Linux Administration

Azza Khalil
khalelazza@gmail.com
Azza Khalel | LinkedIn
About me
 Objectives
• What is Linux OS?
• Linux administration AdminI and AdminII
Day1 contents
• What’s Linux?
• OS objectives
• Linux advantages
• Linux and unix distribution
• Linux components
• Linux tree
• Linux paths
• Installing Linux
• Linux basic commands
• File and dir management.
• Linux vi editor
• Reading files
• Search in Linux
• Terminal shortcuts
 What is Linux?
• OS objectives:
• HW management
• Basics of any application.

• Linux is an open-source operating system under the GNU/GPL license.

• Linux advantages
• Linux is open source.
• Linux is secure and virus free.
• Linux is perfect for programmers.
• Linux has a better community support.
• Linux is reliable.
• Linux has better performance
 Linux and unix distribution
• Unix distributions:
• Oracle: Solaris
• IBM:HIX
• HP:HP/UX
• Silicon Graphics:IRIX

• Linux distributions:
• Redhat: Redhat server(updated each 18 months), Centos(free),
Fedora(updated each 6 months)[testing]
• Ubuntu: Debian[stable], Ubuntu[testing]
• Novell: SUSE[stable], OpenSUSE[testing]
• Minit
 Linux components
• Kernel
• Is the core of the operating system.
• Contains components like device drivers.
• It loads into RAM when the machine boots and stays resident in RAM until the machine
powers off.
• Shell
• Provides an interface by which the user can communicate with the kernel.
• The shell parses commands entered by the user and translates them into logical segments
to be executed by the kernel or other utilities.
• There are lot of shells as :
• Bourn Shell (sh)
• Korn Shell (ksh)
• C Shell (csh)
• Bourn Again Shell (bash) ➔ is the most commonly used shell on Linux
• They have different features that will be discussed later
• Terminal
• Gives the shell a place to accept typed commands and to display their results.
 Linux filesystem tree
/

etc tmp home root dev bin sbin usr var

• Some important files under these directories:

• /etc/passwd
• /etc/group
• /etc/shadow
• /usr/bin
• /usr/sbin
• /var/spool/mail
• /var/log
 Linux paths
• Absolute path
• Is the full path from / to the place where you need.
• Relative path
• Is the path from your current place to the place where you need

Note:
. => means current directory
..=> means parent directory
 Linux Command syntax
• command
• command -<option>
• command -<option> <argument>
• command -<option> <file>

• Make sure from

• Spelling
• Case
• Spaces
• Syntax
Install centos9
 Linux basic commands
• Print system info
• #uname
• #uname –n
• #uname -a
• Display a calendar
• #cal
• #cal [month] [year]
• #cal [year]
• Print or set the system date and time
• #date
• #date +%B ➔ to print only the current month
• Print effective user
• #who ➔ print tty (user physically login) and pts (user who open shells)
• #whoami ➔ print the effective user who access now
• #who am I ➔ print the user whose firstly login the machine
• #id ➔ displays effective user_id, effective username, effective group_id, effective group_name.
• #w ➔ display a summary of the current activity on the system, including what each user is doing
 Directories
• Changing directories
• #cd /home/user1/work
• #cd ..
• #cd ~
• #cd -
• Listing directory contents
• #ls
• #ls -l
• #ls –ld
• #ls –i
• #ls –R
• #ls –a
• #dir --color
• Printing current directory
• #pwd
• Directory creation
• #mkdir
• #mkdir -p
 Files
• File naming
• File names may be up to 255 characters.
• There are no extensions in Linux.
• Avoid special characters as >< ? * # '.
• File names are case sensitive.

• File creation
• #touch

• Viewing File content

• #cat fname
• #more fname
• Scrolling keys for the more command

• Spacebar: moves forward on screen.

• Return: scroll one line at a time.

• b: move back one screen.

• /string: search forward for pattern.

• n: find the next occurrence.

• q: quit and return to the shell prompt.

• #head -n fname
• #tail -n fname
• #tail –f
• #wc [wc -l, wc -w, wc -c]

• File globing
• Asterisk(*) ➔ ls f* ls *3
• Question mark(?) ➔ ls f? ls ?3
• Square bracket([]) ➔ ls [a-f]* ls [af]*
 vi text editor
• Vi editor (visual editor) is the default editor for Unix and Linux OS.
• Vi is used to manage file content.
• Vi is an interactive editor that you can use to create and modify test files.
• Usually, the only editor available in emergency mode.
• vi in Linux is usually vim (vi improved):
• Syntax highlighting.
• Arrow keys, Del, BS work in insert mode.
• Mouse support.
• An advantages of this editor is that we can manipulate text without using a
mouse. We can only need the keyboard.
• Vi has 3 basic modes
• command mode (Default mode, Perform commands to delete, copy, ....)
• Edit (insert) mode➔ Enter text into the file
• Last line mode ➔ To access it, enter a colon (:) while in the command mode
 vi text editor operations
• The syntax of vi command:
• #vi <filename>
• To recover a file
• #vi -r filename
• Viewing files in Read-only mode:
• #view filename
• Perform the :q command exit.
• Inserting and appending text:
• i ➔Inserts text before the cursor.
• o ➔Opens a new blank line below the cursor.
• a ➔Appends text after the cursor.
• A ➔append text at the end of the line.
• I ➔insert text at the beginning of the line.
• O ➔opens a new line above the cursor.
• After editing Press esc to enter command mode.
• Moving the cursor within the vi
• e ➔ to the end of the current word.
• 0 ➔ to the beginning of the line.
• $ ➔ to the end of the line
• G ➔ to the last line in the file
• 1G ➔ to first line in the file
 vi text editor operations
• Save and quit
• :w ➔ save the file.
• :w new_file ➔ save as new file.
• :wq, ➔ save and quit.
• :q! ➔ quit without saving.
• Search and replace
• /string ➔ Searches forward for the string.
• ?string ➔ Searches backward for the string.
• n ➔ Searches for the next occurrence of the string.
• N ➔ Searches for the previous occurrence of the string.
• %s/old/new/g ➔ Searches for the old string and replaces it with the new string
globally.
• Customization vi session
• set nu, :set nonu ➔ show and hide line numbers.
 File and dir manibulation
• Copying files and dirs.
• #cp <source_file> <destination_dir>
• #cp –r <source_dir> <destination_dir>
• #cp –i ➔ Prevents you from accidentally overwriting existing files or dirs
• #scp <source_file> <user>@<remote_host>:<destinamtion_dir>
• Moving and renaming files
• #mv <source_file> <destination_dir>
• Remove files and dirs.
• #rm <file_name>
• #rm –f <file_name>
• #rmdir
• #rmdir –p
• #rm –r
• #rm -rf
 Linux documentation
• Linux has more sections for its documentation
• Section 1 ➔ to search for user commands
• Section 5 ➔ to search for configuration files
• Man command
• #man cat ➔ search about cat in the first section it's exits
• #man –f passwd ➔ to show passwd exist in which section
• #man –a passwd➔ to search about passwd in all sections
• man –s5 passwd➔ search about passwd in section5 only
• man –k calender➔ search by any keyword
 Linux documentation
• Manual page consists of
• Name
• The name of the command and a one-line description.

• Synopsis
• The syntax of the command

• Description
• Explanation how the command works and what it does

• Files
• The file used by the command.

• Bugs
• Known bugs and errors.

• See also
• Other commands related to this one.
 Terminal shortcuts
• TAB completion
• \ ➔ if we have a many lines command