IT371 Web Programming

Key points

Introduction to Web Applications:

 Highlights the enduring significance of web applications in the mobile era.

 Discusses the importance of selecting suitable technology stacks to ensure scalability and
success.

Comparison of Databases:

 Examines relational databases (MySQL) versus non-relational databases (MongoDB).

 Advocates for MongoDB in scenarios requiring flexibility and scalability.

Key Technologies in Web Development:

 Covers frameworks like AngularJS for frontend development.

 Explains the backend role of Node.js in building high-performance, event-driven
applications.

Emerging Trends and Challenges:

 Discusses the integration of advanced techniques such as MapReduce for data analysis.
 Addresses security considerations in frameworks like Node.js.

High-Performance Computing:

 Introduction to High-Performance Computing

 Architecture of HPC Systems
 Programming Models and Frameworks for HPC
 Applications of High-Performance Computing
 HPC Software and Tools
 Challenges in High-Performance Computing
 Future Trends in High-Performance Computing

Use Cases of HPC in Web Programming:

 Technologies and Approaches for Implementing HPC in Web Programming

 HPC Tools and Technologies for Web Programming

Future Outlook:

 Suggests the increasing role of machine learning and AI in web services.

 Highlights the need for tools that enhance developer productivity and address scalability
issues.
 Future Outlook in using HPC in Web Programming
Web Programming Contents

1. The Fundamental Technologies Behind the Web

The foundation of the web is built on core technologies that enable its functionality and usability:

 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A protocol for transferring data between clients
(browsers) and servers. It underpins communication on the web and supports methods like GET,
POST, and DELETE. Modern versions like HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 provide faster, more efficient
data transfer.
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A structured address system for locating resources on the
web.
 Domain Name System (DNS): Translates human-readable domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses required by machines.
 Web Servers: Software like Apache, NGINX, and Microsoft IIS that host web content and
respond to client requests.
 Web Browsers: Client software (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) that interprets web content and renders it
for users.

2. Concepts of Web Programming: Client-Side and Server-Side

Web programming encompasses two major components:

Client-Side Programming:

 Runs on the user’s browser and focuses on creating a responsive and interactive user interface.
 Examples: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
 Features:
o Reduces server load by handling some processing locally.
o Enhances user experience through dynamic content updates without reloading the page
(e.g., AJAX).

Server-Side Programming:

 Executes on the server and focuses on backend logic, database management, and generating
dynamic content.
 Examples: PHP, Node.js, Python (Django, Flask), Ruby on Rails, Java (Spring).
 Features:
o Handles complex business logic.
o Provides data security and validation before sending it to the client.

Both sides communicate through APIs and protocols like REST or GraphQL, ensuring
seamless interaction between the client and server.

3. HTML and CSS: Web Page Development

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language):

 Purpose: The backbone of web pages, providing structure and content.

 Features:
o Uses elements (tags) like <h1> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, and <img> for images.
o Semantic HTML (e.g., <article>, <header>) improves accessibility and SEO.
o Multimedia support with <video> and <audio> tags.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets):

 Purpose: Controls the presentation and styling of HTML content.

 Features:
o Provides layout, color, fonts, and responsiveness.
o Supports selectors, classes, and ID-based styling.
o Advanced tools:
 CSS Grid and Flexbox: Simplify responsive and adaptive layouts.
 Media Queries: Enable responsive designs for various screen sizes.
 CSS Preprocessors: Tools like SASS and LESS extend CSS capabilities with variables, nesting,
and mixins.

4. Fundamentals of Server-Side Scripting Language: PHP

What is PHP?

 PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used, open-source server-side scripting language

designed for web development.
 Role: Processes user requests, interacts with databases, and generates dynamic content.

Features:

 Integration: Works seamlessly with HTML, enabling embedding of PHP code within HTML
using <?php ?> tags.
 Database Connectivity: Provides robust support for databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and
SQLite.
 Session Management: Handles user sessions, essential for e-commerce and user-specific
experiences.
 Form Handling: Processes data submitted through HTML forms.
 Security: Supports encryption and input validation to secure applications.

Example:
php
Copy code
<?php
echo "Welcome to PHP!";
$name = $_POST['username']; // Accessing form data
echo "Hello, " . htmlspecialchars($name); // Preventing XSS
?>
5. Fundamentals of Client-Side Scripting Language: JavaScript
What is JavaScript?

 A lightweight, interpreted programming language used to create dynamic and interactive web
content.
 Execution: Runs directly in the browser using JavaScript engines like V8 (Chrome) or
SpiderMonkey (Firefox).

Features:

 DOM Manipulation: Allows real-time updates and interactions with HTML elements.
 Event Handling: Captures user interactions like clicks and keystrokes to trigger actions.
 Asynchronous Programming: Handles background tasks without blocking the main thread
using Promises, async/await, and AJAX.
 APIs: Accesses browser features such as Geolocation, LocalStorage, and Canvas.
 Libraries/Frameworks: Tools like jQuery, ReactJS, and VueJS enhance productivity and
simplify complex tasks.

Example:
javascript
Copy code
document.getElementById('btn').addEventListener('click', function() {
alert('Button clicked!');
});

Current Technologies for Web Development

1. Introduction

 Web Applications' Dominance:

o Despite the evolution into the mobile era, web applications retain their importance
due to their universal accessibility across devices and platforms.
o PWAs emulate mobile apps but are web-based, offering offline capabilities and
better user experiences.
 Importance of Technology Stack:
o A well-chosen stack ensures high performance, scalability, and adaptability to
project needs.
o Poor technology choices can lead to project failures, making it critical to analyze
and select the appropriate stack.

 The adaptability of web applications is emphasized even as mobile apps dominate certain
domains. The advent of Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) enhances the capabilities of
web apps, offering offline functionalities and native-like experiences on browsers.

 New Technologies: PWAs, enabled by frameworks like ReactJS, VueJS, and tools such
as Service Workers and WebAssembly, extend the reach of web apps into mobile-like
performance.
2. Comparative Analysis of Databases

 Relational Databases (MySQL):

o Relational databases store data in structured tables with predefined schemas.
o Suitable for applications with static, well-defined data relationships.
o Challenges:
 Limited flexibility for unstructured data.
 Struggles with scalability in high-demand scenarios.
 NoSQL Databases (MongoDB):
o Provides flexibility for storing unstructured or semi-structured data.
o Schema-less, allowing dynamic changes to data models.
o Advantages:
 Faster query execution for large datasets.
 Enhanced scalability through horizontal partitioning.
 Supports user-specific data customization.
 Comparison:
o MongoDB outperforms MySQL in terms of flexibility and performance for
applications requiring diverse data handling and scalability.

Relational databases like MySQL are effective for structured data but fail to scale with
the demands of modern web applications. MongoDB, a NoSQL database, supports
unstructured data and scales horizontally, making it suitable for dynamic applications. The
paper details the efficiency gains in scenarios involving user-specific configurations.

New Technologies: Cassandra for distributed data storage and Firebase Realtime
Database for real-time synchronization in web apps.

3. Front-End Frameworks

 AngularJS:
o A JavaScript framework designed for dynamic web applications.
o Features:
 Two-way data binding, allowing real-time updates to UI and data models.
 Modular structure, promoting reusability and scalability.
o Benefits:
 Simplifies handling of complex UI components.
 Reduces development time with pre-built modules and components.
 Frameworks like AngularJS simplify the development of responsive and dynamic user
interfaces. Two-way data binding and modular design enhance scalability and code
reusability.
 New Technologies: Svelte, a compiler-based framework, enables high-performance UIs
by converting components into efficient imperative code at build time. Tailwind CSS
provides utility-first styling, allowing developers to focus more on functionality.
4. Back-End Frameworks

 Node.js:
o Built on Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine, enabling server-side JavaScript.
o Characteristics:
 Asynchronous I/O operations for handling multiple requests
simultaneously.
 Event-driven architecture for efficient resource utilization.
o Use Cases:
 Suitable for real-time applications like chat systems or collaborative tools.
o Limitations:
 Immature security features may expose applications to vulnerabilities.
 Requires expertise to manage asynchronous programming effectively.

The asynchronous, event-driven architecture of Node.js allows efficient handling of

concurrent user requests. By using JavaScript on both client and server sides, development
becomes streamlined.

New Technologies: Deno, a secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript, is presented as
an evolution of Node.js with a focus on modern security and simplicity. Fastify, a web
framework for Node.js, improves performance through a low-overhead routing mechanism.

5. Database Storage and Processing

 MongoDB with MapReduce:

o MongoDB integrates MapReduce for processing and analyzing large datasets.
o Use Cases:
 Ideal for applications requiring real-time analytics and large-scale data
visualization.
o Advantages:
 Efficient handling of distributed data operations.
 Simplifies data aggregation tasks.

The paper discusses the integration of MongoDB with MapReduce, enabling efficient
large-scale data processing and analytics for web-based applications.

New Technologies: Apache Spark offers distributed processing, while Google

BigQuery serves as a scalable serverless data warehouse for real-time analytics.

6. Performance and Runtime Analysis

 Server-Side JavaScript (Node.js):

o The V8 engine's runtime behavior is analyzed to understand CPU utilization.
o Findings:
  Server-side JavaScript heavily utilizes CPU resources, particularly in
managing asynchronous calls.
 Recommendations:
 Optimize JavaScript code to minimize overhead.
 Monitor and manage call stack complexity to improve
performance.

Server-side JavaScript, powered by the V8 Engine, reveals performance challenges with

high CPU usage during asynchronous operations. Optimizing code and understanding
runtime behaviors are essential for improving performance.

New Technologies: Bun, an all-in-one JavaScript runtime, provides faster execution and
built-in tools for development. ESBuild offers a highly efficient JavaScript bundler to reduce
deployment times.

7. Security Concerns in Node.js

 Identified Vulnerabilities:
o Denial of Service (DoS): Exploitation of asynchronous event loops can
overwhelm the system.
o Lack of robust security measures for handling sensitive data.
 Recommendations:
o Adopt security-conscious programming practices.
o Regularly update dependencies and follow secure coding standards.

The study identifies vulnerabilities like Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and highlights
the need for secure coding practices. Developers are encouraged to adopt robust dependency
management strategies.

New Technologies: OWASP Dependency-Check for identifying vulnerabilities in

dependencies and Helmet.js for securing HTTP headers in Node.js applications.

8. Advancements in Angular Frameworks

 Angular 2 and Beyond:

o Introduced TypeScript for better type control and annotations.
o Enhances the development experience by supporting dynamic form creation and
data serialization.
 Impact:
o Reduces code redundancy.
o Improves maintainability and scalability.
 The paper highlights Angular 2's use of TypeScript for enhanced type safety and
annotations, which simplify dynamic UI creation. These features make the framework ideal
for enterprise-level applications.

New Technologies: React Server Components to optimize data-fetching and rendering,

and SolidJS, which focuses on fine-grained reactivity for improved performance.

9. Application of NoSQL in Real-World Scenarios

 MongoDB in BBS Information Systems:

o Utilizes anti-normalization techniques for better query performance.
o Advantages:
 Simplified schema design for unstructured data.
 Faster query response times compared to traditional relational databases.

MongoDB is showcased for its versatility in designing dynamic schemas and managing
hierarchical data. The anti-normalization model improves query efficiency and scalability for
unstructured data.

New Technologies: Amazon DynamoDB, which provides fully managed NoSQL

solutions, and Couchbase, optimized for high-performance queries.

10. Scalability Challenges and Solutions

 Traditional RDBMS Issues:

o Limited scalability for handling large, distributed datasets.
o Performance bottlenecks in processing hierarchical or semi-structured data.
 NoSQL Advantages:
o Horizontal scalability supports distributed data management.
o Ideal for applications requiring diverse data formats.

Traditional relational databases falter in scalability compared to NoSQL databases. The

flexibility of NoSQL frameworks allows for efficient handling of massive datasets across
distributed systems.

New Technologies: CockroachDB, a distributed SQL database, and TiDB, designed for
elastic scaling.

11. Developer Tools and Productivity Enhancements

  JavaScript Adoption:
o Studies reveal hesitancy among developers to adopt new JavaScript features.
o Need for improved IDEs and tools to aid learning and productivity.
 Proposed Solutions:
o Enhanced documentation and tutorials.
o Integration of advanced code analysis tools in development environments.

Developers' hesitancy to adopt new JavaScript features points to the need for better
documentation and tooling. The paper advocates for advanced IDEs and tools to aid in
understanding complex frameworks.

New Technologies: Visual Studio Code Extensions for JavaScript/TypeScript, such as

Prettier for code formatting and ESLint for error checking. StackBlitz enables fast,
browser-based coding environments for prototyping.

12. Administrative Tools for MongoDB

 Web-Based Management Interfaces:

o Designed to simplify MongoDB database administration.
o Features:
 Real-time data visualization.
 Automated analysis and reporting tools.
o Benefits:
 Faster processing compared to traditional tools.
 User-friendly interfaces for non-technical stakeholders.

Web-based interfaces simplify managing MongoDB databases, offering real-time data

analysis and visualization. The paper discusses tools integrating data dashboards with admin
functionalities.

New Technologies: Metabase and Redash provide self-service analytics for MongoDB
databases, while Robo 3T supports MongoDB management.

13. Robotics Integration with Web Systems

 Material Handling Automation:

o Proposal to integrate Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGVs) with web systems.
o Features:
 Active sensors for navigation and self-orientation.
 Reduces manual effort in logistics and warehouse operations.
 Autonomous Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are proposed for automated logistics, reducing
manual intervention. Web systems act as control interfaces for these devices, integrating real-
time monitoring and control.

New Technologies: IoT Platforms like AWS IoT Core for sensor integration and ROS
(Robot Operating System) for automating guided vehicles.

Comparison of the most popular technologies used in web programming

MongoDB (NoSQL Database)

 Use Cases: Ideal for applications with large, dynamic datasets, like social media platforms,
content management systems, and e-commerce sites where flexibility in handling diverse data
types is essential.
 Best Practices:
o Sharding: Distribute data across multiple servers to handle large-scale applications
effectively.
o Data Modeling: Use denormalization and embedding documents rather than using
multiple collections, as MongoDB lacks joins.

MySQL (Relational Database)

 Use Cases: Best suited for applications with well-defined and consistent data models, such as
finance, healthcare, or traditional business applications.
 Best Practices:
o Normalization: Helps avoid data redundancy and maintain consistency.
o Indexing: Use indexes wisely for performance optimization, especially in large
databases.

Node.js
 Use Cases: Node.js shines in scenarios requiring real-time data processing, such as chat
applications, collaborative tools, and live updates. It is also useful in microservices architecture,
where it can handle multiple tasks simultaneously due to its non-blocking nature.
 Best Practices:
o Error Handling: Implement robust error handling mechanisms, especially in
asynchronous functions.
o Cluster Mode: Utilize Node.js’ cluster module to handle multi-core systems and improve
performance.
o Security: While Node.js is lightweight and efficient, security must be prioritized by using
best practices like input validation, securing APIs, and avoiding vulnerabilities such as
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.

AngularJS & Angular 2+ (Frontend Frameworks)

 Use Cases: AngularJS (and its successor, Angular 2+) is suited for large-scale, enterprise-grade
applications. It’s excellent for developing complex single-page applications (SPAs) with features
like real-time data binding and dynamic views.
 Best Practices:
 o Modular Development: Break down large applications into smaller, manageable
components.
o State Management: Use state management libraries like NgRx or Redux for managing
application states in a consistent manner.
o Lazy Loading: Implement lazy loading to enhance performance by loading only
necessary parts of the application at a time.

MapReduce (Data Processing)

 Use Cases: Primarily used for batch processing of massive datasets, ideal for big data
applications, such as analytics platforms, log analysis, or any application that needs to process
huge amounts of data efficiently.
 Best Practices:
o Data Preprocessing: Clean and preprocess data before running MapReduce jobs to
ensure better performance.
o Partitioning: Use data partitioning and optimal input splits to distribute workload evenly.
o Handling Failures: Build fault tolerance into the system, as MapReduce jobs can fail
due to node crashes or network issues.

JavaScript (Client-Side Scripting)

 Use Cases: JavaScript is the backbone of interactive web applications, enabling everything from
basic form validation to complex animations and dynamic content updates. It is fundamental for
building rich user interfaces (UIs).
 Best Practices:
o Asynchronous Programming: Utilize Promises or async/await to handle asynchronous
operations efficiently without blocking the UI thread.
o Performance Optimization: Minimize DOM manipulation, use debouncing for event
handling, and optimize resource loading (e.g., using Lazy Loading for images or scripts).
o Cross-Browser Compatibility: Ensure compatibility across different browsers using
polyfills and testing frameworks like Jest.

Express Framework
 Use Cases: Express is widely used for building APIs and server-side web applications due to its
simplicity and flexibility. It’s particularly useful for building RESTful APIs and handling HTTP
requests/responses.
 Best Practices:
o Middleware Usage: Leverage middleware functions to handle requests, perform
authentication, validate inputs, and manage errors.
o Routing: Organize routes efficiently and keep controllers small and focused on a single
responsibility.
o Security: Ensure protection from common security threats such as Cross-Site Scripting
(XSS) and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) by using packages like Helmet.js and
CSRF protection middleware.

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)

 Use Cases: AOP is useful for modularizing cross-cutting concerns (like logging, error handling,
and security), which can be applied across different parts of an application without modifying
core business logic.
  Best Practices:
o Separation of Concerns: Use AOP to cleanly separate concerns like logging, caching,
and security from business logic.
o Code Maintenance: AOP allows code to be cleaner and more maintainable by
abstracting repetitive logic into reusable modules.

Security in Web Programming

 General Best Practices:
o Input Validation: Always validate and sanitize user inputs to avoid SQL Injection,
XSS, and Command Injection attacks.
o HTTPS: Use TLS/SSL certificates to ensure secure communication between the client
and server.
o JWT (JSON Web Tokens): Use JWTs for secure authentication in APIs.

Category Key Features Advantages Challenges

Technology
Query optimization
Schema-less, Flexibility, horizontal
for complex
Database document-oriented, scalability, efficient
MongoDB relationships,
(NoSQL) JSON-like data handling of
requires more
structure. unstructured data.
operational expertise.
Simplicity, mature Limited scalability,
Database Structured schema, ecosystem, strong less flexible for
MySQL
(RDBMS) SQL-based querying. relational data unstructured or semi-
handling. structured data.
Event-driven, non- High concurrency, Immature security
Backend blocking I/O, single language for model, complex
Node.js
Framework JavaScript-based full-stack asynchronous
server-side runtime. development. programming.
Two-way data
binding, modular Simplifies dynamic Steeper learning
Frontend
AngularJS structure, UI creation, supports curve compared to
Framework
component-based reusable components. simpler frameworks.
architecture.
TypeScript-based, Strong type control, Increased code
Frontend improved better volume, requires
Angular 2+
Framework annotations, dynamic maintainability, familiarity with
form creation. enhanced scalability. TypeScript.
Batch processing of
Efficient data Requires proper
Data large-scale data,
MapReduce aggregation and infrastructure for
Processing distributed
analytics. distributed systems.
computation.
DOM manipulation, Can lead to
Enhances
JavaScript Scripting event handling, performance
interactivity, reduces
(Client-Side) Language asynchronous bottlenecks if poorly
server load.
programming. optimized.
Lightweight, flexible,
Express Backend Minimalist web Limited for large-
supports REST API
Framework Framework application scale applications
development.
 framework for without additional
Node.js. modules.

Cross-cutting
Aspect- Requires learning a
concerns (e.g., Improves code
Oriented Development different
logging, security) modularity and
Programming Paradigm programming
modularized into readability.
(AOP) approach.
separate aspects.

Model/View/Controller Design Pattern

 MVC Design Pattern: A widely used architectural pattern that separates an application into three
interconnected components:
o Model: Represents the data and business logic.
o View: Handles the presentation of the data.
o Controller: Manages user input and updates the model and view.
 Web-Applications and MVC: Although MVC is ideal for organizing interactive applications, it
faces challenges in the web environment due to the inherent partitioning of applications between
the client and server. Partitioning decisions, such as deciding where the Model, View, and
Controller should reside, often need to be made early in the design phase, which complicates the
use of MVC.

Challenges with Web Application Partitioning

 Partitioning Complications: Web applications require partitioning of the Model and Controller
components, either on the client or server. However, the decision about how to partition these
components often depends on factors that can change during development, such as network
conditions or the relative power of client/server machines.
 "Thin-client" vs. "Fat-client": If the Model and Controller are on the server (thin-client), the
client must send multiple requests. If they are on the client (fat-client), it may require
downloading the entire Model, which is impractical for large applications.

Flexible Web-Application Partitioning (FWAP)

 Introduction of FWAP: To address the challenges, the paper introduces Flexible Web-
Application Partitioning (FWAP). This model enables developers to design web applications
 using MVC without worrying about partitioning decisions upfront. Developers can design
applications in a single address space (like a stand-alone application), and then deploy them
across different client/server architectures without changing the code.
 Benefits of FWAP: Partitioning decisions can be made dynamically based on deployment
conditions (e.g., network congestion), and partitioning does not require changes to the
application’s source code.

FWAP Architecture
 Single-MVC (SMVC): The development architecture in which the Model, View, and Controller
are all in a single address space (typically used for standalone applications).
 Thin-Client: In this architecture, the Model and Controller are executed on the server, and the
View is rendered on the client (typically through HTML).
 Dual-MVC (DMVC): This architecture allows the Model and Controller to be split between the
client and server, offering more flexibility by allowing controllers to execute on either side based
on the application's requirements.

FWAP Implementation
 SMVC Mode: In this mode, the application is developed and tested as a stand-alone program,
and the Model, View, and Controller execute in the same address space.
 Thin-Client Mode: The same Model and Controller are used, but they are deployed to the
server. The View is rendered in the client’s web browser.
 Dual-MVC Mode: This mode provides the most flexibility, allowing the Controller to execute
either on the client or the server, depending on the application's needs. It uses a "client-server"
communication model where the client handles local operations, and more complex tasks are
delegated to the server.

Challenges with Dual-MVC Architecture

 Model Synchronization: Synchronizing the Model between the client and server in a dual-MVC
setup is complex. The research suggests using "dirty bit" techniques to only synchronize changed
components rather than the entire Model.
 Cache Misses: The client-side Model acts as a cache. When the client requires a Model
component that isn't available, the system handles this through "cache miss" strategies by either
fetching the missing data from the server or delegating the execution to the server.

Conclusion
 The research emphasizes the importance of flexible partitioning in web application development,
allowing developers to design applications that can adapt to various client-server architectures
without needing to rework the code. The introduction of FWAP facilitates this flexibility,
enabling dynamic partitioning based on actual deployment conditions, improving performance,
and making maintenance easier.
Exercise No. 1

 What is HTML used for in web development?

 How does CSS contribute to web page design?
 What does JavaScript do in web applications?
 What is the main purpose of using AngularJS in web development?
 What is the function of Node.js in web server-side programming?
 How does MongoDB differ from MySQL in terms of data storage?
 What are the benefits of using Node.js for backend development in comparison to other
server-side technologies?
 What is the significance of AJAX in web development?
 How does ReactJS differ from AngularJS in creating user interfaces?
 What is the role of Express.js in Node.js applications?
 What is the difference between a relational database and a NoSQL database like
MongoDB?
 What is the advantage of using NoSQL databases for large-scale applications?
 What is MongoDB used for in web development?
 How do JavaScript frameworks like Vue.js help developers in building web applications?
 What are web APIs and why are they important for modern web applications?
 What are RESTful APIs and how are they different from other types of APIs?
 How does Node.js handle concurrency?
 What is MapReduce and how is it used in web application data processing?
 What is TypeScript and how does it improve JavaScript development?
 How does Git help in version control during web development?
 What are some common NoSQL databases used in web development?
 What is the main difference between relational databases and NoSQL databases?
 What is Node.js and how is it used in web development?
 How does AngularJS help in creating dynamic user interfaces?
 What is the benefit of using MongoDB for storing large data in web applications
 What does the MVC design pattern stand for?
 What are the main components of the MVC design pattern?
 What is the purpose of the Model in the MVC design pattern?
 What role does the View play in the MVC design pattern?
 How does the Controller function in the MVC model?
 What challenge does the MVC pattern face in web application development?
 What is the thin-client architecture in web applications?
 What is the difference between thin-client and fat-client architectures?
 What problem does Flexible Web-Application Partitioning (FWAP) solve?
 What is the advantage of FWAP in terms of application partitioning?
 What does dual-MVC (DMVC) architecture allow in web applications?
 How does FWAP allow developers to make partitioning decisions dynamically?
 What is Model synchronization in the context of the dual-MVC architecture?
 How does FWAP support web applications in different client-server architectures without
changing the source code?
 What is the role of dirty bit techniques in FWAP?
 Exercise No. 2

What is the primary function of HTML in web development? A) Styling the webpage B)
Storing and managing data C) Structuring and displaying the content of the webpage D)
Handling user interactions

Which of the following is a key feature of CSS? A) Defining the behavior of web pages B)
Defining the structure of a web page C) Styling and layout of HTML elements D) Handling user
input

What role does JavaScript serve in web applications? A) It formats data into structured
forms B) It provides interactivity and dynamic content C) It stores data on the server D) It
generates static web pages

Which JavaScript framework is used to build dynamic user interfaces with reusable components?
A) AngularJS B) Django C) Node.js D) Flask

What is Node.js primarily used for?

A) Server-side programming with JavaScript B) Client-side scripting C) Styling web pages D)
Database management

Which of the following is a NoSQL database commonly used in modern web applications?
A) MySQL B) PostgreSQL C) MongoDB D) Oracle

What does AJAX enable in web applications?

A) Real-time chat applications B) Dynamic updates to web pages without reloading the entire
page C) Database management D) Static content display

What is the advantage of using NoSQL databases over relational databases? A) Support for
dynamic and unstructured data B) Support for SQL queries C) Automatic indexing
D) Better compatibility with Java

Which of the following best describes Express.js? A) A frontend framework B) A database

management system C) A server-side framework for Node.js D) A styling tool for web
applications

What is the main benefit of using ReactJS for web development? A) It provides a lightweight
database B) It simplifies the backend development C) It allows the building of
interactive user interfaces with reusable components D) It handles server-side requests
What does MVC stand for in web development? A) Model-View-Controller B) Multiple-
View-Client C) Model-Validation-Controller D) None of the above

Which of the following is the role of the "View" in MVC? A) Handles user interactions B)
Displays data to the user C) Updates the data D) Manages the business logic

What is the main advantage of using the MVC design pattern? A) Faster application
performance B) Separation of concerns for easier maintenance C) Better user interfaces
D) Better database integration

What challenge does the MVC design pattern face in web development? A) Difficulty in data
handling B) Web applications are partitioned between the client and server C) MVC is not
suitable for large-scale applications D) It does not work with JavaScript

What is the primary goal of Flexible Web-Application Partitioning (FWAP)? A) To improve

user interface design B) To make partitioning decisions flexible without changing the source
code C) To integrate multiple databases D) To reduce server load

Which architecture does FWAP support for web applications? A) Single-Page Architecture
B) Thin-Client Architecture C) Dual-MVC Architecture D) Client-Side Rendering

What does dual-MVC architecture allow? A) Both the Model and Controller are executed only
on the server. B) The View is generated dynamically on the client side. C) The Controller can
execute on either the client or the server. D) The Model is divided into two parts for different
servers.

In FWAP, which of the following components can execute in both the client and server
environments? A) Model B) View C) Controller D) Database

Which approach does FWAP use to allow for partitioning decisions to be made dynamically?
A) Fixed partitioning based on initial decisions B) Dynamic re-partitioning during
deployment C) Partitioning based on the client's memory D) Static partitioning without any
flexibility

What does Model Synchronization refer to in FWAP architecture?

A) Synchronizing the Model with the View only B) Syncing the Model between client and
server C) Synchronizing the Controller across all devices D) Updating the View without
modifying the Model
High-Performance Computing
High-Performance Computing (HPC) refers to the use of supercomputers and parallel processing
techniques for solving complex computational problems efficiently. HPC systems harness
thousands or even millions of processing cores to execute tasks simultaneously, achieving
significantly higher performance than standard computers. These systems are pivotal in handling
large datasets and performing intricate computations that are infeasible for traditional computing.

HPC serves as the backbone for innovation in science, technology, and industry, enabling
breakthroughs that shape the future.

• In high-performance computing systems, a pool of processors (processor machines or

central processing units [CPUs]) connected (networked) with other resources like memory,
storage, and input and output devices, and the deployed software is enabled to run in the
entire system of connected components.
• The processor machines can be of homogeneous or heterogeneous type. The legacy
meaning of high-performance computing (HPC) is the supercomputers.
• HPC systems are normally found in those applications where it is required to use or solve
scientific problems. Most of the time, the challenge in working with these kinds of
problems is to perform suitable simulation study, and this can be accomplished by HPC
without any difficulty.

Key Components of HPC

Hardware:

• Supercomputers: Extremely powerful machines with high computational speed and

memory capacity.
• Clusters: Groups of interconnected computers working as a single system.
• GPUs and Accelerators: Devices optimized for parallel processing.
• High-Speed Networks: For fast data exchange between nodes.

Software:

• Parallel programming frameworks (e.g., MPI, OpenMP, CUDA).

• Specialized operating systems and software for resource management and scheduling.

Storage:

• High-speed storage systems to handle large volumes of data.

• Advanced file systems like Lustre or GPFS.

Trends in HPC

• Exascale Computing: Systems capable of performing 10^18 calculations per second.

• Green Computing: Energy-efficient designs to reduce the carbon footprint of HPC systems.
• Edge and Cloud HPC: Integrating HPC capabilities with cloud services and edge devices.
 • Quantum Computing: Pioneering a new paradigm of computation for problems beyond
classical HPC.

Computing paradigms

Computing paradigms refer to different models, approaches, or frameworks used for

designing and executing computational tasks. Each paradigm is suited for specific types of
problems, systems, or applications, often determined by technological evolution and
computational needs.

Each computing paradigm addresses unique challenges and requirements, enabling

advancements in technology and innovation across industries.

1. Sequential Computing

Definition: Tasks are executed step-by-step on a single processor in a linear order.

Features:
Simple programming model.
Limited by the speed and capability of a single processor.
Applications: Traditional desktop applications like word processors, basic software.

2. Parallel Computing
Definition: Multiple tasks or computations are executed simultaneously using multiple
processors.
Features:
Achieved through dividing tasks into smaller subtasks.
Uses shared or distributed memory.
Involves models like SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) and MIMD (Multiple
Instruction, Multiple Data).
Applications: Scientific simulations, data processing, AI model training.

3. Distributed Computing
Definition: A network of computers works together to solve a problem, often located in
different geographical locations.
Features:
Each node operates independently but collaborates to achieve a common goal.
Communication between nodes happens via a network.
Applications: Cloud computing, grid computing, and blockchain technology.

4. Grid Computing
Definition: Uses distributed computing resources connected over a network to solve large-
scale problems.
Features:
Focuses on resource sharing (processing power, storage).
Typically involves heterogeneous systems.
Applications: Collaborative scientific research, virtual laboratories.

5. Cloud Computing
Definition: Provides on-demand access to computing resources (e.g., servers, storage,
applications) over the internet.
Features:
Services categorized as IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.
Scalable, cost-effective, and accessible from anywhere.
Applications: Web hosting, big data analytics, online collaboration tools.

6. Cognitive Computing
Definition: Simulates human thought processes using AI and machine learning techniques.
Features:
Interprets unstructured data like text, images, and speech.
Learns and adapts over time.
Applications: Virtual assistants, decision support systems.

7. Quantum Computing
Definition: Uses quantum bits (qubits) that exploit quantum mechanical phenomena like
superposition and entanglement to perform computations.
Features:
Solves certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers.
Still in experimental stages for large-scale applications.
Applications: Cryptography, optimization problems, material science.

8. Edge Computing
Definition: Processes data at or near the source (e.g., IoT devices) rather than relying on
centralized data centers.
Features:
Reduces latency and bandwidth usage.
Increases real-time responsiveness.
Applications: Autonomous vehicles, smart cities, industrial IoT.

9. Fog Computing
Definition: Extends cloud computing by bringing computational power closer to the edge but
not directly on devices.
Features:
Bridges the gap between cloud and edge.
Provides low-latency data processing.
Applications: IoT ecosystems, healthcare systems.

10. Ubiquitous Computing

Definition: Embeds computation into everyday objects and environments, making technology
seamlessly integrated.
 Features:
Focuses on user experience and invisibility of the computational process.
Often leverages IoT and smart devices.
Applications: Smart homes, wearable devices, context-aware systems.

11. Mobile Computing

Definition: Enables computing on portable devices like smartphones and tablets, often
leveraging wireless networks.
Features:
Mobility and flexibility in accessing resources.
Limited by battery life and connectivity.
Applications: Mobile apps, GPS navigation, social networking.
12 . Autonomic Computing
Definition: Systems that can self-manage, self-heal, and optimize without human
intervention.
Features:
Based on feedback loops.
Adaptive to changing conditions.
Applications: Cloud service management, network optimization.

Use Cases of HPC in Web Programming

• Data-Intensive Web Applications:

• HPC can significantly improve the performance of web applications that need to process
large datasets, such as big data analysis platforms, scientific research applications, or
financial modeling tools.
• Example: Real-time analytics dashboards or complex simulations that require processing
large volumes of data or performing machine learning models.
• Cloud-Based HPC:
• Cloud computing platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure provide
access to distributed HPC resources via web interfaces. This allows web applications to
tap into powerful computational resources without managing the hardware directly.
• Example: A website for DNA sequencing analysis where users can upload genomic data,
and the backend processes it using cloud-based HPC to run complex bioinformatics
algorithms.
• Real-Time Processing and Low Latency:
• HPC in web applications can enable low-latency processing for tasks like live video
streaming with real-time image or video enhancement, interactive 3D modeling, and
augmented reality (AR).
• Example: A 3D design or simulation application where multiple users collaborate and
view real-time updates, relying on the computational power of a high-performance
server.
• Machine Learning and AI:
 • Web applications can leverage HPC resources to run intensive machine learning (ML)
and AI models, such as image recognition, natural language processing (NLP), or deep
learning.
• Example: An e-commerce platform that uses HPC to perform recommendation system
tasks, predicting customer preferences based on large-scale analysis of user behavior and
purchase data.
• Scientific Simulations and Research:
• Web-based applications can be built to serve as platforms for scientific research, where
users can submit models or data for simulation, and HPC resources handle the heavy
computational work.
• Example: A meteorology research website that allows users to run simulations based on
large-scale climate models, using HPC to analyze weather patterns.

Technologies and Approaches for Implementing HPC in Web Programming

• WebAssembly (WASM):WebAssembly allows running code at near-native speeds directly

in the browser. It enables high-performance tasks (e.g., physics simulations or image
processing) to be executed efficiently within web browsers.
• Example: A physics simulation in a web app that runs intensive calculations directly in the
browser using WebAssembly.
• Cloud HPC Platforms: Utilizing cloud-based HPC services like Amazon EC2 instances,
Google Cloud Platform’s AI offerings, or Microsoft Azure’s HPC solutions can extend the
computational power available to web applications.
• Example: A website for virtual scientific experiments that runs computations on-demand
in the cloud, providing users with results in real-time.
• Distributed Computing in the Browser: Technologies like Web Workers allow web
browsers to run JavaScript code in parallel threads, helping with parallel computations
within the web application. This is particularly useful for performing computations without
blocking the user interface.
• Example: A web-based 3D rendering engine that divides the rendering task into parallel
threads using Web Workers to reduce processing time.
• Server-Side HPC with Web APIs:HPC tasks can be offloaded to the server, which uses
specialized hardware like GPUs, TPUs, or multi-core processors to perform intensive
computations. The server then returns results via APIs to the web front-end.
• Example: A web application for training deep learning models where computations are
performed on a server equipped with GPUs, and the front-end provides users with a
dashboard to track the progress of training.
• Edge Computing and HPC:With edge computing, some HPC tasks are performed on
devices at the edge of the network, closer to the data source, thus reducing latency.
• Example: A web-based IoT application that monitors and analyzes real-time sensor data
from edge devices, leveraging HPC to process data locally and send results to the web
application.
HPC Tools and Technologies for Web Programming

High-Performance Computing (HPC) Tools and Technologies for Web Programming enable
developers to integrate advanced computational capabilities into web applications, especially
for data-intensive and computation-heavy tasks. Below is an overview of some of the main
tools and technologies that facilitate the use of HPC in web programming.

1-PC Frameworks and Libraries

These frameworks provide the backbone for implementing HPC in web-based applications.
MPI (Message Passing Interface):
Used for parallel computing across distributed systems.
Facilitates communication between multiple nodes in a cluster.
Often used on the server-side for simulations or data processing.
OpenMP:
Designed for parallel programming on shared-memory systems.
Useful for optimizing backend computation tasks.
CUDA:
Developed by NVIDIA for leveraging GPU acceleration.
Ideal for machine learning, image processing, and real-time graphics rendering.
Apache Spark:
Distributed data processing engine for big data tasks.
Integrates with web applications to perform real-time analytics and large-scale computations.
Dask:
Parallel computing library in Python that integrates seamlessly with HPC workflows.
Enables web applications to scale computations across multi-core systems or clusters.

2. Cloud-Based HPC Platforms

These platforms provide access to HPC resources as a service, making them accessible for web
applications.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) HPC:
Offers specialized EC2 instances (e.g., GPU and CPU-intensive instances).
Includes services like Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) for scalable HPC applications.
Google Cloud Platform (GCP):
Provides pre-configured environments for HPC, including support for AI and machine learning
workloads.
Features Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) for accelerated deep learning.
 Microsoft Azure HPC:
Azure Batch for scheduling HPC workloads.
Integration with Azure ML for AI-powered web applications.
IBM Cloud HPC:
Delivers HPC-as-a-service with support for large-scale simulations and AI tasks.
Ideal for enterprise-grade web applications.

3. Web-Oriented HPC Middleware

Middleware bridges the gap between HPC backends and web frontends, ensuring smooth
communication and data transfer.
Globus:
A platform for transferring and sharing large datasets securely.
Integrates with HPC systems to facilitate collaboration via web interfaces.
HTCondor:
Job scheduling system for managing HPC workloads.
Can be used to handle backend computations triggered by web applications.
Slurm:
Resource management system widely used in HPC clusters.
Allocates resources efficiently for computation-heavy tasks initiated by web services.

4. High-Performance Databases

Databases optimized for handling large-scale data and high-speed transactions in web
applications.
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS):
Scalable storage system designed for distributed environments.
Useful for web platforms handling large datasets.
MongoDB Atlas:
NoSQL database optimized for high-speed, distributed data processing.
Supports integration with cloud-based HPC systems.
Google BigQuery:
Serverless data warehouse optimized for big data queries.
Useful for web applications needing real-time analytics.
Cassandra:
Highly scalable database for distributed systems.
Ideal for managing large-scale transactional data in HPC-backed web applications.
5. Programming Languages and Tools
Languages and tools that support HPC workflows in web applications.
Python with NumPy, SciPy, and PyCUDA:
Python is a popular choice for web programming, with libraries like NumPy for numerical
computations and PyCUDA for GPU acceleration.
Frameworks like Flask or Django can integrate HPC libraries on the backend.
JavaScript with Web Workers and WebAssembly (WASM):
Web Workers: Enable multi-threaded operations in the browser for HPC-like capabilities.
WebAssembly (WASM): Provides near-native performance for computational tasks in the
browser.
C++ with Boost Libraries:
C++ provides high-performance capabilities for backend systems in web programming.
Boost libraries support parallelism and numerical computations.

6. Frontend Technologies for HPC Integration

These tools allow the HPC computations to be reflected effectively in the web interface.
WebGL:
Used for rendering interactive 2D and 3D graphics in browsers.
Ideal for applications needing visualization of HPC computations.
Dash by Plotly:
Python framework for building interactive web applications.
Integrates seamlessly with Python-based HPC libraries.
React with D3.js:
React handles UI updates, while D3.js is used for complex data visualizations.
Ideal for HPC-powered analytics dashboards.

7. HPC Accelerators and Specialized Hardware

These are key components of HPC infrastructure that enhance performance for web
applications.
GPUs:
NVIDIA and AMD GPUs are commonly used for parallel computing tasks.
Ideal for machine learning, image processing, and real-time simulations.
TPUs:
Tensor Processing Units by Google are optimized for machine learning tasks.
 Accessible through Google Cloud for web applications.
FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays):
Customizable hardware accelerators for specialized computation tasks.

8. APIs and Integration Services

APIs and services that enable web applications to interact with HPC resources.
RESTful APIs:
Standard APIs used by web applications to send and retrieve data to/from HPC systems.
GraphQL:
Query language for interacting with data processed by HPC systems.
FastAPI:
High-performance Python web framework for creating APIs that integrate HPC backends.

9. Visualization and Monitoring Tools

Tools to visualize and monitor HPC tasks in web applications.
Jupyter Notebook with HPC Kernels:
Interactive computing environment to visualize results of HPC computations via a web
interface.
Grafana:
Used for monitoring and visualizing metrics from HPC systems.
Ideal for web-based dashboards.
Paraview:
For visualizing large-scale scientific data processed by HPC systems.

Future Outlook of HPC in Web Programming

AI and Automation: Increasing reliance on AI to optimize HPC resource utilization for
web applications.
Hybrid HPC Architectures: Combining on-premise and cloud-based HPC resources for
web-based platforms.
Quantum Computing: Emergence of quantum-enhanced web applications as quantum
HPC becomes more accessible.
The growing intersection of HPC and web programming is revolutionizing how we design
and deploy web applications, enabling them to handle complex tasks that were traditionally
limited to desktop or dedicated systems.
 This table compares the challenges in modern web programming and the solutions provided by
AWS, Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azur
Google Cloud
Problem Amazon AWS Microsoft Azure
Challenge Platform (GCP)
Description Solution Solution
Solution
Amazon EC2
Google Compute
Web applications Auto Scaling: Azure Virtual
Engine with
need to scale Automatically Machine Scale
Auto-Scaling:
efficiently to adjusts the number Sets: Scales VM
Automatically
handle traffic of instances to instances
adjusts the
Scalability and spikes and match demand. automatically based
number of virtual
Performance growing user Elastic Load on traffic. Azure
machines based
bases, ensuring Balancing (ELB) Load Balancer
on usage. Global
high performance distributes distributes traffic
Load Balancing
without latency or incoming traffic across VMs for
for efficient
downtime. across multiple high availability.
distribution.
instances.
Amazon S3:
Handling vast Google Cloud Azure Blob
Object storage that
amounts of data Storage: Durable, Storage: Scalable
scales seamlessly
efficiently while scalable object object storage for
for any amount of
ensuring fast storage service for data. Azure SQL
Data Storage data. Amazon
access and data. Google Database:
and RDS: Managed
minimizing Cloud SQL: Managed relational
Management relational
latency is a key Managed database service,
databases like
concern for relational database with automatic
MySQL,
modern web service for scaling and
PostgreSQL, etc.
applications. structured data. backups.
for structured data.

AWS Identity and Google Cloud

Ensuring data
Access IAM: Identity
privacy, securing Azure Active
Management management and
communications, Directory: Identity
(IAM): Secure access control.
and maintaining and access
access to Google Cloud
compliance with management.
Security and resources. AWS Security
regulations (e.g., Azure Security
Compliance Shield: Managed Command
GDPR, HIPAA) Center: Provides
DDoS protection. Center:
in a web unified security
Compliance with Centralized
application is an management and
multiple standards security
ongoing threat protection.
(e.g., GDPR, monitoring and
challenge.
HIPAA). compliance tools.
 Google Cloud
Load Balancing: Azure Availability
Amazon Route
Ensuring that web Offers fault Zones: Distribute
53: DNS service
applications tolerance by resources across
with built-in health
High remain accessible distributing traffic multiple data
checks and failover
Availability and functional across multiple centers to avoid
capabilities. AWS
and Fault even when zones. Cloud single points of
Multi-AZ
Tolerance hardware failures Spanner for failure. Azure
deployments for
or network issues highly available, Traffic Manager:
database high
occur. globally Global DNS-based
availability.
distributed load balancing.
databases.
Reducing latency Amazon
Google Cloud
in global CloudFront: A Azure Content
CDN: Edge
applications, CDN (Content Delivery Network:
Latency and caching and
particularly for Delivery Network) Global CDN for
Speed content delivery
users across that reduces faster content
Optimization optimization using
different regions, latency by serving delivery and
Google’s global
is a major content from edge reduced latency.
infrastructure.
challenge. locations globally.
Many modern AWS Lambda: Google Cloud
web applications Enables serverless Functions: Azure Logic Apps:
need to interact compute for Serverless Automates
with older integrating legacy compute for workflows for
Integration systems (legacy systems without legacy system integrating legacy
with Legacy apps, databases, managing servers. integration. Cloud systems. Azure
Systems etc.), which can AWS API Pub/Sub: Event- Functions:
be complex to Gateway for driven Serverless compute
integrate with building APIs to architecture for for building event-
newer integrate with older decoupling legacy driven integrations.
technologies. systems. systems.

AWS Cost
Google Cloud Azure Cost
Managing costs Explorer:
Cost Management:
effectively, Analyzes AWS
Management: Provides insights
especially with spending and
Tools to track and and
Cost dynamic traffic suggests
optimize cloud recommendations
Management loads and optimizations.
spending. Google for optimizing
and unpredictable AWS Trusted
Cloud Billing: cloud costs. Azure
Optimization usage patterns, Advisor: Provides
Offers insights Pricing
remains a cost-saving
into usage and Calculator: Helps
challenge for recommendations
cost reduction predict and estimate
businesses. for infrastructure
strategies. cloud service costs.
usage.

Processing large Google Cloud Azure Stream

Amazon Kinesis:
volumes of real- Pub/Sub: Real- Analytics: Real-
Real-Time Real-time data
time data, time event-driven time analytics
Data processing and
especially for use messaging for service for
Processing analytics service.
cases like live large-scale streaming data.
AWS Lambda for
updates, analytics, systems. Google Azure Event Grid:
 and social media real-time event Dataflow: Real- Event routing
feeds, is a processing. time stream and service for real-time
growing need. batch data applications.
processing.

Firebase:
Web applications AWS Amplify: A Azure App
Provides tools for
must often work framework for Service: Supports
building mobile
across multiple building web and cross-platform web
and web
platforms (e.g., mobile apps, mobile apps,
Cross- applications that
mobile, desktop, applications. It and APIs.
Platform work across
IoT devices), simplifies cross- Xamarin:
Development platforms. Google
requiring platform Framework for
Cloud Mobile
seamless development with developing cross-
SDK: For
experiences and APIs, data storage, platform mobile
developing cross-
integration. and authentication. applications.
platform apps.
AWS
Google Cloud Azure DevOps:
CodePipeline:
Efficiently Build: CI/CD Provides tools for
Continuous
managing and tools for CI/CD, automated
integration and
automating the automating build testing, and
delivery service to
Continuous deployment and deployment deployment. Azure
automate
Deployment pipeline for rapid pipelines. Google Kubernetes
deployments.
and DevOps updates and Kubernetes Service: For
AWS
feature releases is Engine: Manages deploying and
CodeDeploy:
a common and deploys managing
Deployment
obstacle. containerized containerized
automation for
applications. applications.
applications.

Amazon Cognito:
Managing user Firebase Azure Active
User identity and
authentication and Authentication: Directory: Identity
authentication
User authorization Secure and access
management.
Authentication securely while authentication management for
Integrates with
and ensuring smooth system with easy enterprises, with
social identity
Authorization user experiences integration for integration to cloud
providers and
can be complex web and mobile and on-prem
enterprise
for modern apps. apps. systems.
directories.

Exercise No. 3

What does HPC stand for?

What is the main advantage of HPC systems compared to traditional computers?

Name one key component of HPC systems.

What is the purpose of using GPUs in HPC systems?

What is Exascale Computing capable of performing?

What type of computing involves using multiple processors to perform tasks simultaneously?

In which computing paradigm do computers work together over a network to solve a

problem?

What is cloud computing used for in HPC?

What is the role of WebAssembly (WASM) in web programming for HPC?

What is an example of an application that can benefit from HPC in web programming?

What is MPI, and how does it facilitate communication between distributed systems in web
applications?

How does OpenMP help optimize parallel programming for shared-memory systems in web
development?

What role does Apache Spark play in big data processing for web-based applications?

What are the main benefits of using cloud-based HPC platforms like AWS, GCP, or Azure
for web programming?

How do high-performance databases like HDFS and Google BigQuery support real-time data
processing in web applications?

How do Python libraries like Dask and NumPy assist in parallel and distributed computing
for web-based applications?

What is the role of GPUs in enhancing the performance of machine learning and image
processing in web applications?

How do middleware systems like Globus and HTCondor help manage HPC workloads in
web environments?

What is the significance of WebGL in visualizing computational data in web applications?

How do hybrid HPC architectures, combining on-premise and cloud resources, benefit web-
based platforms?

Explain the role of Message Passing Interface (MPI) in high-performance computing for web
applications. How does MPI enable communication between distributed systems, and what
are the challenges associated with implementing MPI in web-based environments?

Discuss the advantages and limitations of using OpenMP for parallel programming in web
applications. How does it compare with other parallel computing models such as MPI and
CUDA, especially in terms of scalability and ease of integration into web frameworks?
Exercise No. 4

What does HPC stand for? A) High-Performance Computing B) High-Process

Control C) High-Precision Computing D) High-Power Computing

Which of the following is a key component of HPC systems?

A) Personal Computers B) Supercomputers C) Single-Core Processors D) Ordinary
Servers

What is the primary function of GPUs in HPC systems?

A) To perform single-threaded computations B) To manage memory C) To optimize
parallel processing tasks D) To store data

What does Exascale Computing refer to?

A) Systems capable of performing 10^9 calculations per second
B) Systems capable of performing 10^12 calculations per second
C) Systems capable of performing 10^15 calculations per second
D) Systems capable of performing 10^18 calculations per second

Which computing paradigm involves tasks being executed step-by-step on a single processor?
A) Parallel Computing B) Distributed Computing C) Sequential Computing
D) Cloud Computing

What is the main characteristic of distributed computing?

A) Tasks are executed on a single processor B) Multiple computers work together to solve
a problem
C) All computations happen in the cloud D) Uses a centralized server for computation

Which of the following is NOT an example of an HPC use case in web programming?
A) Real-time analytics dashboards B) Machine learning for customer recommendations
C) Basic word processing D) Scientific simulations

What is the role of WebAssembly (WASM) in web programming for HPC?

A) It allows high-performance tasks to run within web browsers B) It stores large
datasets on the server C) It connects multiple web servers D) It handles database queries
Which technology in HPC is primarily used to offload tasks to the server for processing?
A) Web Workers B) WebAssembly C) Server-Side HPC with Web APIs D) Edge
Computing

Which of the following is a key benefit of using edge computing in HPC?

A) Reduces processing speed B) Increases server storage capacity C) Reduces latency
and bandwidth usage D) Increases cloud storage requirements

What does MPI stand for in High-Performance Computing (HPC)?

A) Multi-Processing Interface B) Message Passing Interface C) Multi-Core Interface
D) Mass Processing Infrastructure

Which of the following is a tool for parallel programming on shared-memory systems?

A) MPI B) OpenMP C) CUDA D) Dask

What is the primary function of CUDA?

A) Managing database systems B) Parallel programming on CPUs C) GPU acceleration
for machine learning and graphics D) Storing large data in distributed environments

Which of the following is an open-source, distributed data processing engine used in HPC?
A) Dask B) Apache Spark C) Slurm D) HTCondor

What service does AWS provide for scaling HPC applications automatically?
A) AWS Elastic Load Balancer B) AWS Lambda C) AWS EC2 Auto Scaling D)
AWS RDS

Which cloud platform offers Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) for machine learning
acceleration? A) Amazon Web Services (AWS) B) Microsoft Azure C) Google Cloud
Platform (GCP) D) IBM Cloud

Which tool is used for scheduling and managing HPC workloads?

A) Globus B) Slurm C) Dask D) MongoDB Atlas

Which database is optimized for handling large-scale data in web applications?

A) MongoDB Atlas B) MySQL C) SQLite D) Microsoft Access
What is the role of Web Workers in web programming for HPC?
A) Running multi-threaded operations in the browser B) Managing cloud resources C)
Storing data on the server D) Rendering 3D graphics

Which hardware accelerator is designed for machine learning tasks and is available through
Google Cloud? A) FPGA B) GPU C) TPU D) CPU

Which of the following MPI-based implementations supports efficient parallel computing

across distributed systems by facilitating communication between multiple nodes in a cluster?
A) OpenMP B) MPICH C) Apache Hadoop D) TensorFlow

What is the primary advantage of using Apache Spark over Hadoop for big data processing in
web applications? A) Supports in-memory processing for faster computations B) Provides
GPU acceleration C) Integrates seamlessly with TensorFlow D) Uses a MapReduce
framework

Which framework is best suited for parallelizing Python-based web applications that need to
scale computations across multi-core systems or clusters, without needing complex setup?
A) TensorFlow B) Dask C) Flask D) Celery

Which cloud-based HPC service integrates seamlessly with Azure ML to provide AI-powered
web applications that require large-scale computational resources?
A) Microsoft Azure HPC B) Amazon EC2 GPU Instances C) Google Cloud TPU
Service D) IBM Cloud HPC

In high-performance web applications, which database system would be most beneficial when
needing to handle real-time analytics on large-scale distributed data with low-latency query
execution? A) Cassandra B) MongoDB Atlas C) Google BigQuery D) Hadoop HDFS

Which of the following hardware accelerators provides programmable hardware that is ideal
for specialized computation tasks, such as deep learning and encryption, but can be
reconfigured for other tasks? A) TPU B) FPGA C) GPU D) CPU

When implementing a parallel computation system for a web application using GPUs, which
of the following is the primary programming model used for scaling computations on NVIDIA
GPUs?A) OpenCL B) CUDA C) DirectX D) OpenMP
Which web-based middleware system is specifically designed for transferring large datasets
securely between web applications and HPC resources, ensuring efficient collaboration?
A) HTCondor B) Globus C) Slurm D) Apache Kafka

Which front-end technology would you use to visualize large-scale computational data in real-
time from a web application powered by HPC systems, while handling complex 2D and 3D
graphics? A) WebGL B) Dash by Plotly C) D3.js D) React

Which of the following tools would best optimize latency and speed in a global web application
that uses real-time streaming data and needs to minimize delays in data processing and
delivery? A) Azure Stream Analytics B) Google Cloud Pub/Sub C) Amazon Kinesis
D) Microsoft Azure CDN

Which of the following technologies is most commonly used for parallel computing across
distributed systems?
a) OpenMP b) MPI c) CUDA d) Apache Spark

What is the primary function of HTCondor in High-Performance Computing (HPC)

environments?
a) Data storage b) Job scheduling and workload management c) Data transfer
d) GPU acceleration

Which of the following cloud platforms offers support for Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) for
accelerated machine learning workloads?
a) Amazon Web Services (AWS) b) Google Cloud Platform (GCP) c) Microsoft Azure
d) IBM Cloud

Which database is optimized for handling large-scale, real-time analytics in web applications?
a) MongoDB Atlas b) Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) c) Cassandra
d) Google BigQuery