Q1: State and Explain Newton's Law of Viscosity. A: Newton's Viscosity Law's States That, The Shear Stress Between

Q1: State and explain Newton’s Law of Viscosity.
A: Newton’s viscosity law’s states that, the shear stress between

adjacent fluid layers is proportional to the velocity gradients
between the two layers.
The ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a constant, for a given
temperature and pressure, and is defined as the viscosity or
coefficient of viscosity.
Q2: Derive an expression for Capillary Rise and Capillary

Fall.
A: Capillarity is basically defined as the phenomenon of rise or
fall of liquid surface in small tube with respect to the adjacent
general level of liquid when tube will be held vertically in the
liquid.
Phenomenon of rise of liquid surface in small tube with respect

to the adjacent general level of liquid, when tube will be held
vertically in the liquid, will be termed as capillary rise.
Phenomenon of fall of liquid surface in small tube with respect
to the adjacent general level of liquid, when tube will be held
vertically in the liquid, will be termed as capillary fall or
capillary depression.
Expression For Capillary Rise :-
consider one tank of liquid i.e. water and tank is filled with
water. Let us consider that one glass tube, opened at its both
ends, of diameter d is held vertically in the liquid as displayed in
following figure.
Once the glass tube will be held vertically in the water, shape of
the water in glass tube will be concave upward as displayed in
above figure. In order to secure the condition of equilibrium,
water will rise in the glass tube above the outside surface of
water or above the level of water in tank.
Let us consider the following terms required for securing the

expression for capillary rise.
h = Height of water in glass tube above the level of water in tank
σ = Surface tension of liquid i.e. surface tension of water
θ = Angle of contact between glass tube and liquid (Water)
ρ = Mass density of the liquid i.e. density of the water, we have
considered here water
ρ g = Specific weight of the liquid (water)
Let us consider the condition of equilibrium
Weight of the liquid of height h in glass tube = Force due to
surface tension at the liquid surface in the tube
Angle of contact between clean glass tube and Water will be

approximately equivalent to zero i.e. θ = 0. Therefore Cos θ, in
above expression, will be taken as unity.
Expression For Capillary Fall :-
h = Height of mercury in glass tube below the level of mercury

in tank
σ = Surface tension of liquid i.e. surface tension of mercury
θ = Angle of contact between glass tube and liquid (mercury)
ρ = Mass density of the liquid i.e. density of the mercury, we
have considered here mercury
ρ g = Specific weight of the liquid (mercury)
Force due to surface tension acting in downward direction =

and discuss the behavior of each fluid under external
Hydrostatic force acting in upward direction
Q3: Draw the stress strain relationship of the following
fluids in a diagram shear force.
a) Ideal Fluid b) Newtonian Fluid c) pseudo plastic Fluid
A: a) Behavior of an ideal fluid is
• Incompressible – the density is constant
• Irrotational – the flow is smooth, no turbulence
• Nonviscous – fluid has no internal friction ( η = 0)
• Steady flow – the velocity of the fluid at each point is
constant in time.
b) Newtonian Fluid
A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous
stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are linearly
correlated to the local strain the rate of change
its deformation over time. That is equivalent to saying those
forces are proportional to the rates of change of the fluid's
velocity vector one moves away from the point in question in
various directions.
c) Pseudo plastic Fluid
The viscosity of these fluids will decrease with increasing
shear rate. Pseudo plastic fluids have no yield point; their
consistency curves pass through the origin. The curves are
nonlinear, but approach linearity at high shear stress. Thus, if
stress readings taken at high shear rates are extrapolated back to
the axis, there appears to be a yield point similar to that of a
Bingham plastic, hence the name pseudo plastic.
Q4: Write a short note on

a) Capillarity b) Surface Tension c) Vapour Pressure
A: a) Capillarity:-
Capillarity is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid
surface in a small tube relative to the adjacent general level of
liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid. The rise of
liquid surface is known as Capillary rise while the fall of the
liquid surface is known as Capillary depression. It is expressed
in terms of cm or mm of liquid. It’s value depends upon the
specific weight of the liquid, diameter of the tube and surface
tension of the liquid.
b) Surface Tension:-
Surface tension is an effect where the surface of a liquid is
strong. The surface can hold up a weight, and the surface of a
water droplet holds the droplet together, in a ball shape. Some
small things can float on a surface because of surface tension,
even though they normally could not float.
Some insects (e.g. water striders) can run on the surface of water
because of this. This property is caused by the molecules in the
liquid being attracted to each other (cohesion), and is
responsible for many of the behaviors of liquids.
Surface tension has the dimensions of force per unit length, or
of energy per unit area. The two are equivalent—but when
referring to energy per unit of area, people use the term surface
energy—which is a more general term in the sense that it applies
also to solids and not just liquids.
In materials science, surface tension is used for either surface
stress or surface free energy.
c) Vapour Pressure:-
The vapor pressure of a liquid is the equilibrium pressure of a
vapor above its liquid (or solid); that is, the pressure of the vapor
resulting from evaporation of a liquid (or solid) above a sample
of the liquid (or solid) in a closed container. Examples:
vapor pressure
substance
at 25oC
diethyl
0.7 atm
ether
bromine 0.3 atm
ethyl
0.08 atm
alcohol
water 0.03 atm
The vapor pressure of a liquid varies with its temperature, as the

following graph shows for water. The line on the graph shows
the boiling temperature for water.
As the temperature of a liquid or solid increases its vapor
pressure also increases. Conversely, vapor pressure decreases as
the temperature decreases.
The vapor pressure of a liquid can be measured in a variety of
ways. A simple measurement involves injecting a little of the
liquid into a closed flask connected to a manometer.
Q5: State and prove Pascal’s Law.
A: PAscal's law states that, if some pressure is applied at any
point of incompressible liquid then the same pressure is
transmitted to all the points of liquid and on the walls of the
container.
Let us imagine an arbitrary right angled prismatic triangle in the
liquid of density ρ. This prismatic element is very small so,
every part is considered at the same depth from the liquid
surface. Therefore, effect of gravity is the same at all these
points. That, the small element is in equilibrium.
The area of faces ABFE, ABDC and CDFE are ad, bd and cd
respectively. Let the pressure of liquid on faces ABFE, ABDC
and CDFE be P , P and P respectively.
The pressure of liquid exerts the force normal to the surface. Let
us assume pressure P exerts the force F on the surface ABFE,
pressure P exerts force F on the surface ABDC and pressure P
exerts force on the surface CDFE.
So, Force F is given by,
F1 = P1 × Area ABCD = P1ad
F2 = P2 × Area ABDC = P2bd
F3 = P3 × Area CDFE = P3cd
And also Sinθ = b/a and Sinθ = c/a

Since the prism is in equilibrium, so net force on the prism is
zero.
Thus,
F1 Sinθ = F2 and
F1 Cosθ = F3
Therefore,
P1 ad(b/a) = P2 bd, and -----(1)
P2 ad(c/a) = P3 cd ------------(2)
So from the equations (1) and (2) we have
P1 = P2 and P1 = P3
Therefore P1 = P2 = P3
Hence Pascal’s Law is PROVED.

Q1: State and Explain Newton's Law of Viscosity. A: Newton's Viscosity Law's States That, The Shear Stress Between

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Q1: State and explain Newton’s Law of Viscosity.

A: Newton’s viscosity law’s states that, the shear stress between

Q2: Derive an expression for Capillary Rise and Capillary

Phenomenon of rise of liquid surface in small tube with respect

Let us consider the following terms required for securing the

Angle of contact between clean glass tube and Water will be

h = Height of mercury in glass tube below the level of mercury

Force due to surface tension acting in downward direction =

Q4: Write a short note on

The vapor pressure of a liquid varies with its temperature, as the

And also Sinθ = b/a and Sinθ = c/a

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