EXPERIMENT-1

PC Hardware & Software Installation

Task 1: Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the block diagram of the
CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and submit to your instructor.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER:

Computer is an electronic device which takes the input information from the input device and generates the output
information and it will be displayed on the output.

It enables arithmetic computations, data processing, information management (storage) and knowledge reasoning in
an efficient manner.

The word computer is derived from the word compute which means „to calculate‟. So a computer generally
considered to be calculating device that perform operations at very faster rates.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

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Identification of the peripherals

1. Cabinet:

a. It is used to install all hardware devices like mother board, SMPS, HDD, CD ROM, FDD.

b. It has Start, Restart Button, Led’s, Audio and USB Connecters are available at front side.

2. Monitor:

The monitor is also called as screen or display or CRT (cathode ray tube). In the monitor the screen will be displayed
in pixels format.

->800 by 600 pixels

->1024 by 768 pixels

3. Key Board:

a. Key board is like a type writer, which contains keys to feed the data or information into the computer

b. Keyboards are available in two modules. These are

i. standard key board with 83-88 keys

ii. enhanced key board with 104 keys or above

 EXPERIMENT-1

4. Mouse:

a. Every mouse has one primary button (left button) and one secondary button (right button).

b. The primary button is used to carry out most tasks, where as secondary button is used in special cases you can
select commands and options.

5. System board/Motherboard:

This is the major part of the PC hardware. It manages all transactions of data between CPU peripherals. which holds
the Processor, Random Access Memory and other parts, and has slots for expansion cards. It is rectangle shape.

6. Socket 478:

It use 478 – PIN MICROPGA package it is used installing CPU. It is square type design.
 EXPERIMENT-1

7. Ram Slots and Rams:

Ram slots are used to install the rams. It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips. There two type ram
slots.

->SD Ram which consist of Two Gaps.

->DDR Ram which consist of One Gap.

8. North Bridge:

It is also called as controller. It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic signals. It is
near by socket 478. It placed middle of the mother board.

9. South Bridge:

It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out devices. It is communicates PCI slots,
IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip. It near by CMOS batter.

10. CMOS Battery:

Computer is using a coin shape battery. It generates the clock signal and it manage system continues time.
 EXPERIMENT-1

11. CPU (Processor):

The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the processor. The processor is fitted on to a Mother
Board. The Mother Board contains various components, which support the functioning of a PC. It is brain of the
computer.

12. Primary & Secondary:

It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2. It used to connecting Hard Disk Dive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.

13. Input & Output ports:

IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, speakers etc...

14. AGP Slot & AGP Card:

AGP Slot is used install the AGP card. AGP back view same as VGA port (15-female pins) and used to connecting the
monitors. This slot is above PCI slots and its colour is Black or Brown.
 EXPERIMENT-1

15. CI Slots & PCI(Expansion) Cards :

PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as

i. LAN (Ethernet) Card ---Back view Ethernet port

ii. Sound Card - Back view Audio pin connectors.

iii. TV Tuner (Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter.

iv. PCI Slots are white or yellow colour.

v. PCI Card has Single gap only.

16. BIOS Chip:

BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware work together. BIOS identification is BIOS name is available
on chip or mother board.
 EXPERIMENT-1

17. ATX Power connecter:

ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug ( This is from SMPS). ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins
available. It is white colour and it has ATX name is available on Mother Board.

18. Floppy connecter:

Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive. This is beside of ATX power connecter and Name FDD is
available on the mother board.

19. Bus Cables or Data Cables:

A Bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one device to another device. Cables are two
types. They are

->IDE cable: it used to connect HDD, CD ROM, DVD ROM.

->FDD cable: it used to connect FDD (braking or manufacture defecting).

20. Hard Disk Drive:

The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system,
software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.
 EXPERIMENT-1

21. CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:

CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only Memory) Drive is a device that reads the information from Compact Disks (CD).
CD-Writer is used to write the data into Compact Disks.

22. Floppy Disk Drive:

The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks. Floppy disks also called as a diskette.

23. SMPS:

SMPS is used to supply the power to Mother Board HDD, CD ROM, FDD. In SMPS holds a transformer, voltage control
and fan. Identification is the rectangular box shape and panel name is switching mode power supply.
 EXPERIMENT-2

Task-2: Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition.

Procedure:

COMPUTER ASSEMBLY:

1. Setting the Cabinet ready:-

-> Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.

->Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.

2. Fitting the Mother board.

-> Line up the patch on the motherboard (ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate holes in the block
panel I/O shield of the case.

-> Check the points where you and to Install them and make the mother board sit on them and
fix screws if required.

3. Installing the CPU

-> Raise the small lever at the side of the socket. Notice that there is a pin missing at one
corner, determine the direction to fit in the processor.

->You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide smoothly into the
socket. Lock the lever back down.

4. Installing CPU fan

-> Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink/CPU fan.

5. Fitting the RAM

The RAM must be suitable for motherboard. There are currently 2 types of RAM available.

a) SD RAM.

b) DDR RAM.

-> The mother board‘s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.

6. Installing SMPS

start with laying down your CPU on its side with its side panel removed, and the motherboard
facing up. Gently place the new unit inside the case so that its screw holes line up with the holes
in the case.
 EXPERIMENT-2

7. Installing the ATX Power Connector

ATX Connectors:

-> PS, Mouse.

->Keyboard.

-> USB.

-> Parallel ( Prints )

-> Serial COM1.

->Serial COM 2.

->Joystick.

->Sound.

8. Installing the HDD and Floppy disk:

1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.

2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.

3. Check the jumper configuration.

4. Fix the screws.

9. CD ROM Drive :

->CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.

->first check that the jumper configuration is correct and fix the screw.

10. LAN Card

->Insert the adapter into your computer.

->Download the updated driver and extract it.
->Right-click on Computer Icon, and then click Manage.
->Open Device Manager.
->Click Browse my computer for driver software.
->Click let me pick from a list of device drivers on my computer and click Next.
->Highlight Show compatible hardware and click Have Disk.
->Click Browse and Open the inf file that you have already downloaded and extracted.
 EXPERIMENT-2

11. Connecting the ribbon Cables and Front panel connections

Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard first. The red stripe on the
IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.

12. Final Check:

Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.

Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?

Is the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in their sockets?

Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?

Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?

Are the drive secure?

Have u connected the power cables to all driver?

Powering up for the first time:

1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.

2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.

3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.

4. If everything is connected as it should be

All systems, fans should start spinning. U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec. Amber
light on monitor should go green. You will see computer start to boot with a memory check. Now check
front LED‘S to see if u plugged them in correctly. Check all other buttons. Power afford change any
wrong settings.

Why should one learn about hardware?

1. Troubleshoot you and save time.

2. Knowing about system internals and components.

3. Very easy installation for modern hardware.

4. Install extra memory.

5. Removing components.
 INSTALLING WINDOWS 10

Here, we will first focus on the configuration of the USB drive that is going to be used for the
installation process. Following that, the steps for the installation of Windows 10 will be executed.

Configuration of USB Drive:

Step 1: Browse to the Official Website of Windows 10 & download the ISO File for configuration
purposes. Click on Download Tool Now. Insert the USB Drive into the device which has a
minimum of 8 GB of free memory

Step 2: Open the installed file & click on the Accept button to move ahead.

Step 3: Click on the Second Option to create Installation Media. After that, click on Next.
Step 4: Now, in the next window, mark the Checkbox which will get all the device-related
information. Click Next to move ahead.

Step 5: Now, click on the USB Drive option & click Next.

Step 6: Now, the USB Drive will be shown, click Next to start processing.
Step 7: After waiting a bit, click on Finish to complete the process.

Installation of Windows 10:

Step 1: To boot Windows 10 with USB, restart the device & enter the boot menu option. On
the screen, click on Next by leaving all the options as it is.

Step 2: Now, click on the Install Now button.

Step 3: In the next window, it will ask for the Product Key. Click on the option below to move
ahead without Product Key.
Step 4: On the next page, so many options will be present for Windows 10. Select
the Default one & click Next.

Step 5: Click on the Checkbox as consent for the terms & conditions. And click on
the Next button.

Step 6: When you reach the “Which type of installation do you want?” screen, click “Custom” to
perform a clean installation and remove everything on your PC.
Step 7 On the next screen, select the hard drive you want to install Windows on and erase it. If
you have multiple partitions on that drive, you may want to erase those as well.

Step 8: Now, the installation process is started. Wait till the installation is completed.

Step 9: Windows 10 Installed.

Hence, we have successfully installed Windows 10 operating system using a USB drive on any
computer or laptop.
Method 1: Using GUI.
Step 1: Download The VMWare WorkStation. First, go to the official VMWare site.
Navigate To : Products -> Workstation Pro -> Workstation Pro

Step 2: Install Some Prerequisite tools.

Some tools are dependencies of the VMWare Workstation, so we want to install them,
follow the below steps.
 Open the terminal and navigate to the download folder.
 Give root privileges, and type password
sudo su

Step 3: Update packages.

apt update
Step 4: Install GNU Compiler and Build Essential tool to help with the installation
process.
apt install gcc build-essential -y

Step 5: Extract The Downloaded VMWare File & Install

After doing the upper task, extract the download file. Open the terminal and type the
below command And give permission and execute it.
chmod 777 [download_file_name]
sudo ./[download_file_name]

Wait until the installation process is done.

Method 2: Using CLI.

Step 1: Update your system with super admin.
sudo apt-get update

Step 2: Now download the Vmware file from the websites.

wget https://download3.vmware.com/software/wkst/file/VMware-Workstation-Full-
16.1.0-17198959.x86_64.bundle
Step 3: Assign the permission for execution.
chmod a+x VMware-Workstation-Full-16.1.0-17198959.x86_64.bundle

Step 4: Now to the downloaded directory and execute the file.

bash ./VMware-Workstation-Full-16.1.0-17198959.x86_64.bundle

Step 5: Run the VMWare.

# vmware
How to Run Vmware
After installation is complete, search the VMWare icons and click them.

Agree with all agreements and click to next.

They have to ask you to key, click to trial and click to next.

Lastly, they ask you to enter your root password.

You have successfully done VMWare Tools on your Ubuntu Linux operating system, now
you can use it
 Every student should install BOSS on the computer. The system should be configured as dual (VMWare) with both
Windows and BOSS. Lab instructors should verify the installation and follow it up with a Viva.

Step By Step Procedure To Install Windows 11 On VMWare

We have created this post to show the complete procedure to install Windows 11 on VMWare Workstation as a
Virtual Machine. Let’s get started.
Procedure to Install Windows 11 on VMWare
1. Open the new Virtual Machine Wizard
1. Fire up VMWare Workstation
2. Go to File -> New Virtual Machine or Ctrl + N
3. Select Custom Wizard and click Next

2. Choose VM Hardware Compatibility

1. Choose the compatible hardware from the drop-down
2. Click Next

3. Select to install operating system later option

1. Select to install operating system later option
2. Click Next
4. Select the guest operating system
1. Select Windows 10 since we don’t have the windows 11 option included yet.
2. Click Next

5. Virtual Machine Name & Location

1. Give the Virtual Machine Name & Location
2. Click Next

6. Select Firmware Type

1. You can select either BIOS or UEFI. Note: Only new boards supports UEFI.
2. Click Next

7. Allocate the number of processors you need

1. Allocate how many processors you need. This depends on your host machine’s hardware.
2. Click Next
8. Set the Memory for the virtual machine
1. This depends on your host machine’s hardware. You should leave the memory to run the host machine
without hazels.
2. Click Next

9. Select Network Connection settings for the VM

1. Four option are available to select. Please read and select your desired network setting.
2. Click Next

10. Choose the appropriate storage IO controller

1. Choose the appropriate storage IO controller
2. Click Next

11. Select the disk type for the VM

1. Select the available disk type on your host machine.
2. Click Next
12. Select the virtual disk for the VM
1. Select the virtual disk for the VM if not create a new disk
2. Click Next

13. Assign the disk size for the VM

You can select a single or split virtual disk option. Selecting a single disk will increase the performance. But, if
you want to move the disk to a different location you can select the split virtual disk.
Allocate the disk size and click next.

14. Give the path where you want to keep the VM disk
1. Give the location where you want to save the disk.
2. Click Next.

15. Create the VM

1. VM settings are ready to create the VM.
2. Click Finish
16. Load the ISO image to boot the VM
1. Select use ISO image file
2. Browse the ISO image
3. Click Ok

17. All set to power on the VM

18. First boot screen of Windows 11

19. Windows 11 installation wizard

Installation wizard will appear in a couple of seconds after the boot
1. Select the language time and keyboard settings
2. Click Next
 20. Install Windows 11
Click on Install Now

21. Enter the product key

Click on I don’t have the product key if you want to register later the installation

Select the Windows 11 version

1. Select the version you want to install
2. Click Next

22. Accept License Agreement

23. Select installation method

Select custom installation if you are doing a fresh installation. Or, select upgrade if you are upgrading your
Windows 10 to Windows 11.
24. Select the installation disk for installation
Select the disk and click on Next to install Windows 11. If you want to create additional logical partitions then
select the disk and click on new assign the partition size. You can create multiple partitions within available
storage.

25. Installing Windows 11

The installation will start immediately after you click Next.

26. Windows getting ready after the installation complets

27. First screen to Windows setup wizard

 Select your country of origin in the first Windows setup wizard

28. Keyboard settings in the setup wizard

29. Connect to the network in setup wizard

30. Create user name in the setup wizard

31. Choose the privacy settings you want

 32. Windows is setting up for the first time
This process may take few minutes, don’t turn off the machine until it completes the process.

33. First look of Windows 11

Installing BOSS OS on PC
Step 1: If you want to install BOSS from a USB storage device, you will first have to make it bootable.
Step 2: Put the BOSS bootable DVD or the USB drive on your computer, and configure your computer to boot from that
drive by going to BIOS settings.
Step 3: You will get the following screen after the booting starts from the drive, where the BOSS OS is present. Use your
navigation keys to move on to ‘Graphical install’ and hit the enter key.

Step 4: Now you will have to choose the language for installation. There are 10 Indian languages to choose from apart
from ‘English’ language. Choose the most appropriate one depending upon which one suits best for you. I am
choosing ‘English’ here. After that click on the ‘Continue’ button.
Step 5: Now you will have to choose the location. The location will be used to detect the time zone and other small things. I
am choosing ‘India’, and I don’t think I need an explanation why. Click on ‘Continue’ after you have done choosing.

Step 6: Choose the keyboard configuration after this. I am choosing ‘American English’ here. Click on ‘Continue’ after that.
You can even get a number of other different key configurations, and some of them are Indian, as well.

Step 7: Now some additional tasks will be done, and to his might take a few seconds to complete. After those tasks are
completed, you will have to enter the host name for the system. Once you are done entering the hostname, click
on ‘Continue’.
Step 8: The hostname will be used to recognize your system on the network. So choose the name judiciously. Though,
these settings can also be changed after the installation is complete.
Step 9: Now you will have to assign the domain name to the system. You can also leave this thing blank, which I will be
doing. Again click on ‘Continue’.

Step 10: Now you will have to set up the usernames and the passwords. You can also leave this thing blank if you want.
Then click on ‘Continue’.

Step 11: Now you will enter the username. I am keeping it as ‘BOSS’. You can put other names, as well. Click
on ‘Continue’ once you are done.
Step 12: Now enter the password twice, as usual. Choose a tough password to secure your system. That is quite obvious.
After that, click on ‘Continue’.

Step 13: It will again take some time to set up the clock and do some additional tasks. Now you will have to partition the
disks. You can either use the entire disk for installation or can even create partitions. As I am installing BOSS for testing
purposes, I will be choosing ‘Guided – use entire disk’ After you have selected the disk partitioning scheme, click
on ‘Continue’.

Step 14: Now choose the disk for installation, and click on ‘Continue’ again.
Step 15: Now there will be multiple options. I will be choosing ‘All files in one partition (recommended for new users)’ and
click on ‘Continue’. You can even separate the /home, or /home, /usr partitions, as per your requirements.

Step 16: Now click on ‘I finish partitioning and write changes to disk’, and click on ‘Continue’.

Step 17: Select ‘Yes’ and again click on ‘Continue’. After that, the installation process will start and might take several
minutes depending on the system you are using.

Step 18: Now you will have to install the GRUB boot loader. Just select ‘Yes’ and click on ‘Continue’. But if there is any
other operating system, which is not detected by the BOSS installer, that operating system can only be booted by
modifying the GRUB later on.
Step 19: Now select the hard drive volume, where your operating system is installed, and click on ‘Continue’.

Step 20: Now the installation will be completed. Just click on ‘Continue’. After a few seconds, the system will reboot.

Step 21: Now choose the operating system to boot into, enter the password to log in, and start using BOSS, the Indian
version of GNU or Linux. On the first start, you will be shown the license agreement. That is a kind of formality. After that,
the BOSS operating system is all yours.
 EXPERIMENT-6

Task-1: Orientation & Connectivity Boot Camp: Students should get connected to their
Local Area Network and access the Internet. In the process they configure the TCP/IP setting.
Finally students should demonstrate, to the instructor, how to access the websites and email.
If there is no internet connectivity preparations need to be made by the instructors to simulate
the WWW on the LAN.
Theory:
The internet is a worldwide, publicly network of interconnected computer networks
LAN (LOCAL AREA NETWORK): LANs are privately owned networks within a single
building or campus of up to few kilometers in size.
WAN (WIDE AREA NETWORK): A WAN is a network that connects computers across a
large geographic area such as a city or country
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Collection of methods used to
connect servers on the internet and to exchange data.
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language): The coding used to control the look of documents
on the web
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Part of a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) that
identifies the location as one that uses HTML
IP (Internet Protocol): A format for contents and addresses of packets of information sent
over the internet
SEARCH ENGINE: A program that searches documents located on the Internet for
keywords or phrases entered by a person browsing the net.
Internet Connection requirements:
 TCP/IP protocol

 Client Software
 ISP(Internet Service Provider) Account
Means of communication to the net:
 Telephone Modem

 ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)

 DSL(Digital Subscriber Line)
 Satellite.
PROCEDURE:
1. Go to start>control Panel
 EXPERIMENT-6
2. Open Network Connections
3. Click create a new connection and then click next
4. The new connection wizard window opens, click next to continue
5. Choose one of the options in the next dialog box.
6. Choose one of the three options in the next dialog box
7. If you do not have an internet account click choose from a list of ISPs and then click next
8. If you have an account click Setup my connection manually
9. If you have a CD from the ISP click use the CD I got from an ISP and then click next
10. Follow the next steps as per the option you selected.
 EXPERIMENT-7

Task-7: Web Browsers, Surfing the Web: Students customize their web browsers with the
LAN proxy settings, bookmarks, search toolbars and pop up blockers. Also, plug-ins like
Macromedia Flash and JRE for applets should be configured.
Theory:
 Web browser provides the means to the searching and also helps to download the web
content.
 Web browsers support most of the famous Internet Protocols like HTTP, FTP.

 Common file formats a browser accepts are HTML

 Well known browsers natively support a variety of other formats in addition to HTML such
as JPEG, PNG, GIF image formats each web browser is built-in with the support of Internet
Bookmarks which serve as a named anchor – primarily to URLs. The primary purpose of this
book mark is to easily catalog and access web pages that the web browser user has visited or
plans to visit, without having to navigate the web to get there.
Pop-up Blockers: Pop-ups are a form of online advertising on the WWW intended to attract
the attention of the users. These pop ups are hosted on the web sites which are frequently
visited by the netizens. These pop ups are activated when these web sites open a new web
browser window and there by displaying the advertisements.
Plug-ins: A plug-in is a software component program that interacts with a main application
to provide a better integration of the media. The basic difference between application
programs and plug-ins is that multimedia files are launched in a separate window where as in
plug-ins multimedia play in the browser window.
Few famous plug-ins are:
 Apple Quick Time
 Macromedia flash

 Microsoft Media Player

 Adobe Shockwave

 Sun Micro systems Java Applet

PROCEDURE: LAN (Local Area Network) Proxy Settings:

 Select tools menu in Internet Explorer

 Select Internet Options  Select Connections
 You end up in two option Dial-up modem connection

 LAN connection
 DSL or Cable modem
 EXPERIMENT-8
Task-3: Search Engines & Netiquette: Students should know what search engines are and
how to use the search engines. A few topics would be given to the students for which they
need to search on Google. This should be demonstrated to the instructors by the student.
Theory:
Search engine: A search engine can be defined as a web site with tools which help you to
find information on the internet
Function of a search engine: You can find anything from a schedule of White house tours to
instructions for removing stains from clothes.
Limitations: Search engines visit web sites only several weeks. Search engines cannot see
information in other data bases later on. On the internet a search engine is a coordinated set of
programs that includes: A spider (crawler or bot) that goes to every page or representative
pages on every web site that wants to be searchable and reads it , using hypertext links on
each page to discover and read site‘s other pages.
Process:
 You can select the search terms
 You can use the same search terms with multiple search engines

 You can change search terms as much as you wish

 You will normally receive numerous links
 There are so many different search engines it may be difficult to choose

 You will normally receive too many links often making it difficult to identify the most
relevant sites.
 The vast majority of links may be only marginally relevant oral to get the irrelevant
Meta Search Engines: Meta search engines or ―meta crawlers don‘t crawl the web
themselves. Instead they search the resources of multiple search engines by sending a search
to several search engines at once aggregating the result.
Process:
 You only need to use one search tool which is time-efficient
 You only need to learn how to use one search engine reducing learning curve You benefit
from the difference among several search tools at once.

 Meta search services may not be able to leverage each individual search engines full range
of query tools resulting in less refined searches
 You can not personally select the search engines queried by Meta search services.
 EXPERIMENT-9

Task-4: Cyber Hygiene: Students would be exposed to the various threats on the internet
and would be asked to configure their computer to be safe on the internet. They need to
customize their browsers to block pop ups, block active x downloads to avoid viruses and/or
worms.
Theory:
Antivirus: Antivirus software is a program that either comes installed on your computer or
that you purchase and install yourself. It protects your computer against most viruses, worms,
Trojan horses and other unwanted invaders that can make your computer sick.
Firewall: A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect a private computer
network from unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a
network gateway server which protects the resources of the private network from users from
other networks.
PROCEDURE:
Installing Symantec antivirus for Windows:
*Insert Symantec antivirus CD into your CD drive
*Double click on theSymantec-setup.exe
*The installer will open
*Click next to proceed
*License agreement will open. Click I accept the terms of the license agreement and then
click next. Follow the instruction on the screen to complete the installation.
Get Computer Updates:
 Click start> settings>control panel

 Click Automatic Updates icon to open Automatic Updates dialog box

 Check the box Keep my computer up to date

 Choose a setting

 Click OK

Block Pop ups:

 In the IE open tools>pop-up blocker

 Click on Turn on Pop- up blocker

 Experiment-10

Task-1: Word orientation: An overview of MS office word: Importance, Features,

Using- Accessing, overview of toolbars, saving files, using help and resources, rulers,
format painter in word.

What is MS Word?
Used to make professional-quality documents, letters, reports, etc., MS Word is a word processor
developed by Microsoft. It has advanced features which allow you to format and edit your files
and documents in the best possible way.
Where to find MS Word on your personal computer?
Follow these simple steps to open MS Word on your personal computer:
Start → All Programs → MS Office → MS Word.
What are the uses of MS Word?
MS Word enables users to do write-ups, create documents, resumes, contracts, etc. This is one of
the most commonly used programs under the Office suite.
The significance of Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a useful program for creating a wide variety of documents, including letters,
reports, research projects, updates, typesetting books and periodicals, and more.
Microsoft Word provides you with specialized tools for designing your document in various
ways, performing spelling and grammar checks to produce a standard and error-free document,
using an integrated thesaurus to replace repetitive words and phrases with appropriate
alternatives, tracking word counts for statistical reports of your document, adding a touch of
visuals to your document, dealing with sounds and video, and more.
 When creating content with a large volume, Microsoft Word is quite helpful.
 Without a question, Word allows you to create customized documents, newsletters, and
mailing lists.
 It enables you to send documents to a group of people for feedback.
 Word provides customized assistance in a number of ways.
 You can utilize files imported from other programs in Word to create archives.

Features :

 Fast Typing
 Editing functions
 Permanent storage
 Formatting functions
 OLE (Object Linking and Embedding
 Alignment
 Delete errors
 Line Spacing
 Move-in Cursor
 Naming a Document
 Page break
 Search and Replace
 Experiment-10

 Thesaurus
 Indentation
 Header and footer
 Page orientation
 Spell Checker
 Mail Merge
 Experiment-11
Task-2: using word to create a project certificate.

Formatting Fonts in word:

1. Select the text you want to format. To select a single word, double-click it. To select a line of
text, click to the left of it.
2. Select an option to change the font, font size, font color, or make the text bold, italic, or
underline.

Drop cap in word:

1. Select the first character of a paragraph.
2. Go to INSERT > Drop Cap.
3. Select the drop cap option you want. To create a drop cap that fits within your paragraph, select
Dropped. To create a drop cap that is in the margin, outside of your paragraph, select In margin.

Applying Text effects:

On the Home tab, in the Font group, click Text Effect. Click the effect that you want. For more
choices, point to Outline, Shadow, Reflection, or Glow, and then click the effect that you want to
add.

Using character spacing:

1. Select the text that you want to change.
2. On the Home tab, click the Font dialog box launcher. (circled in green in the screenshot below),
and then click the Advanced tab.
3. In the Spacing box, click Expanded or Condensed, and then specify how much space you want in
the By box.

Borders and colors:

1. On the Design tab, click the Page Borders button.
2. Select a border style from the Style list.
3. Select a border color.
4. Select a border width.
5. Choose which sides of the page will have a border by clicking the top, bottom, and/or sides of
the preview.

Inserting Header and Footer:

Go to Insert > Header or Footer. Choose from a list of standard headers or footers, go to the list
of Header or Footer options, and select the header or footer that you want. Or, create your own
header or footer by selecting Edit Header or Edit Footer. When you're done, select Close Header
and Footer or press Esc.
 Experiment-11

Using Date and Time option:

On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Date & Time. In the Date and time dialog box, select
the format you want. Select the Update automatically check box. The date is inserted as a field
and will update automatically.

Example:
Experiment-11
 Experiment-12
Task-3: Creating project abstract.

Features to be covered:

Formatting Styles:
On the Home tab, right-click any style in the Styles gallery and click Modify. In the Formatting
section, make any formatting changes you want, such as font style, size, or color, alignment, line
spacing, or indentation. Choose whether the style change applies to the current document or to
all future documents.

Inserting Table:

1. Select Insert > Table > Insert Table.

2. Select the number of columns and rows, AutoFit behavior, and then select OK

Bullets and Numbering:

1. Select the text you want to convert to bulleted or numbered list.
2. Select the Home tab.
3. In Paragraph group click the Bullets or Numbering command.
4. It displays Bullets or Numbering menu.
5. With a left click select the desired Bullet or Numbering style.

Changing Text direction:

1. Right-click the edge of the shape or text box that contains the text.
2. On the shortcut menu, select Format Shape.
3. In the left pane of the dialog box, select Text Box.
4. Under Text layout, select the option that you want in the Text direction list.
5. Select Close.

Cell alignment:
1. Select the cells that have the text you want aligned.
2. On the Home tab choose one of the following alignment options:
3. To vertically align text, pick Top Align , Middle Align , or Bottom Align .
4. To horizontally align text, pick Align Text Left , Center , or Align Text Right .

Footnote:
1. Click where you want to reference to the footnote or endnote.
2. On the References tab, select Insert Footnote or Insert Endnote.
3. Enter what you want in the footnote or endnote.
 Experiment-12

4. Return to your place in the document by double-clicking the number or symbol at the beginning
of the note.

Hyperlink:
To create a hyperlink, click Insert > Link. In the Display text box, type the text that people will
click on. To link to a web address, type or paste the address in the Address box. Tip: If you don't
need display text that's friendlier to read than the web address, just type the web address .

Symbols:
Go to Insert >Symbol > More Symbols. Scroll up or down the list to find the symbol you want.
You might have to change the font or the subset to locate it. Tip: The Segoe UI Symbol font has
a very large collection of Unicode symbols to choose from.

Spell Check:
1. On the Review tab, click Spelling & Grammar.
2. Word displays the issues it finds in the Spelling & Grammar dialog box.
3. To address an issue, do one of the following: ...
4. After you correct, ignore, or skip an issue, Word moves to the next one. ...
5. Click OK to return to your document.

Track changes:
1. Go to Review > Track Changes.
2. In the Track Changes drop-down list, select one of the following: To track only the changes that
you make to the document, select Just Mine. To track changes to the document made by all
users, select For Everyone.
 Experiment-13

Task-4: Creating a News letter.

Features to be covered:

Table of Content:
Put your cursor where you want to add the table of contents. Go to References > Table of
Contents. and choose an automatic style. If you make changes to your document that affect the
table of contents, update the table of contents by right-clicking the table of contents and choosing
Update Field.

Newspaper Columns:
1. Select the text you want to format.
2. Select the Layout tab, then click the Columns command. A drop-down menu will appear.
3. Select the number of columns you want to create.
4. The text will format into columns.
5.
Images from files and clipart:
1. Select Insert > Pictures > Online Pictures.
2. Type a word or phrase to describe what you're looking for, then press Enter.
3. Filter the results by Type for Clipart.
4. Select a picture.
5. Select Insert.

Drawing toolbar:
The drawing toolbar, a feature in Microsoft Word, is a collection of many tools to draw and
colour shapes, add text effects, create text boxes, and add graphics with colours within a Word
document. In addition, users could choose from pre-drawn shapes, add clip art or draw shapes as
desired.

Wordart:
1. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click WordArt, and then click the WordArt style that you
want.
2. Type your text in the Text box. You can add a fill or effect to a shape or text boxes well as the
text in the WordArt.

Formatting images:
There are many ways to format pictures in Word. For instance, you can change the size or shape
of an image to better suit your document. You can also enhance its appearance using Word's
image adjustment tools. Optional: Download our practice document.
 Experiment-13

Textboxes:
1. Go to Insert > Text Box and then select either Draw Text Box (where the text aligns horizontally
on the page) or Vertical Text Box (where the text aligns vertically on the page).
2. Select in the document, and then drag to draw the text box the size that you want.

Paragraphs:
1. Typing Paragraph Options in the Search box, and selecting Paragraph Options in the Actions list.
2. Selecting Home > Paragraph > Paragraph Options.

Mail Merge:
Go to Mailings > Insert Merge Field, and then choose the fields to add. In your main document,
select Drag fields into this box or type text, and click or tap the text to remove it. Add and format
the fields you want to be included in the email message, and choose OK.
 Experiment-14
Task-1: Creating a Scheduler - Features to be covered: Gridlines, Format Cells,
Summation, auto fill, Formatting Text
Gridlines:

To show gridlines: On the Layout tab, under View, select the Gridlines check box.

Note: Gridlines cannot be customized. To change the width, color, or other attributes of the lines
around cells, use border formatting.

To hide gridlines: On the Layout tab, under View, clear the Gridlines check box.

Format cells:

Start by selecting the cells you want to modify. On the Home tab, select Format > Format Cells,
which will open the Format Cells dialog box. The first tab listed is the Number tab. The
Category list in the Number tab allows you to select the format you want to use, such as Date,
Time, Percentage, Currency, etc.

Summation:

If you need to sum a column or row of numbers, let Excel do the math for you. Select a cell next
to the numbers you want to sum, click AutoSum on the Home tab, press Enter, and you're done.
When you click AutoSum, Excel automatically enters a formula to SUM the numbers.

To create the formula: Type =SUM in a cell, followed by an opening parenthesis (. To enter the
first formula range, which is called an argument (a piece of data the formula needs to run), type
A2:A4 (or select cell A2 and drag through cell A6)

Auto fill:

1. Select one or more cells you want to use as a basis for filling additional cells. For a series like 1,
2, 3, 4, 5..., type 1 and 2 in the first two cells. ...
2. Drag the fill handle .
3. If needed, click Auto Fill Options. and choose the option you want .

Formatting text:
1. For a different font style, click the arrow next to the default font Calibri and pick the style you
want.
2. To increase or decrease the font size, click the arrow next to the default size 11 and pick another
text size.
3. To change the font color, click Font Color and pick a color .
.
 Experiment-15
Task-2: Calculating GPA -. Features to be covered:- Cell Referencing, Formulae
in excel –average, std. deviation, Charts, Renaming and Inserting worksheets,
Hyper linking, Count function

Features to be covered:
Cell Referencing:

1. Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.

2. In the formula bar. , type = (equal sign).
3. Do one of the following, select the cell that contains the value you want or type its cell reference.
4. Press Enter.

Formula in excel:
Average:
On the HOME tab, click the arrow next to AutoSum > Average, and then press Enter.
For example-> if the range A1:A20 contains numbers, the
formula =AVERAGE(A1:A20) returns the average of those numbers.

Std. deviation:

S formula to calculate standard deviation by inputting your values directly into the syntax and
separating them with commas, rather than inputting linked cells. For example, to find the
standard deviation for the data set "1, 2, 3, 4" without referring to a spreadsheet, enter the syntax
"=STDEV. S(1,2,3,4)" into Excel.

Charts:

1. Click anywhere in the data for which you want to create a chart. ...
2. Select Insert > Charts > and the chart type you want.
3. On the menu that opens, select the option you want. ...
4. To edit the chart (titles, legends, data labels), select the Chart tab and then select Format.

Renaming worksheet:
1. Double-click the sheet tab, and type the new name.
2. Right-click the sheet tab, click Rename, and type the new name.
3. Use the keyboard shortcut Alt+H > O > R, and type the new name.
Inserting worksheet:
To insert a new worksheet in front of an existing worksheet, select that worksheet and then, on
the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Insert, and then click Insert Sheet
 Experiment-15

Hyper linking:
Hyperlinks can be presented in different forms, like an image, icon, text, or any type of visible
element that, when clicked, redirects you to a specified url. For example, if you were to click
HERE, you will land in my profile with a list of my other articles. That's a hyperlink.

Count function:

Use the COUNT function to get the number of entries in a number field that is in a range or array
of numbers. For example, you can enter the following formula to count the numbers in the range
A1:A20: =COUNT(A1:A20). In this example, if five of the cells in the range contain numbers,
the result is 5.
 EXPERIMENT-16
Task-3: Split cells, freeze panes, group and outline, Sorting, Boolean and
logical operators, Conditional formatting.
Features to be covered:
Split cells:
1. Select the cell or cells whose contents you want to split. ...
2. On the Data tab, in the Data Tools group, click Text to Columns. ...
3. Choose Delimited if it is not already selected, and then click Next.

Freeze panes:
Select the cell below the rows and to the right of the columns you want to keep visible when
you scroll. Select View > Freeze Panes > Freeze Panes.

Group in excel:
1. Select the rows you wish to add grouping to (entire rows, not just individual cells)
2. Go to the Data Ribbon.
3. Select Group.
4. Select Group again.

Outline in Excel:
On the Data tab, in the Outline group, click Group. Then in the Group dialog box, click
Rows, and then click OK. The outline symbols appear beside the group on the screen.

Sorting:
1. Select a single cell in the column you want to sort.
2. On the Data tab, in the Sort & Filter group, click. to perform an ascending sort (from A to Z,
or smallest number to largest).
3. Click. to perform a descending sort (from Z to A, or largest number to smallest).

Boolean operators:
Boolean operators, which Excel calls logical functions, include AND, OR, NOT, and a new
function called XOR. These operators are used between search terms to narrow, expand, or
exclude your results in databases, spreadsheets, search engines, or any situation where you're
seeking specific information.

Logical operators:

A logical operator is used in Excel to compare two values. Logical operators are sometimes
called Boolean operators because the result of the comparison in any given case can only be
either TRUE or FALSE. Six logical operators are available in Excel. They are,
 EXPERIMENT-16

Formula
Condition Operator Description
Example

The formula returns TRUE if a value in

Equal to = =A1=B1 cell A1 is equal to the values in cell B1;
FALSE otherwise.

The formula returns TRUE if a value in

Not equal to <> =A1<>B1 cell A1 is not equal to the value in cell
B1; FALSE otherwise.

The formula returns TRUE if a value in

Greater than > =A1>B1 cell A1 is greater than a value in cell B1;
otherwise it returns FALSE.

The formula returns TRUE if a value in

Less than < =A1<B1 cell A1 is less than in cell B1; FALSE
otherwise.

The formula returns TRUE if a value in

Greater than
>= =A1>=B1 cell A1 is greater than or equal to the
or equal to
values in cell B1; FALSE otherwise.

The formula returns TRUE if a value in

Less than or
<= =A1<=B1 cell A1 is less than or equal to the
equal to
values in cell B1; FALSE otherwise.

Conditional Formatting:

1. Select the range of cells, the table, or the whole sheet that you want to apply conditional
formatting to.
2. On the Home tab, click Conditional Formatting.
3. Click New Rule.
4. Select a style, for example, 3-Color Scale, select the conditions that you want, and then click
OK.
 EXPERIMENT-17

Task-1: Students will be working on basic power point utilities and tools which help them
create basic power point presentations. PPT Orientation, Slide Layouts, Inserting Text, Word
Art, Formatting Text, Bullets and Numbering, Auto Shapes, Lines and Arrows in
PowerPoint.
Features to be covered:
PPT Orientation:
1. Select Design.
2. Select Slide Size > Custom Slide Size.
3. Select Portrait > OK.
4. In the next dialog box, you can: Select Maximize to take full advantage of the space
available.

Slide Layouts:
Select Home > Layout. Select the layout that you want. The layouts contain placeholders for
text, videos, pictures, charts, shapes, clip art, a background, and more. The layouts also
contain the formatting for those objects, like theme colors, fonts, and effects.

Inserting Text:
1. On the Home tab, under Insert, click Text.
2. On the pop-up menu, click Text Box.
3. On the slide, click the location where you want to add the text box.
4. Type or paste your text in the text box.
Word Art:
1. On the Objects toolbar, click Insert WordArt.
2. In the WordArt Gallery, click the WordArt that you want, and then click OK.
3. Type your text in the Text box. If you want to change the text in the WordArt, double-click
the WordArt that you want to change, and then type the new text in the Text box.

Formatting Text:
Formatting the Text. Open your presentation in PowerPoint. Select the text you want to
modify. On the Home tab, in the Font group, you'll find a lot of buttons and settings that you
can use to customize and modify the text. This group contains everything related to the font
and its styles.

Bullets and Numbering:

On the slide, select the lines of text in a text placeholder or table that you want to add bullets
or numbering to. On the HOME tab, in the Paragraph group, click Bullets or Numbering. To
change all lines of text, select the outline of the text object, and then apply the bullet or
numbering.
 EXPERIMENT-17
Auto Shapes:
To create an auto shape, go to the Auto Shapes menu and click on any of the shapes. Your
cursor will turn into a cross. When you click on the slide, the point becomes the anchor for
one corner of the shape.

Lines and Arrows:

1. Select a connector.
2. On the Home tab, in the Shape group, select Line, and then select Arrows.
3. Select More Arrows, in the Line window select the type, size or cap type, and then click OK.
 EXPERIMENT-18
Task-2: Interactive presentations - Hyperlinks, Inserting –Images, Clip Art,
Audio, Video, Objects, Tables and Charts.
Features be covered:
Hyperlinks:
1. Open the PowerPoint presentation.
2. Highlight the text or object you would like to hyperlink.
3. Right-click the highlighted text and select "Hyperlink..."
4. From the "Link to:" side panel, choose the destination for your hyperlink. ...
5. Click [OK].

Inserting-Images:
1. Click where you want to insert the picture on the slide.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Pictures and then click This Device.
3. In the dialog box that opens, browse to the picture that you want to insert, click that picture,
and then click Insert.

Clip Art:
Clip Art is a collection of media files (images, videos, audio, and animation files) that
Microsoft includes with the PowerPoint application. If your computer has an Internet
connection, then you can also access Bing.com to search for images.

Audio:
PowerPoint allows you to add audio to your presentation. For example, you could add
background music to one slide, a sound effect to another, and even record your own narration
or commentary. You can then edit the audio to customize it for your presentation.

Video:
Under Video Tools, click the Playback tab. Next to Start, click the down arrow, and select
Automatically. When you are delivering your presentation in Slide Show View or Presenter
View, the video will play automatically when you arrive at the slide.

Tables:
Tables in PowerPoint are useful for displaying text more visually without creating annoying
alignment and distribution issues. PowerPoint handles all the alignment and distribution for
you because it ensures that each cell in a table lines up perfectly with the other cells in the
same row and column.
Charts:
A chart allows you to communicate your data graphically on a slide. Displaying charts in
PowerPoint gives your audience the meaning behind the numbers, and they make explaining
comparisons and trends easier to understand.
 EXPERIMENT-19
Task-3: Master Layouts (slide, template, and notes), Types of views (basic, presentation,
slide slotter, notes etc), and Inserting – Background, textures, Design Templates, Hidden
slides.
Features to be covered:
1. Master Layouts:
i. Slides:
A slide is a single page of a presentation. Collectively, a group of slides may be
known as a slide deck. A slide show is an exposition of a series of slides or images
in an electronic device or in a projection screen.
ii. Templates:
A PowerPoint template is a pattern or blueprint of a slide or group of slides that
you save as a . potx file. Templates can contain layouts, colors, fonts, effects,
background styles, and even content. You can create your own custom templates
and store them, reuse them, and share them with others.
iii. Notes:
*On the View menu, click Normal.
*Select the thumbnail of the slide you want to add notes to.
*The notes pane will appear beneath your slide. Click where it says Click to add
notes and type whatever notes you'd like to add.
*To hide the notes pane, click the Notes button.

2. Types of Views:
i) Basic presentation
Each template includes basic course elements: a title slide, a table of contents,
chapters, a timeline, and info slides. Organize them in the order you prefer,
populate them with your texts and images, and your presentation is ready to go.
ii) Slide Slotter
A slotter machine is a versatile industrial tool used for shaping and cutting slots,
keyways, and grooves in various materials, such as metal and wood. It employs a
reciprocating ram and a cutting tool to create precise and customizable slots,
making it essential in manufacturing and fabrication processes.
iii) Notes
The Notes pane is where you put supplemental information that doesn't appear on-
slide during a presentation. You may want to make key words in the notes bold so
that you can see them better, or use a smaller font size if you have a lot of notes.
Inserting-Background:
1. Select the slide you want to add a background picture to.
2. Select Design > Format Background.
3. In the Format Background pane, select Picture or texture fill.
4. Select File.
5. In the Insert Picture dialog box, choose the picture you want to use and then select Insert.
 EXPERIMENT-19

Texture:
To add or change a fill texture, point to Texture, and then click the texture that you want. To
customize the texture, click More Textures, and then choose the options that you want. To
add or change a pattern, click Pattern, and then click the options that you want.

Design Templates:
A PowerPoint template is a pattern or blueprint of a slide or group of slides that you save as a
potx file. Templates can contain layouts, colors, fonts, effects, background styles, and even
content. You can create your own custom templates and store them, reuse them, and share
them with others.

Hidden Slides:
 Right-click the current slide and select See All Slides. The screen switches to a thumbnail list
of all the slides in the presentation.
 Select the hidden slide you want to show. The selected slide is shown full-screen and the
slide show resumes.
 Task1
Prompt engineering: Experiment with different types of prompts to see how the model responds. Try
asking questions, starting conversations, or even providing incomplete sentences to see how the model
completes them
Ex prompt:” You are a knowledgeable AI. Pease answer the following question: What is the capital of
France?”
What is ChatGPT?
ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot that uses natural language processing to create
humanlike conversational dialogue. The language model can respond to questions and compose various
written content, including articles, social media posts, essays, code and emails.
These are some uses for natural language processing.
Who created ChatGPT?
OpenAI -- an artificial intelligence research company -- created ChatGPT and launched the tool in
November 2022. It was founded by a group of entrepreneurs and researchers including Elon Musk and
Sam Altman in 2015. OpenAI is backed by several investors, with Microsoft being the most notable.
OpenAI also created Dall-E, an AI text-to-art generator.
How does ChatGPT work?
ChatGPT works through its Generative Pre-trained Transformer, which uses specialized algorithms
to find patterns within data sequences. ChatGPT originally used the GPT-3 large language model, a neural
network machine learning model and the third generation of Generative Pre-trained Transformer. The
transformer pulls from a significant amount of data to formulate a response.
What kinds of questions can users ask ChatGPT?
Users can ask ChatGPT a variety of questions, including simple or more complex questions, such
as, "What is the meaning of life?" or "What year did New York become a state?" ChatGPT is proficient
with STEM disciplines and can debug or write code. There is no limitation to the types of questions to ask
ChatGPT.
How are people using ChatGPT?
ChatGPT is versatile and can be used for more than human conversations. People have used
ChatGPT to do the following:
 Code computer programs and check for bugs in code.
 Compose music.
 Draft emails.
 Summarize articles, podcasts or presentations.
 Script social media posts.
 Create titles for articles.
 Solve math problems.
 Discover keywords for search engine optimization.
 Create articles, blog posts and quizzes for websites.
 Play games.
 Ask trivia questions.
 Describe complex topics more simply.
 Write video scripts.
 Research markets for products.
What are the benefits of ChatGPT?
Businesses and users are still exploring the benefits of ChatGPT as the program continues to
evolve. Some benefits include the following:
 Efficiency. AI-powered chatbots can handle routine and repetitive tasks, which can free up
employees to focus on more complex and strategic responsibilities.
 Cost savings. Using AI chatbots can be more cost-effective than hiring and training additional
employees.
 Improved content quality. Writers can use ChatGPT to improve grammatical or contextual errors
or to help brainstorm ideas for content. Employees can take ordinary text and ask to improve its
language or add expressions.
1
  Education and training. ChatGPT can help provide explanations on more complex topics to help
serve as a virtual tutor. Users can also ask for guides and any needed clarification on responses.
 Better response time. ChatGPT provides instant responses, which reduces wait times for users
seeking assistance.
 Increased availability. AI models are available around the clock to provide continuous support
and assistance.
 Multilingual support. ChatGPT can communicate in multiple languages or provide translations for
businesses with global audiences.
 Personalization. AI chatbots can tailor responses to the user's preferences and behaviors based
on previous interactions.
 Scalability. ChatGPT can handle many users simultaneously, which is beneficial for applications
with high user engagement.
 Natural language understanding. ChatGPT understands and generates humanlike text, so it is
useful for tasks such as generating content, answering questions, engaging in conversations and
providing explanations.
 Digital accessibility. ChatGPT and other AI chatbots can assist individuals with disabilities by
providing text-based interactions, which can be easier to navigate than other interfaces.
What are the limitations of ChatGPT?
Some limitations of ChatGPT include the following:
 It does not fully understand the complexity of human language. ChatGPT is trained to generate
words based on input. Because of this, responses might seem shallow and lack true insight.
 Lack of knowledge for data and events after 2021. The training data ends with 2021 content.
ChatGPT can provide incorrect information based on the data from which it pulls. If ChatGPT does
not fully understand the query, it might also provide an inaccurate response.
 Responses can sound like a machine and unnatural. Since ChatGPT predicts the next word, it can
overuse words such as the or and. Because of this, people still need to review and edit content to
make it flow more naturally, like human writing.
How can you access ChatGPT?
 To access ChatGPT, create an OpenAI account. Go to chat.openai.com and then select "Sign Up"
and enter an email address, or use a Google or Microsoft account to log in.
 After signing up, type a prompt or question in the message box on the ChatGPT homepage. Users
can then do the following:
 Enter a different prompt for a new query or ask for clarification.
 Regenerate the response.
 Share the response.
 Like or dislike the response with the thumbs-up or thumbs-down option.
 Copy the response.
What is a ChatGPT prompt?
OpenAI recently introduced their new ChatGPT system. This is a machine learning system
developed for natural language traffic. It can mimic human conversations and is accordingly capable of
conversing with people. ChatGPT can adapt to the conversation and learn to respond to certain messages.
ChatGPT perfect prompt basics
Before getting into the details of writing the perfect ChatGPT prompts, it is good to know some
general rules for writing decent prompts. Here are some tips to help you write the perfect prompt for
ChatGPT:
 Focus on a clear and specific topic: Choose a topic that is relevant to your interests, questions, or
goals. Be specific and avoid broad or ambiguous topics to ensure that the conversation stays
focused and engaging.
 Use open-ended questions: Ask open-ended questions that encourage discussion and reflection.
This means avoiding simple yes or no questions and asking questions that require more thoughtful
and elaborate answers.

2
  Provide context: Provide some context or background information to help the AI assistant or
human responder understand the purpose, scope, and goals of your prompt. This can lead to a
more personalized and helpful response.
 Be courteous and respectful: ChatGPT is designed to provide a friendly and supportive
conversation environment. Respectful and polite language can help foster a positive relationship
with the assistant and enhance the quality of the response.
 Use clear and concise language: Use straightforward and concise language that is easy to
understand. This can prevent misunderstandings and make it easier for the chatbot or human
responder to provide a relevant and helpful response.
What are Prompt Categories?
You can use prompts to ensure smooth communication with AI language models. The first step to
writing quality prompts is understanding their different classifications so you can easily structure the
prompts with a given target response in mind.
Some of the major prompt categories include:
1. Information-seeking prompts - These prompts are specifically designed to gather information. The
prompts mostly answer the question What and How. Examples of such prompts: "What are the
most popular tourist attractions in Kenya?", "How do I prepare for a job interview?"
2. Instruction-based prompts - These are used to give instructions to the model to perform a specific
task. A good example of such prompts is the use of Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant. For example,
an instruction prompt might be "Call mom”, or “Play the latest episode from my favorite TV show."
3. Context-providing prompts - Just as the name suggests, these prompts provide information to the
AI to help it better understand what the user needs as a response.
4. Comparative prompts - These are used to compare or evaluate different options given to the
model to help the user make an appropriate decision. For example: "What are the strengths and
weaknesses of Option A compared to Option B?"
5. Opinion-seeking prompts - These are designed to get the AI's opinion on a given topic. For
example: "What would happen if we could travel back in time?"
6. Reflective prompts - These prompts are designed to help individuals gain a deeper understanding
of themselves, their beliefs, and their actions. They are more like encouragement/self-growth
prompts based on a topic or personal experience. You might be required to give the model a bit of
info before getting a desirable response.
7. Role-based prompts - These prompts provide responses by framing the user's request within a
specific role. It's the most commonly used category of prompts. By giving the AI a role, it gives
responses based on the role given. A trick that has worked for this particular category is making
use of the 5 Ws framework, that is:
 Who - Assigns the role you need the model to play. A role like a teacher, developer, chef,
and so on.
 What - Refers to the action you want the model to do.
 When - Your desired timeline to complete a particular task.
 Where - Refers to the location or context of a particular prompt.
 Why - Refers to the reasons, motivations, or goals for a particular prompt.
What do you need to use ChatGPT
For starters, you’ll require an email address along with a PC with a web browser. Chrome or Edge
works just fine. After this, you’ll need to sign up for the ChatGPT and then login to start using it. Here are
the steps you need to follow:
Steps
Create a Chat GPT account
 Head to https://chat.openai.com/auth/login. Then click on the Signup button. After this, enter
your email address. Alternatively, you can use a Google account or a Microsoft account to sign
up.
Verify your email account
 Once signed up, Chat GPT will send an email. Click on the link in the email to verify your email
address.
 Open Chat GPT website
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  Once everything is done and ready, head to Chat GPT’s website -- https://chat.openai.com/chat
to get started.
Login using your credentials&lt;br&gt;
 Now, click on the Sign in button and enter your email address and password. In case you’ve used
a Google or Microsoft account to log in, then click on Google or Microsoft account login button to
log in.
How to control conversations on ChatGPT
 Step 1: Open ChatGPT and sign in through mobile/computer
 Step 2: Start a conversation with the bot using the dialogue box
 Step 3: The new chat will show on the left side of the screen (desktop) or under the ‘hamburger’
menu (phone)
 Step 4: On the right side of the chat name, a pencil and a delete button will be available for use.
Edit the name or delet chats with these
 Step 5: Once the chat is saved, revisit the conversation whenever needed
Try asking questions, starting conversations, or even providing incomplete sentences to see how the
model completes
The typical length of a conversation with ChatGPT
ChatGPT uses contextual clues from the previous conversation turns to infer the meaning of
incomplete or fragmented sentences. It attempts to complete the sentence or clarify the intent of the
user's message based on the context.
ChatGPT recognize emotions in user input
ChatGPT can recognize emotions in user input to a certain extent. Some research has been done
in developing models that can recognize emotions from text data, but the accuracy is still limited.
ChatGPT handle incomplete or fragmented sentences
ChatGPT uses contextual clues from the previous conversation turns to infer the meaning of
incomplete or fragmented sentences. It attempts to complete the sentence or clarify the intent of the
user's message based on the context.
ChatGPT handle spelling and grammar errors in user input
ChatGPT has been trained on a vast corpus of text, which includes a variety of language patterns,
spelling and grammar errors, and other nuances of human communication. As such, it is able to handle a
wide range of spelling and grammar errors in user input and can often generate contextually relevant and
grammatically correct responses even in the presence of such errors.
The training data source for ChatGPT
ChatGPT is trained on a large corpus of text data, primarily sourced from the internet, including
websites, books, and other written materials. The specific training data used depends on the version of
ChatGPT being used, but in general, the training data is designed to be representative of the language and
topics encountered in the real world. The training process involves fine-tuning the model on specific tasks
or domains to improve its performance on those tasks.
Ex prompt:” You are a knowledgeable AI. Pease answer the following question: What is the capital of
France?”
The capital of France is Paris. Paris is one of the most visited cities in the world and is known for
its iconic landmarks like the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum, and Notre-Dame Cathedral. It is also a
global center for art, fashion, cuisine, and culture.

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 Task2:

Creative writing: use the model as a writing assistant. Providing the beginning of a story or a description
of a scene, and let the model generate the rest of the content. This can be a fun way to brainstorm
creative ideas.
Ex Prompt: “In a word where gravity suddenly stopped working, people started floating upwards. Write
a story about how society adapted to this new reality.”
What is Brainstorming?
Brainstorming is a method design teams use to generate ideas to solve clearly defined design
problems. In controlled conditions and a free-thinking environment, teams approach a problem by such
means as “How Might We” questions. They produce a vast array of ideas and draw links between them to
find potential solutions.
How to Use Brainstorming Best
Brainstorming is part of design thinking. You use it in the ideation phase. It’s extremely popular
for design teams because they can expand in all directions. Although teams have rules and a facilitator to
keep them on track, they are free to use out-of-the-box and lateral thinking to seek the most effective
solutions to any design problem. Brainstorming may seem to lack constraints, but everyone must
observe eight house rules and have someone acting as facilitator.
 Set a time limit – Depending on the problem’s complexity, 15–60 minutes is normal.
 Begin with a target problem/brief – Members should approach this sharply defined question,
plan or goal and stay on topic.
 Refrain from judgment/criticism – No-one should be negative (including via body language)
about any idea.
 Encourage weird and wacky ideas – Further to the ban on killer phrases like “too expensive”,
keep the floodgates open so everyone feels free to blurt out ideas (provided they’re on topic).
 Aim for quantity – Remember, “quantity breeds quality”. The sifting-and-sorting process comes
later.
 Build on others’ ideas – It’s a process of association where members expand on others’ notions
and reach new insights, allowing these ideas to trigger their own. Say “and”—rather than
discourage with “but”—to get ideas closer to the problem.
 Stay visual – Diagrams and Post-Its help bring ideas to life and help others see things in different
ways.
 Allow one conversation at a time – To arrive at concrete results, it’s essential to keep on track
this way and show respect for everyone’s ideas.
Advantages of Brainstorming
The solution could be to brainstorm. A brainstorming session is where senior management might
gather to generate ideas on a particular subject or problem. It's important to start thinking creatively while
remaining respectful of others' perspectives.
1. External Contribution
In a brainstorming session, everyone can freely suggest ideas. Having the most direct access to
the problem makes it incredibly tough to generate novel ideas.
2. Idea Development
There is no need for any suggestion stand alone. Even if a concept isn't the best answer, it's still
vital to express it since it could help someone else understand it. The premise behind idea building is that
through exchanging ideas, new ones are inspired, which leads to a chain reaction of fresh ideas.
3. Breaks the Pattern
Getting out of a routine is a further advantage of brainstorming sessions. There may be no obvious
problems with the way things are going. A brainstorming session might still be helpful since it may
highlight changes you needed to be aware you needed for the project.
4. Generation of Lists
The list of concepts you can take away and expand upon in the future is one of the nicest things
about finishing a brainstorming session. Even if not all suggestions are immediately useful, having a list
may inspire your imagination for weeks or even months after the session. Each session should include at
least one person taking notes to ensure every concept is remembered.
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5. Teamwork
Co-workers can participate in brainstorming sessions, strengthening their sense of teamwork and
allowing them to solicit assistance from others. Brainstorming sessions involving the team foster a sense
of unity. Without individuals, brainstorms would not take place.
6. Offers Several Viewpoints
Despite our best efforts, we can only sometimes do it with help. This is not a sign of incapacity.
It's more of an admission that a single person can solve not all problems, and only some groups are being
hosted. Pick individuals from different departments with various backgrounds, ages, and life experiences.
This will contribute novel, interesting, and random thoughts.
7. It Aids in Avoiding Prejudices Against any One Point of View
Only issue-solving may be more effective. However, coming up with ideas on your leaves you
without a check against the preexisting assumptions, prejudices, and attitudes that shape your thinking.
You boost your chances of finding a solution by including people who view the world (and the business
difficulties facing your firm) from a different perspective.
8. It Frequently Produces More Ideas in a Shorter Amount of Time
You'll find better (and perhaps fantastic) ideas if you can develop them better, even if that volume
can be reached sooner. A group may swiftly generate hundreds of ideas during an effective brainstorming
session, and each one can inspire dozens more.
9. It Provides Chances for People to Consider Each Other's Viewpoints
The core of brainstorming is the chance for participants to learn from one another's ideas. As one
might anticipate, bouncing between (and considering) several answers simultaneously might result in a
burst of new thought connections. It's also referred to as a popcorn share.
10. It Increases Comradery and Encourages Buy-In
One of the strongest reasons to promote group brainstorming in your company is that better
relationships are formed when teams collaborate to solve challenges. Group ideation sessions provide
those who would not otherwise have the chance to collaborate on a project the chance to do so.
Disadvantages of Brainstorming
Anyone who has tried to put together a team or manage the work of many personalities to
address an issue should be familiar with the drawbacks of brainstorming. Making decisions gets
increasingly difficult.
1. It Transforms Brainstorming Sessions into Chaotic Scavenger Hunts
It's exhilarating to form a new team to address a challenge. However, if you're not careful,
brainstorming with a group can lead to disjointed discussions and free-for-alls that fail to generate useful
suggestions. For this reason, it's essential to draught a brief and an agenda in advance of your first group
brainstorm.
2. It Promotes Excessive Groupthink and Little Original Thought
Groupthink is the term for this. It's nice to build off one another's ideas until it isn't. Teams might
occasionally get overly centered on a single concept and lose their distinct sense of creativity. Add a bit of
honesty to the mix to counteract this. Create a space where people may freely share their thoughts and
opinions.
3. It Permits a Small Group of Individuals to Control the Discourse
Just put it down to human nature. One individual always takes charge, voices their views, and
expects the rest of the group to follow suit. The same applies to brainstorming. The creative process is
hampered by dominant personalities who intimidate or make other team members afraid to voice
competing opinions. Thankfully, there are some strategies for dealing with such overbearing meeting
personalities.
4. It is Import-Output out of
Naturally, some team members have no problem letting others control the discourse. Many want
to remain unnoticed and rely on others to gen most or of their ideas. Working in a group or as a team
tempts us to put up less effort while working alone.
5. Problems with Working Remotely
The traditional method of assembling around a whiteboard armed with mountains of Post-It notes
is no longer viable in the era of Covid-19. While some managers worry that brainstorming is on its way
out, new strategies are made possible that are just as, if not more, successful.
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6. Peer Pressure
Peer pressure is when other people persuade you to act or think a specific way. Though it may
not be relevant during a brainstorming session, it regrettably happens frequently. For fear of retaliation,
people may experience peer pressure to support opinions advanced by those in authority over them. They
could also not feel confident enough to express their opinions, which can be contrary.
7. Personality Variations
During brainstorming, you'll notice the divide between the two if your team is made up of a mix
of introverts and extroverts. Extroverts will not hesitate to share their most outrageous thoughts in front
of a crowd, but the same cannot be true for quiet introverts. Therefore, you'll need to establish certain
criteria if you truly want your brainstorming session to be inclusive and guarantee that every opinion is
heard.
8. Participant Disengagement
Nothing drains your energy faster than participating in a pointless meeting. Therefore, the
meeting will only be fruitful if you see that people are losing interest or energy.
Ex Prompt: “In a word where gravity suddenly stopped working, people started floating upwards. Write
a story about how society adapted to this new reality.”
If Earth suddenly lost all of its gravity, we wouldn't just start floating. The lack of any forceful
gravitational pull would turn humans – and anything else with mass, like cars and buildings – into very
fast-moving tumbleweeds. That's because the planet would continue spinning, without exerting gravity
to keep objects tied to it.
A loss of gravity would also mean that the planet would stop pulling down air, water and Earth's
atmosphere. A sudden and significant loss of air pressure would immediately shatter everyone's inner ear.
Think about the pressure that builds when you're flying or scuba diving; this would be much more intense
and immediate.

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 Task3:
Language translation: Experiment with translation tasks by providing a sentence in one language and
asking the model to translate it into another language. Compare the output to see how accurate and
fluent the translations are.
Ex Prompt: “Translate the following English sentence to French: ‘Hello, how are you doing today?”
ChatGPT is a powerful language model developed by OpenAI that excels in conversational tasks.
It has also proven to be useful in language translation. By inputting sentences or phrases in one language,
ChatGPT can provide reliable translations in another language. For instance, if you want to translate
English sentences into Spanish, you can simply feed the English text to ChatGPT, and it will generate the
corresponding Spanish translations.
How ChatGPT's language translation works
 ChatGPT leverages pre-training and fine-tuning techniques to enable language translation
capabilities.
 During pre-training, the model learns from a large amount of multilingual data, allowing it to grasp
general language patterns.
 Fine-tuning involves training ChatGPT on specific translation tasks using aligned sentence pairs in
different languages.
 The model then learns to generate translations by predicting the most suitable output sentence
based on the input.
 End-to-end language translation is possible, where users provide input in one language and
receive translations in another.
Use cases for ChatGPT in language translation
Language translation is one of the valuable use cases for ChatGPT. With its ability to generate
human-like responses, ChatGPT can facilitate seamless communication between speakers of different
languages. For instance, users can input a sentence in their native language and ChatGPT can provide a
translation in real-time. This can benefit travelers, researchers, and individuals working in multicultural
environments.
Advancements in machine learning and its impact on language translation
 Advancements in machine learning have greatly impacted language translation, particularly in the
development of models like ChatGPT. These models utilize large amounts of data to learn patterns
and generate accurate translations.
 With such advancements, language translation has become more accessible and efficient,
allowing for seamless communication across different languages and cultures.
 The future of language translation with ChatGPT
The future of language translation with ChatGPT
The advanced capabilities of ChatGPT make it increasingly useful for facilitating multilingual
communication. It offers practical benefits such as real-time translation in chat applications, enabling
smooth conversations between people who speak different languages. With continued advancements,
ChatGPT can help break down language barriers, fostering cross-cultural understanding and collaboration.
Additionally, it can assist businesses in expanding their global reach and providing better customer
support to diverse language-speaking customers. As ChatGPT evolves, its potential for revolutionizing
language translation is immense.
The importance of cultural context in language translation
Cultural context is vital in language translation. Words and phrases can have different meanings
and connotations across cultures. Without understanding the cultural context, translations may be
inaccurate or offensive. For instance, a joke in one language might not be funny when translated because
it relies on cultural references. To ensure accurate and culturally appropriate translations, translators
must have deep cultural knowledge.
They should consider idioms, customs, and historical events relevant to the target culture. By
understanding the cultural context, translations can effectively convey the intended meaning and
maintain cultural sensitivity.

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The role of ChatGPT in breaking language barriers in business
ChatGPT has emerged as a valuable tool for breaking language barriers in business. It enables real-
time communication between individuals who speak different languages, facilitating international
collaboration and expanding market reach. With ChatGPT, businesses can engage with customers and
partners across language boundaries, providing seamless customer support and fostering meaningful
connections.
By eliminating the need for human translators or extensive language training, ChatGPT
streamlines business operations and saves valuable time. It also empowers individuals to navigate global
markets, fostering cross-cultural understanding and driving economic growth. With its practicality and
versatility, ChatGPT is revolutionizing the way businesses communicate and bridging language gaps in a
rapidly globalizing world.
ChatGPT can improve communication in personal interactions
ChatGPT can significantly enhance personal interactions by offering quick and accurate
information. It can act as a virtual assistant, helping users access knowledge and obtain answers in real-
time.
For example, during a conversation about a specific topic, ChatGPT can provide relevant facts and
statistics effortlessly. Furthermore, ChatGPT can assist in overcoming language barriers by translating
messages in different languages, enabling smooth communication across diverse cultures. It gives
individuals an opportunity to communicate more effectively and expand their network by engaging with
people from diverse backgrounds.
Compare the output to see how accurate and fluent the translations are.
Machine translation and human translation differ in several ways, including accuracy, fluency, cultural
sensitivity, and ability to handle idiomatic expressions and complex sentence structures.
 Accuracy: While machine translation has improved significantly in recent years, it still often makes
grammatical errors and fails to fully understand context, leading to inaccuracies in the translated
text. On the other hand, human translators are highly skilled in their language and can accurately
convey the meaning of the source text.
 Fluency: Machine translation often produces text that is grammatically correct but lacks fluency
and naturalness. Human translators, on the other hand, are able to produce translations that read
like they were originally written in the target language.
 Cultural Sensitivity: Machine translation algorithms are not able to fully understand cultural
nuances and may produce translations that are offensive or inappropriate. Human translators are
able to accurately convey cultural context and ensure that the translated text is culturally
appropriate.
 Complex Sentence Structures: Machine translation struggles with complex sentence structures,
idiomatic expressions, and puns, which can lead to inaccuracies in the translated text. Human
translators are able to accurately translate even the most complex sentences and ensure that the
meaning is conveyed correctly.
Ex Prompt: “Translate the following English sentence to French: ‘Hello, how are you doing today?”
Computer translation
Trying to learn how to translate from the human translation examples.
ENGLISH FRENCH
hello how are you doing today bonjour comment allez-vous aujourd’hui