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Module 1 Notes Cont.

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26 views

Module 1 Notes Cont.

Uploaded by

Rithanya 6085
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SURFACE TENSION

• THE PHENOMENON OF SURFACE

TENSION .

Surface tension is defined “as the tensile


force acting on the surface of a liquid in
contact with a gas or on the surface between
two immiscible liquids such that the contact
surface behaves like a membrane under
tension”.

It is denoted by Greek letter σ (called


sigma).

The SI unit is N/m.


SURFACE TENSION
EXAMPLES FOR SURFACE TENSIONS,

• DROP OF BLOOD FORMS A BUMP ON GLASS.

• DROP OF MERCURY FORMS A PERFECT SPHERE & ROLLED JUST LIKE A STEEL BALL

OVER SMOOTH SURFACE.

• WATER DROPLETS FROM RAIN.

• A LIQUID FUEL INJECTED INTO ENGINE FORMS A MIST OF SPHERICAL DROPLETS.

• A SOAP BUBBLE RELEASED INTO AIR FORMS THE SPHERE SHAPE.

• WATER BEADS INTO SMALL DROPS ON FLOWER PETALS.


SURFACE TENSION ON LIQUID DROPLET AND BUBBLE

• CONSIDER A SMALL SPHERICAL DROPLET OF A


LIQUID OF RADIUS ‘R'. ON THE ENTIRE SURFACE
OF THE DROPLET, THE TENSILE FORCE DUE TO
SURFACE TENSION WILL BE ACTING.
LET ,
• σ = SURFACE TENSION OF THE LIQUID

• P= PRESSURE INTENSITY INSIDE THE DROPLET


(IN EXCESS OF THE OUTSIDE PRESSURE
INTENSITY)

• D= DIA OF DROPLET.

• LET THE DROPLET IS CUT INTO TWO HALVES.


THE FORCES ACTING ON ONE HALF (SAY LEFT
HALF) WILL BE,
SURFACE TENSION ON LIQUID DROPLET AND BUBBLE

(I) TENSILE FORCE DUE TO SURFACE


TENSION ACTING AROUND THE
CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE CUT PORTION AS
SHOWN IN FIG B AND THIS IS EQUAL TO
=
=
(II) PRESSURE FORCE ON THE AREA
&
AS SHOWN IN
FIG C.
SURFACE TENSION ON LIQUID DROPLET AND BUBBLE
• THESE TWO FORCES WILL BE EQUAL AND
OPPOSITE UNDER EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS, I.E.,

• EQUATION SHOWS THAT WITH THE DECREASE OF

DIAMETER OF DROPLET, PRESSURE INTENSITY INSIDE

THE DROPLET INCREASES.


SURFACE TENSION ON LIQUID DROPLET AND BUBBLE
• A HOLLOW BUBBLE LIKE SOAP BUBBLE IN AIR
HAS TWO SURFACES IN CONTACT WITH AIR,
ONE INSIDE AND OTHER OUTSIDE. THUS TWO
SURFACE ARE SUBJECTED TO SURFACE TENSION.
IN SUCH CASE, WE HAV,

PRESSURE FORCE =

SURFACE TENSILE FORCE ON BOTH SURFACE =


SURFACE TENSION ON LIQUID JET
• CONSIDER A LIQUID JET OF DIAMETER ‘D’
& LENGTH ‘L’ AS SHOWN IN FIGURE,
LET ,
P = PRESSURE INTENSITY INSIDE THE
LIQUID JET ABOVE THE OUTSIDE PRESSURE,
Σ= SURFACE TENSION OF THE LIQUID

• CONSIDER THE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE SEMI


JET, WE HAVE FORCE DUE TO
CAPILLARITY
• CAPILLARITY IS DEFINED AS A PHENOMENON OF RISE OR FALL OF A LIQUID SURFACE

IN A SMALL TUBE RELATIVE TO THE ADJACENT GENERAL LEVEL OF LIQUID WHEN THE

TUBE IS HELD VERTICALLY IN THE LIQUID.

• THE RISE OF LIQUID SURFACE IS KNOWN AS CAPILLARY RISE WHILE THE FALL OF

THE LIQUID SURFACE IS KNOWN AS CAPILLARY DEPRESSION (FALL).

• IT IS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF CM OR MM OF LIQUID. ITS VALUE DEPENDS UP ON

• SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF THE LIQUID

• DIAMETER OF THE TUBE

• SURFACE TENSION OF THE LIQUID.


Expression for Capillary Rise

Consider a glass tube of small


diameter ‘d’ opened at both ends and
is inserted in a liquid, say water.

The liquid will rise in the tube above


the level of the liquid.

Let h = the height of the liquid in the


tube .
Expression for Capillary Rise

Let σ = Surface tension of liquid


θ = Angle of contact between the liquid and glass tube
The weight of the liquid of height h in the tube
=
The value of θ between water and clean glass tube is
approximately equal to zero and hence is equal to unity.
Then rise of water is given by
Expression for Capillary Fall

lf the glass tube is dipped in mercury, the revel of mercury in the tube will be
lower than the general level of the outside liquid as shown above.
Let h = Height of depression in tube.

Then in equilibrium, two forces arc acting on the mercury


inside the tube.
• First one is due to surface tension acting in the
downward direction and is equal to
.
• Second force is due to hydrostatic force acting
upward and is equal to intensity of pressure at a
depth
Problems:

1. The pressure outside the droplet of water of diameter 0.04


mm is 10.32 N/cm 2 (atmospheric pressure). Calculate the
pressure within the droplet if surface tension is given as
0.0725 N/m of water.
Problems:

2. Find the surface tension in a soap bubble of 40 mm


diameter when the inside pressure is 2.5 N/m 2 above
atmospheric pressure.
3. The surface tension of water in contact with air at 200C is
0.0725N/m. The pressure inside a droplet of water is to be
0.02 N/cm2 greater than the outside pressure. Calculate the
diameter of the droplet of water.
4. Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 2.5 mm
diameter when immersed vertically in (a) water and (b)
mercury. Take surface tensions σ= 0.0725 N/m for water and
σ= 0.52 N/m for mercury in contact with air. The specific
gravity for mercury is given as 13.6 and angle of contact =
1300
5. FIND OUT THE MINIMUM SIZE OF GLASS TUBE THAT CAN BE
USED TO MEASURE WATER LEVEL IF THE CAPILLARY RISE IN THE
TUBE IS TO BE RESTRICTED TO 2 MM. CONSIDER SURFACE
TENSION OF WATER IN CONTACT WITH AIR AS 0.073575 N/M.
5. THE CAPILLARY RISE IN THE GLASS TUBE IS NOT TO EXCEED
0.2 MM OF WATER. DETERMINE ITS MINIMUM SIZE, GIVEN THAT
SURFACE TENSION FOR WATER IN CONSTANT WITH AIR =
0.0725 N/M
6. CALCULATE THE CAPILLARY EFFECT IN MILLIMETERS IN A GLASS
TUBE OF 4 MM DIAMETER, WHEN IMMERSED IN (A) WATER AND (B)
MERCURY. THE TEMPERATURE OF THE LIQUID IS 200C AND THE VALUE
OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF WATER & MERCURY AT 200C IN
CONTACT WITH AIR ARE 0.0725 N/M & 0.51 N/M RESPECTIVELY. THE
ANGLE OF CONTACT FOR WATER IS ZERO & THAT FOR MERCURY IS
1300C. TAKE DENSITY OF WATER AT 200C AS EQUAL TO 998 KG/M3 .
FLUID STATICS: IT IS THE BRANCH OF FLUID MECHANICS THAT
DEALS WITH THE BEHAVIOR/RESPONSE OF FLUID WHEN THEY
ARE AT REST.
PRESSURE, (AVERAGE PRESSURE INTENSITY): IT IS THE NORMAL
FORCE EXERTED PER UNIT AREA.
• IT IS DENOTED BY AND IS GIVEN BY

SI: N/m2 (called Pascal)


PASCAL’S LAW

“PRESSURE AT ANY POINT IN FLUID IS SAME IN ALL


DIRECTIONS WHEN THE FLUID IS AT REST”

OR

“ PRESSURE AT A POINT IN A FLUID AT REST IS SAME IN


ALL DIRECTIONS”
PRESSURE VARIATION IN A FLUID AT REST
The pressure at any point in fluid at rest is
obtained by hydrostatic law.
Consider a small fluid element as shown in figure.

The forces acting on the fluid element are;


States that rate of increase of pressure in a vertical direction is equal to weight density of
the fluid at that point. This is called hydrostatic law.
By using hydrostatic law , how to determine pressure at
particular point,
This is hydrostatic law equation,

By integrating the above equation for liquids, we get,

Where, P is the pressure above atmosphere pressure


Z = height of the point from free surface.

Where, Z = pressure head.


• CALCULATE THE PRESSURE DUE TO A COLUMN OF 0.3 OF
(A) WATER, (B) AN OIL OF SP.GR. 0.8 & © MERCURY OF
SP.GR. 13.6. TAKE DENSITY OF WATER , AS
• A OPEN TANK CONTAINS WATER UP TO A DEPTH OF 2 M
AND ABOVE IT AN OIL OF SP.GR. 0.9 FOR A DEPTH OF 1
M . FIND THE PRESSURE INTENSITY (I) AT THE INTERFACE OF
THE TWO LIQUIDS & (II) AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TANK.

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