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BGP: Podział protokołów:
• Kryterium I (zasada działania) • Kryterium II (obszar stosowania)
– distance-vector : RIP, IGRP, EIGRP – W ramach jednego systemu autonomicznego, – Link-State: OSPF, IS-IS klasa IGP: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS – Hybrydowe: – Pomiędzy systemami autonomicznymi, klasa EGP: EGP, BGP
RIP, IGRP: regularne przesyłanie informacji Komunikacja w protokołach IGP:
o znanych sobie sieciach OSPF: • OSPF, EIGRP: Adres: 224.0.0.5 i 224.0.0.6 – Regularnie wysyłane hello informujące o IGRP: aktywności sąsiada Adres: 255.255.255.255 – Przesyłanie informacji o zmianach tylko po ich wystąpieniu (i w czasie inicjacji)
AS: An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of connected Peer: prefixes under the control of one or more network operators. internal peer – iBGP; Each AS is assigned an autonomous system number (ASN), external peer: eBGP; for use in Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing. prefix: address with mask
Single homed: you are connected to a single ISP using a single link. Dual homed: you are connected to a single ISP using dual links. Single multi-homed: you are connected to two ISPs using single links. Dual multi-homed: you are connected to two ISPs using dual links
BGP Message: OPEN - is used to set up and establish BGP neighbor adjacency. BGP Version Number latest v4 - has to be the same AS Number; Hold Time default Cisco 180s, lower value is prefer; min =3; to disable - keepalive=0; KEEPALIVE - messages ensure that BGP neighbors are still alive, default time = 60 (180/3) NOTIFICATION - messages will be sent if errors are detected in the BGP session UPDATE - messages are used for advertising and exchanging routing information between BGP neighbors.
Attributes: Well-known mandatory:Recognized by all BGP peers, passed to all peers, and present in all Update messages. Includes: Next-hop – Origin – AS PATH Well-known discretionary: Recognized by all routers, passed to all peers, and optionally included in the Update message. Local Preference and Atomic Aggregate Optional transitive:Possibly recognized by BGP routers and passed to BGP peers. Optional transitive attributes are marked as partial when not recognized. include:- Aggregator- Community Optional non-transitive:Possibly recognized by BGP routers but not passed to peers. Optional non-transitive attributes include:- Multi-exit discriminator (MED)- Originator ID- Cluster-ID AS_PATH attribute represents the list of the AS the prefix has crossed. Each AS is added in front of the current AS PATH. ORIGIN: record where a prefix came from. (EGP/IGP/Incvomplete) NEXT-HOP: indicates the IPv4 address of the BGP router that is the next-hop to reach the IPv4 prefixes LOCAL_PREF attribute is a well-known attribute that should be included in every route advertised to an IBGP or confederation-EBGP peer.
BGP: neighbor state: show ip bgp summary
IDLE: This is the first stage of the BGP FSM. BGP detects a start event, tries to initiate a TCP connection to the BGP peer, and also listens for a new connect from a peer router. CONNECT: In this state, BGP initiates the TCP connection. If the 3-way TCP handshake completes, the established BGP Session BGP process resets the ConnectRetryTimer and sends the Open message to the neighbor, and then changes to the OpenSent State. the neighbor with the higher IP address manages the connection. ACTIVE: In this state, BGP starts a new 3-way TCP handshake. If a connection is established, an Open message is sent, the Hold Timer is set to 4 minutes, and the state moves to OpenSent. If this attempt for TCP connection fails, the state moves back to the Connect state and resets the ConnectRetryTimer. OPENSENT: In this state, an Open message has been sent from the originating router and is awaiting an Open message from the other router. OPENCONFIRM: In this state, BGP waits for a Keepalive or Notification message. Upon receipt of a neighbor’s Keepalive, the state is moved to Established. If the hold timer expires, a stop event occurs, or a Notification message is received, and the state is moved to Idle. ESTABLISHED:In this state, the BGP session is established. BGP neighbors exchange routes via Update messages. As Update and Keepalive messages are received, the Hold Timer is reset. If the Hold Timer expires, an error is detected and BGP moves the neighbor back to the Idle state.
Best path: 1. Prefer the path with the highest WEIGHT. 2. Prefer the path with the highest LOCAL_PREF. 3. Prefer the path that was locally originated via a network or aggregate BGP subcommand or through redistribution from an IGP. Local paths that are sourced by the network or redistribute commands are preferred over local aggregates that are sourced by the aggregate-address command. 4. Prefer the path with the shortest AS_PATH. 5. Prefer the path with the lowest origin type. 6. Prefer the path with the lowest multi-exit discriminator (MED). 7. Prefer eBGP over iBGP paths.
