ELE 103

Electrical System Design and

Illumination Engineering Design
Lecture 3
Prepared by: Engr. Franklin C. ALmonte
AVERAGE LUMEN METHOD
➢ much more simplified way of calculating an average uniform illuminance level on a plane
in interiors.
➢takes into account the effects of surface reflectance and offers a simplified and accurate
method of quantity evaluation for interiors.
➢developed from the basic definition of lux, which states that one lux is the illuminance on
a surface of one square metre having a light flux of one lumen.
Illuminance E = L Illuminance E = Ø
A A

Where,
L (Ø) - luminous flux in lumens.
A - Area in sq.m
AVERAGE LUMEN METHOD
Initial illuminance level

Illuminance E = L x CU or Illuminance E = Ø x η
A A

Where,
L (Ø) - luminous flux in lumens.
A - Area in sq.m
CU (η) - coefficient of utilization

➢ In reality, all the luminous flux generated by the lamps will not fall on the work plane. number of
factors like room geometry, surface reflectance and luminaire height, will affect the total number of
lumens reaching the work plan
➢ The formula is to be multiplied by a coefficient of utilization (CU) or (η) to take into consideration all
the above factors.
AVERAGE LUMEN METHOD
Maintained illuminance level

Illuminance E = L x CU x LLF or Illuminance E = Øxηxρ

A A
where,
L (Ø) - luminous flux in lumens.
A - Area in sq.m
CU (η) - coefficient of utilization
LLF (ρ) – light loss factor
➢ The luminaire, lamp and even the surface will accumulate dust over a period of time and the lamp
lumen output will depreciate with time
➢ The formula now must be multiplied by a light loss factor (LLF) to account for the depreciation in
light output.
AVERAGE LUMEN METHOD
Modified Formula

Illuminance E = N x Ln x CU x LLF Illuminance E = N x Ø x η x ρ

A A

where,
N - Number of luminaire
Ln (Ø) - Initial lumen output per luminaire.
A - Area in sq.m
CU (η) - coefficient of utilization
LLF (ρ) – light loss factor
LUMEN (Ø)
➢ Unit of luminous intensity.
➢The total quantity of radiant energy per second responsible for visual sensation from a
luminous body is called Luminous Flux.
➢It is the light wave, emitted by the body which produces sensations in the human eye.
➢The only way of obtaining maximum lumen is the proper selection of light source.
➢Glare, color rendering, and color appearance are some of the other features that also
have to be considered in lighting design.
Coefficient of utilization (η)
➢ It is the ratio of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens emitted
by a luminous source.
➢ surface reflectance, luminaire mounting height and room proportions will have marked effect on
CU values

Ceiling reflectance
➢ most significant effect on CU values with luminaires that produce light upwards, indirect and direct-indirect
types of luminaires fall in this category.
Wall reflectance
➢ has a significant effect on CU values of almost all luminaires, and particularly for luminaires with wide spread
distribution.
Floor reflectance
➢ has least effect on CU values, since most tasks are located above work plane.
LIGHT LOSS FACTOR (ρ)
➢ This factor allows for the fact that effective candle power of all lamps or luminous sources deteriorates
owing to blackening and/or accumulation of dust or dirt on the globes and reflectors etc.
➢ not be required if light output remains constant throughout the useful life.

The various factors that contribute to light loss are of two types.
1. Recoverable
2. Non-recoverable.

The recoverable factors include:

1. Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD)
2. Room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD)
3. Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) and
4. Lamp burn out (LBO).
LIGHT LOSS
FACTOR (LLF)
➢The shaded portion shows
the wasted energy, which
increases with longer
maintenance intervals.
➢Light loss can be avoided,
but a substantial portion
of wasted energy can be
saved with shorter
maintenance intervals.
Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD) &
Room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD)
Luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD)
➢dirt accumulation on lamps and luminaire reflecting surface.

Guideline for maintenance schedule

Air-conditioned spaces : Once in two years
Non A/C offices, School, etc. : Once in a year
Industrial areas :3-6 times a year Food preparation area every week.

Room surface dirt depreciation (RSDD)

➢A proper schedule for cleaning the rooms reflecting surface must be followed to maintain
the reflectance.
Lamp Lumen Depreciation and Lamp burn-out
(LLD & LBO)
➢Lamp lumen depreciation is an inherent characteristics of all re-lamp

Two types or re-lamping method

1. Spot re-lamping
➢changing of lamps as and when a lamp burns out.
2. Group re-lamping
➢replacing all the lamps in an installation after the useful life period of the lamps
irrespective of the fact whether the lamps are in working condition or not.
Non-recoverable factors
1. Luminaire ambient temperature (LAT)
➢ A variation in the ambient temperature does not have much effect on the incandescent and HID lamps.
2. Voltage variation (VV)
➢ For incandescent lamps a variation of 1% voltage may cause as much as 3% variation in light output. For
HID and fluorescents, also variation in voltage affects their output.
3. Ballast factor (BF)
➢ the ratio of light output by a commercial ballast to that by reference ballast
➢ If the ballast used in the luminaire is different from that specified by the manufacturer, light output will
differ.
4. Luminaire surface depreciation (LSD)
➢ Changes in the various components used in the manufacture of luminaires can cause reduction in light
output.
Example 1
A room 8 m × 12 m is lighted by 15 lamps to a fairly uniform illumination of 100 lm/m2.
Calculate the utilization coefficient of the room given that the output of each lamp is 1600
lumens.
Solution
Example 2
The illumination in a drawing office 30 m × 10 m is to have a value of 250 lux and is to be
provided by a number of 300-W filament lamps. If the coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and
the depreciation factor 0.9, determine the number of lamps required. The luminous
efficiency of each lamp is 14 lm/W.
Solution
Example 3
Find the total saving in electrical load and percentage increase in illumination if instead of
using twelve 150 W tungsten-filament lamps, we use twelve 80 W fluorescent tubes. It
may be assumed that (i) there is a choke loss of 25 percent of rated lamp wattage (ii)
average luminous efficiency throughout life for each lamp is 15 lm/W and for each tube 40
lm/W and (iii) coefficient of utilization remains the same in both cases.
Solution
Example 4
A football pitch 120 m × 60 m is to be illuminated for night play by similar banks of equal
1000 W lamps supported on twelve towers which are distributed around the ground to
provide approximately uniform illumination of the pitch. Assuming that 40% of the total
light emitted reaches the playing pitch and that an illumination of 1000 lm/m2 is necessary
for television purposes, calculate the number of lamps on each tower. The overall
efficiency of the lamp is to be taken as 30 lm/W.
Solution
Example 5
A drawing hall 40 m × 25 m × 6 high is to be illuminated with metal-filament gas-filled
lamps to an average illumination of 90 lm/m2 on a working plane 1 meter above the floor.
Estimate the suitable number, size, and mounting height of lamps. Sketch the spacing
layout. Assume a coefficient of utilization of 0.5, depreciation factor of 1.2, and
spacing/height ratio of 1.2
Size of lamps 200 W 300 W 500 W
Luminous efficiency (in lm/W) 16 18 20
Solution
Example 6
A drawing hall in an engineering college is to be provided with a lighting installation. The
hall is 30 m × 20 m × 8 m (high). The mounting height is 5 m and the required level of
illumination is 144 lm/m2. Using metal filament lamps, estimate the size and number of
single lamp luminaries and also draw their spacing layout.
Assume : Utilization coefficient = 0.6; maintenance factor = 0.75; space/height ratio=1
Size of lamps 300 W 500 W
Luminous efficiency (in lm/W) 13 16
Solution
Problem Set 2
1. A factory space of 33 m × 13 m is to be illuminated with an average illumination of 72 lm/m2
by 200 W lamps. The coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor is 1.4. Calculate
the number of lamps required. The lumen output of a 200-W lamp is 2,730 lm.
2. A room 40 m × 15 m is to be illuminated by 1.5 m 80-W fluorescent tubes mounted 3.5 m above
the working plane on which an average illumination of 180 lm/m2 is required. Using
maintenance factor of 0.8 and the utilization factor of 0.5, design and sketch a suitable layout.
The 80-W fluorescent tube has an output of 4,500 lm.
3. A hall is to be provided with a lighting installation. The hall is 30 m × 20 m × 8 m (high). The
mounting height is 5 m and the required level of illumination is 110 lux. Using metal filament
lamps, estimate the size and number of single lamp luminaries and draw their spacing layout.
Assume depreciation factor = 0.8, utilization coefficient = 0.6 and space/height ratio = 1.
Watt : 200 300 500
Lumen/watt : 10 12 12.3