For example,
not only can you style any HTML element to change its dimensions,
colors, borders, spacing, and so on, but now you can also add
animated transitions and transformations to your web pages, using
only a few lines of CSS.
Using CSS can be as simple as inserting a few rules between
<style> and </style> tags in the head of a web page, like this:
<style>
p {
text-align:justify;
font-family:Helvetica;
}
</style>
These rules change the default text alignment of the <p> tag so that
paragraphs contained in it are fully justified and use the Helvetica
font.
As you’ll learn in Chapter 19 , there are many different ways you can
lay out CSS rules, and you can also include them directly within tags
or save a set of rules to an external file to be loaded in separately.
This flexibility not only lets you style your HTML precisely, but can
also (for example) provide built-in hover functionality to animate
objects as the mouse passes over them. You will also learn how to
access all of an element’s CSS properties from JavaScript as well as
HTML.
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