Lesson 10 12 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid mechanics is a physical
science dealing with the action

of fluids at rest or in motion, and
with applications and devices in
engineering using fluids.
Fluid statics – deals with fluids at

rest
Fluid dynamics – concerned with
fluids in motion.
Any substance that can flow; we use the term for
both liquids and gases.
Ideal Fluids
• No viscosity
• Incompressible
• Have uniform velocity when flowing
• No friction between moving layers of fluid
• No eddy currents or turbulence in flow
Real Fluids
• Exhibit infinite viscosities
• Non-uniform velocity distributions when flowing
• Compressible
• Experience friction and turbulence in flow
defined as its mass per unit volume.
A homogeneous material such as ice or

iron has the same density throughout.
Two objects made of the same material
have the same density even though
they may have different masses and
different volumes.
Units:
The densest material found on earth is

the metal osmium
Volume:
Find the mass and weight of the air at 20°C in a living room with a
floor 4.0 m x 5.0 m and a ceiling 3.0 m high, and the mass and
weight of an equal volume of water.
Solution:
Air: ( )
60
Find the mass and weight of the air at 20°C in a living room with a
floor 4.0 m x 5.0 m and a ceiling 3.0 m high, and the mass and
weight of an equal volume of water.
Solution:
4.0 m x 5.0 m x 3.0 m = 60
Water: ( )
60
800 liters of a certain fluid weighs about 9.75 N. Compute its density.
Solution:
=
𝟑
A cube has a total mass of 90 kg. What is the length of its side? Use
the density of water.
Solution:
𝟑
When a fluid (either liquid or gas) is at rest,
it exerts a force perpendicular to any
surface in contact with it, such as a
container wall or a body immersed in the
fluid.
If the pressure is the same at all points of a
finite plane surface with area A, then:
= =
SI Unit: Pa (Pascal)
The pressure of the earth’s atmosphere.
This pressure varies with weather changes and with elevation.
2
If the pressure inside a car tire is equal to atmospheric pressure,
the tire is flat. The tire pressure has to be greater than atmospheric
to support the car, so the significant quantity is the difference
between the inside and outside pressures.
Gage Pressure - excess pressure above atmospheric
pressure.
Vacuum Pressure - defect pressure below atmospheric
pressure.
Absolute Pressure - total pressure.
Gage Pressure - excess pressure above atmospheric
pressure.
Vacuum Pressure - defect pressure below atmospheric
pressure.
Absolute Pressure - total pressure.
If the pressure on a car tire is 220 kPa, we mean that it is

greater than atmospheric pressure 101 kPa.
Gauge: 220 kPa
Absolute: 321 kPa
Pressure applied to an enclosed
fluid is transmitted undiminished to
every portion of the fluid and the
walls of the containing vessel.
In the room described in the previous example, what is
the total downward force on the floor due to an air
pressure of 1.00 atm?
Solution:
Floor Area: A = 4.0 m x 5.0 m
Given the barometric pressure of 14.7 psia (29.92 in Hg
abs) make these conversions:
(a) 80 psigage to psiabs, and to atm;

(b) 20 in Hgvacuum to in Hgabs, and to psiabs;
(c) 10 psiabs to psivacuum, and to Pascal;
(d) 15 in Hggage to psiabs, and to Pascal.
Given the barometric pressure of 14.7 psi (29.92 in Hg)
make these conversions:
(a) 80 psigage to psiabs, and to atm;

Given the barometric pressure of 14.7 psi (29.92 in Hg)
make these conversions:
(b) 20 in Hgvacuum to in Hgabs, and to psiabs;

(c) 10 psiabs to psivacuum, and to Pascal;

(d) 15 in Hggage to psiabs, and to Pascal.

Pressure in a fluid of uniform
density:
Point 2
In terms of depth:
Point 1
Water stands 12.0 m deep in a storage tank whose
top is open to the atmosphere. What are the absolute
and gage pressures at the bottom of the tank
Solution:
Gage:
𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆
Water stands 12.0 m deep in a storage tank whose top is
open to the atmosphere. What are the absolute and gage
pressures at the bottom of the tank
Solution:
Absolute:
𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝑎𝑏𝑠
𝑎𝑏𝑠
Note that the pressure is the same at any two points at the same
level in the fluid. The shape of the container does not matter.
Buoyancy is a familiar phenomenon: A body immersed in
water seems to weigh less than when it is in air. When the
body is less dense than the fluid, it floats.
Archimedes' principle: When a body is completely or
partially immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward
force on the body equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
by the body.
Archimedes' principle: When a body is completely or
partially immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward
force on the body equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
by the body.
Note: In buoyancy, the volume of the fluid displaced by the
body is equal to the volume of the body itself.
A 15.0-kg solid gold statue is raised from the sea bottom. What is
the tension in the hoisting cable (assumed massless) when the
statue is (a) at rest and completely underwater and (b) at rest
and completely out of the water?
FBD
A 15.0 kg solid gold statue is raised from the sea bottom.
What is the tension in the hoisting cable (assumed massless)
when the statue is (a) at rest and completely underwater
and (b) at rest and completely out of the water?
Given:
𝒈 15.0 kg
Given: 𝒈 15.0 kg, ,
Solution: (a) Find T (underwater)
Newton’s Law: 1st
𝒈 15.0 kg
The volume of the gold is the same volume as the displaced

fluid.
𝒈 𝒈
15.0 kg
. ⁄
(

Solution: (b) Find T (out of water)
Buoyancy of the gold on air is negligible. The buoyant force is

proportional to the density of the fluid in which the statue is
immersed, not the density of the statue.
The surface of the liquid
behaves like a membrane
under tension. Surface tension
arises because the molecules
of the liquid exert attractive
forces on each other.
Viscosity is internal friction in a fluid. Viscous forces oppose
the motion of one portion of a fluid relative to another
Viscosities of all fluids are strongly temperature dependent,
increasing for gases and decreasing for liquids as the
temperature increases.
Ideal fluid - a fluid that is
incompressible (that is, its density
cannot change) and has no
internal friction (called viscosity).
Flow line - The path of an individual
particle in a moving fluid.
Flow tube - The flow lines passing
through the edge of an imaginary
element of area, such as the area
A and form a tube.
Laminar flow - adjacent layers of fluid slide
smoothly past each other and the flow is
steady.
Turbulent flow - At sufficiently high
flow rates, or when boundary
surfaces cause abrupt changes in
velocity, the flow can become
irregular and chaotic.
• When the speed of a flowing fluid exceeds a certain
critical value, the flow is no longer laminar.
• Whether a flow is laminar or turbulent depends in part on
the fluid’s viscosity. The greater the viscosity, the greater
the tendency for the fluid to flow in sheets or lamina and
the more likely the flow is to be laminar.
The mass of a moving fluid doesn’t change as it flows.
This leads to an important quantitative relationship called
the continuity equation.
Relates the pressure, flow speed, and height for flow of an
ideal, incompressible fluid.
The dependence of pressure on speed follows from the
continuity equation.
Bernoulli’s equation - States that the work done on a unit
volume of fluid by the surrounding fluid is equal to the sum
of the changes in kinetic and potential energies per unit
volume that occur during the flow.
A Venturi meter, used to measure flow speed in a pipe.
Derive an expression for the flow speed in terms of the
cross-sectional areas and and the difference in height
h of the liquid levels in the two vertical tubes.
Given: , , h Find:
Solution:
Since Point 1 and Point 2 have the same vertical coordinate:
From the continuity equation,

Given: , , h Find:
Solution:
Solving
Given: , ,h Find:
Solution:
Recall that
Given: , , h Find:
Solution:

Lesson 10 12 Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid mechanics is a physical

science dealing with the action

Fluid statics – deals with fluids at

A homogeneous material such as ice or

The densest material found on earth is

If the pressure on a car tire is 220 kPa, we mean that it is

(a) 80 psigage to psiabs, and to atm;

(a) 80 psigage to psiabs, and to atm;

(b) 20 in Hgvacuum to in Hgabs, and to psiabs;

(c) 10 psiabs to psivacuum, and to Pascal;

(d) 15 in Hggage to psiabs, and to Pascal.

The volume of the gold is the same volume as the displaced

Solution: (a) Find T (underwater)

Buoyancy of the gold on air is negligible. The buoyant force is

Since Point 1 and Point 2 have the same vertical coordinate:

From the continuity equation,

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