Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
14 views

Nucleation: MSE301A: Phase Transformations

Uploaded by

Arvind Devkate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

Nucleation: MSE301A: Phase Transformations

Uploaded by

Arvind Devkate
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

MSE301A: Phase Transformations

Nucleation

Part 1
Summary: Last Lecture

Second Phase Shape: Elastic Strain Effects

Coherent precipitates

Incoherent Inclusions

Platelike precipitates

Splitting of precipitates

Precipitate rafting

Coherency loss
Topics to be Discussed

Theory of Nucleation
 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation

 Homogeneous Nucleation during solidification of a pure


metal

 Homogeneous Nucleation during solid state transformation

 Calculation of critical radius and Effect of Undercooling

 Rate of nucleation: Effect of Temperature/Undercooling


Theory of Nucleation

Types of Nucleation

Homogenous  Liquid → solid


walls of container, inclusions
Nucleation
 Solid → solid
inclusions, grain boundaries,
Heterogenous dislocations, stacking faults

 The probability of nucleation occurring at any point in the parent


phase is same throughout the parent phase
 In heterogeneous nucleation there are some preferred sites in the
parent phase where nucleation can occur
Theory of Nucleation

Homogeneous Nucleation during Solidification


Theory of Nucleation

 Vs is the volume of the solid sphere,


 V the volume of liquid,
L
A
SL is the solid/liquid interfacial area,
 GS and GL are the free energies per unit volume of solid and
V V
liquid respectively,
γ
SL the solid/liquid interfacial free energy.
Theory of Nucleation

The formation of solid therefore results in a free energy change


Theory of Nucleation

For an undercooling ΔT, ΔGT, ΔT, ΔGGv is given by Equation

where Lv is the latent heat of fusion per unit volume. Below Tm, ΔT, ΔGGv
is positive so that the free energy change associated with the
formation of a small volume of solid has a negative contribution due
to the lower free energy of a bulk solid, but there is also a positive
contribution due to the creation of a solid/liquid interface.
Theory of Nucleation

The excess free energy associated with the solid particle can be
minimized by the correct choice of particle shape. If γSL is
isotropic this is a sphere of radius r, then we can rewrite the
equation:
Theory of Nucleation

Homogeneous Nucleation during Solidification

The free energy change associated with homogeneous nucleation of a


sphere of radius r .
Theory of Nucleation

𝑑 𝛥𝐺
=0
dr

𝛥 𝐺=0

𝑟∗ 𝑟0
G →

Embryos Supercritical nuclei

r →
Theory of Nucleation
Theory of Nucleation
Theory of Nucleation
Theory of Nucleation

Variation r* and rmax with undercooling ΔT


Theory of Nucleation
Rate of Nucleation

If the liquid contains C0 atoms per unit volume, the number of


clusters that have reached the critical size (C*) can be written as:

The addition of one more atom to each of these clusters will convert
them into stable nuclei and, if this happens with a frequency fo, the
homogeneous nucleation rate will be given by:

where fo is a complex function that depends on the vibration


frequency of the atoms, the activation energy for diffusion in the
liquid, and the surface area of the critical nuclei.
Theory of Nucleation

where A is relatively insensitive to temperature and is given by

As a result of the (ΔT, ΔGT)2 term, inside the exponential Nhom changes
by orders of magnitude from essentially zero to very high values
over a very narrow temperature range, i.e. there is
effectively a critical undercooling for nucleation ΔT, ΔGTN
Theory of Nucleation
Theory of Nucleation
Homogeneous Nucleation in Solids

Consider the precipitation of B-rich β from a supersaturated A-rich


α solid solution.

The free energy change associated with the nucleation process will
have the following three contributions:

1. At temperatures where the β phase is stable, the creation of a


volume V of β will cause a volume free energy reduction of VΔT, ΔGGv

2. Assuming isotropic α/ β interfacial energy the creation of an


area A of interface will give a free energy increase of Aγ

3.Misfit strain energy ΔT, ΔGGs per unit volume of β


Theory of Nucleation

Homogeneous Nucleation in Solids


Theory of Nucleation
Theory of Nucleation
Rate of Nucleation

If each nucleus can be made supercritical at a rate of f per


second the homogeneous nucleation rate will be given by

f depends on how frequently a critical nucleus can receive an


atom from the α matrix. This will depend on the surface area of
the nucleus and the rate at which diffusion can occur.
Theory of Nucleation

If the activation energy for atomic migration is ΔT, ΔGGm per atom, f
can be written as ω exp (- ΔT, ΔGGm/kT) where ω is a factor that
includes the vibration frequency of the atoms and the area of the
critical nucleus. The nucleation rate will therefore be of the form
Theory of Nucleation
Theory of Nucleation
Thank You

You might also like