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Module 3 upto Sept 6

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1 views

Module 3 upto Sept 6

Uploaded by

sanjaygangwar338
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Microstructure Control in Powders

Powder Metallurgy (FMD 401)


Module 3

Instructor: Dr. Madhumanti Bhattacharyya


1
Solidification
• Liquid → Solid

• Conventional vs Rapid !!

• Cooling rate……. Equilibrium.

• Crystalline to amorphous

Guo, J., Wang et al., Micromachines, 9(4), 146.

2
Solidification

• Large objects → slow cooling rate


• Very fine powders → high cooling rate
• Not-so-fine powders → moderate
cooling rate

• Moderate cooling → dendritic structure

3
Liquid to Solid Transformation

Thermodynamic parameters !!
/ vol.

assume both Hf and Sf don’t change much with ‘T’

Any ‘T’

4
Thermodynamics and Kinetics

5
Key Processes
• Nucleation (Solid in Liquid Model)
• Homogeneous & Heterogeneous
• Growth (Solid in Liquid Model)

Sequence Requires Finite Time to Complete – Rate Dependence


6
Courtesy: McMaster University
Nucleation in pure metal:

At T < Tm

Excess
𝟒 𝟑
Free Energy
∆𝑮𝒓 = − 𝝅𝒓 (∆𝑮𝒗 ) + 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝜸𝑺𝑳
𝟑
d (Gr )
dr
4
( ) ( )
= − GV 3r *2 + 4 SL 2r * = 0
3

 2 SL 16 SL
3
Stable nucleus for growth (Gr) when r > r* r = 
Gr =
GV 3(GV )
2
7
Graphically Stated r < r* the system can lower its free energy by dissolution of the solid

r > r* the free energy of the system ↓ if the solid grows


Interface Free Energy
Contribution

Excess free energy


required for
transformation

Volume Free Energy


Contribution

𝐿𝑉 ∆𝑇
Using ∆𝐺𝑉 = , r* & ΔG* can be expressed as :
𝑇𝑚
8
Nucleation Kinetics
ሶ
Nucleation Rate (𝑵)

High undercooling observed with homogeneous nucleation [~ (0.2-0.3)∙Tm]


9
Courtesy: William D Callister
Rate Control:

• Homogeneous nucleation rate depends on:


 16 SL Tm  1 
3 2
Gr =  

 2 
 T 
2
 3LV

• How to reduce excess free energy required for nucleation at


small T?

10
Heterogeneous Nucleation
• Supercooling only a few K in practical situations
• Preferential nucleation on structural inhomogeneities
• Lower ΔG* since SL is reduced

Energy
Balance
 ML =  SM +  SL cos 

11
Excess Free Energy
• Homogeneous Nucleation:

G = −VS GV + ASL SL

• Heterogeneous Nucleation:

G = −VS GV + ASL SL + ASM  SM − ASM  ML


Interface Interface
Created Destroyed

12
Readily Shown That . . .

 4 3 
Ghet =  − r GV + 4r  SL  S ( )
2

 3 

S ( ) =
(2 + cos  )(1 − cos  )
2

• Same as homogeneous nucleation except for S() factor (magnitude?)


• Dependant only on SHAPE of nucleus

13
Differentiation Yields…

• Spontaneous growth (Ghet) when r > r*


d (Ghet )
=0
dr

2 SL 16 SL
3
 S ( )
 
r = Ghet =
GV 3(GV )
2

Ghet = S ( )  Ghom
 *

14
Nucleation Comparison

15

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