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    Lec :1 Anatomy Dr.

    Asmaa Alsaedy

    Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the body.


    Clinical Anatomy is the study of the anatomy with relation to the practice of
    medicine and other health sciences.

    Anatomic Terminology:
    Understanding the terms used for describing the structures in different regions of
    the body is essential for describing the composition of the body, also the accurate
    use of anatomic terms by medical personnel enables them to communicate with
    their colleagues.

    Anatomical position:
    All descriptions of the human body are based on a posture termed the anatomical
    position In this, a person is standing erect and facing forward, the upper limbs are
    by the sides, the palms of the hands are directed forward, the lower limbs are
    together, the soles of the feet are on the ground and the toes are pointing forward.

    Page 1
    Lec :1 Anatomy Dr.Asmaa Alsaedy

    Geometric planes
    There are four geometric planes, three of which are at right angles to the others, are
    applied to the body in the anatomical position.
    1. The Median plane is a vertical plane passing through the center of the body,
    dividing it into equal right and left halves.
    2. The Sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the median plane that divides the
    body into unequal right and left portions.
    3. The coronal (frontal) plane: the coronal plane divides the body into
    anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
    4. The horizontal plane: a horizontal plane divides the body into upper and
    lower parts.

    A transverse plane lies perpendicular to the long axis of a given structure and
    divides that structure in a cross-sectional orientation. The terms “transverse plane”
    and “horizontal plane” are not necessarily equivalent.

    Page 2
    Lec :1 Anatomy Dr.Asmaa Alsaedy

    Descriptive Anatomic Terms:

    The terms superficial and deep denote the relative distances of structures from the
    surface of the body.
    The terms internal and external are used to describe the relative distance of a
    structure from the center of an organ or cavity; for example, the internal carotid
    artery is found inside the cranial cavity and the external carotid artery is found
    outside the cranial cavity. The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body;
    for example, the left hand and the left foot are ipsilateral, Contralateral refers to
    opposite sides of the body; for example, the left eye and the right ear are
    contralateral.
    The supine position of the body is lying on the back. The prone position is lying
    face downward.

    Page 3
    Lec :1 Anatomy Dr.Asmaa Alsaedy

    Terms Related to Movement


    Flexion is the movement in which a joint angle is decreased (closed) during
    motion occurring in a sagittal plane.
    Extension is the opposite movement in which the joint angle is increased (opened;
    straightened) in a sagittal plane.

    Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane.
    Adduction is movement toward the midline of the body in the coronal plane.

    Rotation is the term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long
    axis. Medial rotation is the movement that results in the anterior surface of the part
    facing medially. Lateral rotation is the movement that results in the anterior
    surface of the part facing laterally.

    Page 4
    Lec :1 Anatomy Dr.Asmaa Alsaedy

    Circumduction is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion,


    extension, abduction, and adduction.

    Inversion is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction.
    Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral
    direction.

    Protraction is to move forward; retraction is to move backward (used to describe


    the forward and backward movement of the jaw at the temporomandibular joints).

    Page 5
    Lec :1 Anatomy Dr.Asmaa Alsaedy

    Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that
    the palm of the hand faces posteriorly, Supination of the forearm is a lateral
    rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand
    comes to face anteriorly.

    Thank you…

    Page 6

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