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ADVANCES IN
MACROFUNGI
Pharmaceuticals and
Cosmeceuticals
Series: Progress in Mycological Research
• Fungi from Different Environments (2009)
• Systematics and Evolution of fungi (2011)
• Fungi from Different Substrates (2015)
• Fungi: Applications and Management Strategies (2016)
• Advances in Macrofungi: Diversity, Ecology and Biotechnology (2019)
• Advances in Macrofungi: Industrial Avenues and Prospects (2021)
 Series: Progress in Mycological Research

ADVANCES IN
MACROFUNGI
Pharmaceuticals and
Cosmeceuticals

Editors

Kandikere R. Sridhar
Department of Biosciences
Mangalore University, Mangalore, India

Sunil K. Deshmukh
Nano Biotechnology Centre
The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India

p,
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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DOI: 10.1201/9781003191278

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 Preface

Mycology is a fascinating branch of biology expanding its territory in almost all

environmental and human affairs. Diversity of fungi is an imminent matter of debate
for the last three decades and a revised estimate reveals global occurrence between
2.2–3.8 million fungal species (Hawksworth and Lucking, 2017). Global statistics
reveal that only about 7–8 per cent of fungi are known, which denotes fungal
vastness as well as our limited knowledge on their functional significance. A recent
estimate disclosed global occurrence macrofungi up to 0.14–1.25 million (Azeem
et al., 2020). Filamentous fungi are vital components of the ecosystem and precious
research tool in the field of mycology and biotechnology. However, a handful of
them are in cultivation, used for human consumption and adapted in production
of value-added components or metabolites as health protectants. There are several
challenges to explore the unknown macrofungi as well as utilisation of their potential
(e.g., cataloguing, barcoding, collections, conservation and guidance).
Macrofungi as non-conventional diets, serve as prospective sources of
nutritional components (high protein, high fibre, low fat and low calorie) including
amino acids and vitamins. Although many mushrooms are inedible or poisonous,
they are resourceful as ectomycorrhizas, endowed with bioactive compounds and
produce functional metabolites. Medicinal macrofungi possess many value-added
bioactive components (glucans, polysaccharides, complexes of polysaccharide-
protein, enzymes and pigments) and produce metabolites of therapeutic interest
(pharmaceuticals and immunoceuticals). Recent studies also demonstrated that
macrofungi can produce specific cosmeceuticals which are valuable in dermal care
and useful to synthesise nanoparticles with multifaceted applications. To date, about
30–700 species of mushrooms have been recognised as promising medicinal and
nutraceutical significance, respectively. Besides, macrofungal mycelia serve as
appropriate source for production of eco-friendly biomaterials of industrial value
(Meyer et al., 2020). In the recent past, fungal biotechnology focused towards the
production of economically versatile and ecofriendly biodegradable industrial
products through bio-based sustainable merchandise (Meyer et al., 2020). Many
macrofungi are prospective candidates in solid waste management and desired
breakthrough in bioremediation.
In the 21st century, macrofungi have become an indispensable component of
basic as well as applied research to connect different disciplines of applied science.
There is tremendous expansion in acquaintance as well as application of macrofungi
in agriculture, health industry and environmental bioremediation. Owing to advances
in macrofungal research in the fields of pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals,
vi Advances in Macrofungi: Pharmaceuticals and Cosmeceuticals

the present contribution collated different sections, such as bioactive potential,

therapeutics, nutraceuticals and immunoceuticals. To echo the recent progress in
macrofungal research, several experienced scientists have contributed versatile
chapters of therapeutic interest.
This book deals with (1) bioactive metabolites of various wild and cultivated
mushrooms; (2) pharmaceutical potential of epigeous and hypogeous mushrooms;
(3) healing properties of edible mushrooms; (4) medicinal attributes of Cordyceps
spp.; (5) neuroprotective capabilities of medicinal mushrooms; (6) pharmacokinetic
interactions of mushroom-derived clinical drugs; (7) food and pharmaceutical
features of mushrooms; (8) cosmeceutical characteristics of selected mushrooms;
(9) mushrooms as source of flavours and scents; (10) immunoceuticals of mushrooms
in cancer therapy. This book also deals with nutraceuticals, medicinal properties and
specific methods of evaluation of nutritional traits of mushrooms.
The various articles tend to draw one’s attention towards understanding
the potential role of macrofungi while serving as a valuable resource to students
at graduate, post-graduate and research levels in various disciplines (mycology,
microbiology, biotechnology, pharmacology, entomology, immunology, food
science and medicine). We are thankful to all the contributors for their meticulous
correspondence, timely submission and revision of their chapters. Our appreciation
is due to the amicable gesture of the reviewers for assessment of the chapters in a
short time-frame. Dr Ulrike Lindequist has drafted a thoughtful overview on the
contents of the book; we profusely express our gratitude to her. The CRC Press has
extended all possible co-operation during the pandemic COVID-19 for readjustment
of deadlines and ease of other official formalities to present this book.
Mangalore Kandikere R. Sridhar
New Delhi Sunil K. Deshmukh

References
Azeem, U., Hakkem, K.R. and Ali, M. (2020). Fungi for Human Health—Current Knowledge and Further
Perspectives. Springer Nature, Switzerland.
Hawksworth, D.L. and Lücking, R. (2017). Microbiology Spectrum. 5: FUNK-0052-2016.
Meyer, V., Basenko, E.Y., Benz, J.P., Braus, G.H., Caddick, M.X. et al. (2020). Fungal Biol. Biotechnol.,
7: 5. 10.1186/s40694-020-00095-z.
 Contents

Preface v
List of Contributors ix
About the Editors xiv

1. Macrofungi in Pharmacy, Medicine, Cosmetics and 1

Nutrition—An Appraisal
Ulrike Lindequist

Bioactive Potential
2. Hypogeous and Epigeous Mushrooms in Human Health 7
Waill Elkhateeb, Paul Thomas, Marwa Elnahas and Ghoson Daba

3. Bioactive Attributes of Edible Wild Mushrooms of the 20

Western Ghats
Venugopalan Ravikrishnan, Kandikere R Sridhar and Madaiah Rajashekhar

4. Healing Properties of Edible Mushrooms 39

Dorota Hilszczańska

5. Fomitopsis betulina: A Rich Source of Diverse 52

Bioactive Metabolites
Shilpa A Verekar, Manish K Gupta and Sunil K Deshmukh

Therapeutics
6. Medicinal Potential of Entomopathogenic Cordyceps 69
S Shishupala

7. Medical Mushrooms in Neurodegenerative Disorder 89

(Alzheimer’s Disease)
Manoj Govindarajulu, Sindhu Ramesh, Grace McKerley, Mary Fabbrini,
Anna Solomonik, Rishi M Nadar, Satyanarayana Pondugula,
Timothy Moore and Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
viii Advances in Macrofungi: Pharmaceuticals and Cosmeceuticals

8. Neuroprotective Attributes of Cordyceps 100

Lekshmi, R, Rajakrishnan, R, Benil, PB, Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi,
Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, Ameer Khusro, Young Ock Kim, Hak-Jae Kim
and Mariadhas Valan Arasu

9. Neurological and Related Adverse Events Associated with 113

Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Illicit Substances of Fungal
Origin with Clinical Drugs
Julia M Salamat, Kodye L Abbott, Patrick C Flannery, Kristina S Gill,
Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran and Satyanarayana R Pondugula

10. Application of Selected Species of the Genus Xylaria in 122

Traditional Medicine
Sunil K Deshmukh, Kandiere R Sridhar and Manish K Gupta

Nutraceuticals
11. Mushrooms as Functional Foods 139
János Vetter

12. White Rot Fungi in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries 175

Deepak K Rahi, Sonu Rahi and Ekta Chaudhary

Cosmeceuticals
13. Mushroom Bioactive Ingredients in Cosmetic Industries 207
Nur Izyan Wan Azelee, Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas, Daniel Joe Dailin,
Roslinda Malek, Neo Moloi, Joe Gallagher, Ana Winters, Ong Mei Leng
and Hesham Ali El Enshasy

14. Cosmeceuticals from Mushrooms 230

Muhammad Fazril Razif and Shin-Yee Fung

15. Mushrooms as Sources of Flavours and Scents 252

Ewa Moliszewska, Małgorzata Nabrdalik and Julia Dickenson

Immunoceuticals
16. Macrofungal Polysaccharides as Immunoceuticals in 287
Cancer Therapy
Sujata Chaudhuri and Hemanta Kumar Datta
Index 311
 List of Contributors

Kodye L Abbott
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn,
AL-36849, USA.
Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia.
Mariadhas Valan Arasu
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia.
Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai, Thirunelveli,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Nur Izyan Wan Azelee
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),
81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
PB Benil
Department of Agadatantra, Vaidyaratnam PS Varier Ayurveda College, P.O.
Edarikode, Kottakkal, Kerala, India.
Ekta Chaudhary
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
Sujata Chaudhuri
Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, B-16/212, Kalyani-741235, West
Bengal, India.
Ghoson Daba
Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries
Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, 12311, Giza,
Egypt.
x Advances in Macrofungi: Pharmaceuticals and Cosmeceuticals

Daniel Joe Dailin

School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),
81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Hemanta Kumar Datta
School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A
& 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
Sunil K Deshmukh
TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute,
Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003, India.
Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Julia Dickenson
Polish-American Fulbright Commission, K.I. Gałczyńskiego St. 4, 00-362 Warsaw,
Poland.
Waill Elkhateeb
Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries
Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, 12311, Giza,
Egypt.
Marwa Elnahas
Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries
Researches Division, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, 12311, Giza,
Egypt.
Hesham Ali El Enshasy
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),
81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al
Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
Mary Fabbrini
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Patrick C Flannery
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn,
AL-36849, USA.
 List of Contributors xi

Shin-Yee Fung
Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Joe Gallagher
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University,
Aberystwyth, UK.
Kristina S Gill
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn,
AL-36849, USA.
Manoj Govindarajulu
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Manish K Gupta
SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram-122505, Haryana, India.
Dorota Hilszczańska
Forest Ecology Department, Forest Research Institute in Sękocin Stary, BraciLeśnej
3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland.
Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai, Thirunelveli,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Ameer Khusro
Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College,
Nungambakkam, Chennai, India.
Hak-Jae Kim
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang
University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
Young Ock Kim
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang
University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
R Lekshmi
Department of Botany and Microbiology, MSM College, Kayamkulam, Kerala, India.
Ong Mei Leng
Harita Go Green Sdn. Bhd., Johor Bahru, Johor, Malayisa.
Ulrike Lindequist
Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Greifswald, Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn Str. 17, D-17489
Greifswald, Germany.
xii Advances in Macrofungi: Pharmaceuticals and Cosmeceuticals

Roslinda Malek
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),
81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Grace McKerley
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Ewa Moliszewska
University of Opole, B. Kominka St. 6A, 45-035 Opole, Poland.
Neo Moloi
Sawubone Mycelium Co., Centurion, Gauteng, South Africa.
Timothy Moore
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Małgorzata Nabrdalik
University of Opole, B. Kominka St. 6A, 45-035 Opole, Poland.
Rishi M Nadar
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Satyanarayana Pondugula
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn,
AL-36849, USA.
Deepak K Rahi
Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
Sonu Rahi
Department of Botany, Government Girls College, A.P.S. University, Rewa-486003,
India.
Madaiah Rajashekhar
Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore,
Karnataka, India.
R Rajakrishnan
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University,
P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia.
 List of Contributors xiii

Sindhu Ramesh
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Venugopalan Ravikrishnan
Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore,
Karnataka, India.
Muhammad Fazril Razif
Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG), Department of Molecular Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Julia M Salamat
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn,
AL-36849, USA.
S Shishupala
Department of Microbiology, Davangere University, Shivagangothri,
Davangere-577007, Karnataka, India.
Anna Solomonik
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL-36849, USA.
Kandikere R Sridhar
Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore,
Karnataka, India.
Centre for Environmental Studies, Yenepoya (deemed to be) University, Mangalore,
Karnataka, India.
Paul Thomas
Mycorrhizal Systems Ltd, Lancashire, PR25 2SD, UK.
University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
Shilpa A Verekar
Parle Agro Pvt. Ltd., Off Western Express Highway, Sahar-Chakala Road, Parsiwada,
Andheri (East) Mumbai-400099, India.
János Vetter
Department of Botany, University of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary.
Ana Winters
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University,
Aberystwyth, UK.
 About the Editors

Kandikere R Sridhar
Dr. Kandikere R Sridhar is an adjunct professor in the Department of Biosciences,
Mangalore University and Yenepoya (deemed to be) University. His main areas of
research are ‘Diversity and Ecology of Fungi of the Western Ghats, Mangroves and
Marine Habitats’. He has been NSERC postdoctoral fellow/visiting professor in
Mount Allison University, Canada; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-
UFZ and Martin Luther University, Germany; Centre of Biology, University of
Minho, Portugal. He is Fellow of the Indian Mycological Society, Kolkata (2014),
Distinguished Asian Mycologist (2015), and is considered one among the world’s
top scientists in the field of mycology.
Sunil K Deshmukh
Dr. Sunil Kumar Deshmukh is a veteran industrial mycologist who spent a substantial
part of his career at Hoechst Marion Roussel Limited and Piramal Enterprises
Limited. He is a fellow of Mycological Society of India (MSI) and served as
Adjunct Associate Professor at Deakin University, Australia and worked towards
the development of natural food colors, antioxidants and biostimulants through
nanotechnology intervention.
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LUKIJALLE.

Tämän näytelmän syntysanat lausuttiin jo kaksitoista vuotta sitten.

Eräässä pienemmässä kirjallisessa seurassa keskusteltiin Suomen
itsenäisyysmahdollisuuksista. Olisi ryhdyttävä ajamaan propagandaa
itsenäisyysaatteen puolesta ja siinä mielessä kehoitti minua eräs
seuran jäsenistä kirjoittamaan tälle aatteelle pohjautuvan
historiallisen näytelmän. Asiasta innostuneena syvennyinkin heti
tutkimaan Juhana herttuan aikaa. Löysin ennen pitkää Pietari
Särkilahden sisarenpojan, Niilo Skalmin, joka Suomen
herttuakunnan kukistuttua yhdessä Klaus Vestgöthen ja muutamien
muiden innokkaimpien Juhanan kannattajien kanssa mestattiin
Tukholmassa, ja hänen persoonansa ympärille hahmottui silloin
tämä nyt ilmestyvä näytelmä. Kirjoittelin sitä silloin tällöin, mutta
erinäiset seikat viivyttivät viivyttämistään sen valmistumista.
Joutuessani itsenäisyysliikkeemme takia keväällä 1916 vankilaan
päätin viimeinkin toteuttaa tuon lähtemättömänä mielessäni
kangastelevan aiheen. Pyysin ja sain kotoa Oulun lääninvankilaan
kaikki näytelmää koskevat ainekset sekä ryhdyin innolla työhön —
nythän eivät ainakaan taloudelliset seikat olleet työtäni
häiritsemässä. Pietariin Shpalernaja-vankilaan siirrettynä jatkoin
työtä — valmistuneen alkuosan sekä ainekset olin kuitenkin onneksi
palauttanut Oulusta kotiin — ja sainkin näytelmän kesän kuluessa
valmiiksi. Kun valmiit käsikirjoitukset vietiin aina muiden liikatavarain
joukkoon vankilan varastohuoneeseen, joka vapautuspäivänä
jostakin syystä oli sytytetty palamaan, hävisi näytelmä, samoinkuin
laajan romaanin käsikirjoitus, sille tielleen. Kotiin päästyä selostin
hävinneen näytelmäni teatterinjohtaja Jalmari Lahdensuolle, joka
lämpimästi kehoiiti minua kirjoittamaan sen uudestaan ja jolle
hyväntahtoisesta opastuksesta lausun tässä kiitokseni. Mutta jälleen
olivat muut seikat — vapaussota valmisteluineen y.m. — työtä
viivästyttämässä, niin että tämä itsenäisyysasiaa edesauttamaan
tarkoitettu näytelmä tulee julkisuuteen vasta nyt, siis tavallaan post
festum.

Kuriositeetin vuoksi tulkoon vielä mainituksi, että tämä

itsenäisyysnäytelmä oli vähällä toisenkin kerran joutua venäläisen
tulen uhriksi. Ollessani kesällä 1919 mukana Aunuksen retkellä, oli
keskeneräinen näytelmä aineksineen matkassani. Lähtiessäni
juhannuksen edellä Vitelestä retkikunnan asioille Helsinkiin ja
Pohjanmaalle ja sulloessani majapaikassani laukkuun matkalle
tarvitsemiani kapineita, punnitsin näytelmäpapereita hetkisen
kädessäni ja mietin, ottaisinko ne mukaani vai jättäisinkö toisten
kapineiden joukkoon majapaikkaani. Solahutin lopuksi paperit
laukkuun ja niin ne tällä kertaa pelastuivat, sillä matkalla ollessani
tapahtui tuo tunnettu Vitelen katastroofi, jolloin muun ohella
majapaikkani sinne jääneine kapineineni paloi poroksi. Ja uskonpa
lujasti, ettei varsinaista itsenäisyyttämmekään venäläisyyden
kurimus ole enää nielevä, niin herttaisen mielellään kuin se sen
muutoin tekisikin.

Lapualla, helmikuussa 1922.

Tekijä.
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