1

BBS INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL & ALLIED SCIENCES

GREATER NOIDA
A
Practice SchoolProject Report on
ROLE OF PHYTOMEDICINE IN THE TREATMENT OF
DIABETES
Submitted for Partial Fulfilment of Award of

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
By
MOHD DILSHAD KHAN
(ROLL NO- 2002950500030)
Under the Guidance of
Assistant Professor Ms. Pratibha Yadav

DR.APJABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW,UTTAR PARDESH
2023-24

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is golden opportunity and pleasure for me to acknowledge that

Assistant Professor Ms. Pratibha Yadav. under whom I have started my
project under a control and knowledgeable guidance.

I want to thank Assistant Professor Ms. Pratibha Yadav, BBS Institute of

Pharmaceutical & Allied Sciences, Greater Noida for her inestimable guidance,
valuable suggestion and constant during the course of his study.

I am thankful to Dr. Naushad Alam (Director), BBS Institute of

Pharmaceutical & Allied Sciences, Greater Noida for their constant moral
support, direction and selfless support throughout the investigation.

I am also grateful to all my faculty members for their guidance during the
project work.

I would like to also thank to my classmate who give moral support &
encouragement to complete my entire study for my project report.

I am indebted infinitely to care, support and trust being shown by my parents

without whom it would not be possible to complete this project.

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CERTIFICATE

The work described in this thesis entitled “ROLE OF PHYTOMEDICINE IN

THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES” has been carried out by

MOHD DILSHAD KHAN under my supervision. I certify that the work

described is original and has not been submitted for any degree to this or any

other university.

Date:

Place: Greater Noida

Submitted to:

Assistant Professor Ms. Pratibha Yadav,

BBS Institute of Pharmaceutical& Allied Sciences, Greater Noida

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DECLARATION

I MOHD DILSHAD KHAN hereby declare that submission of my training

report and that is to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material

previously published or written by any other person nor material which to a

substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or

diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due

acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Name: MOHD DILSHAD KHAN

Roll No: 2002950500030

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TABLE OF CONTENT

S. No. Name of Topic Page No.

1. Abstract 6

2. Introduction 7-9

3. Brief Description 10-18

4. Future prospective 19-22

5. Summary & Conclusion 23-24

6. Bibliography 25-26

7. Reference 27-30

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ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus (DM), both insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) andnon-insulin

dependent DM (NIDDM) is a common and serious metabolic
disorderthroughout the world. Traditional plant treatments have been used
throughout theworld for the therapy of diabetes mellitus. Among many
medications and otheralternative medicines, several herbs have been known to
cure and control diabetes;additionally they have no side effects. The present
paper is an attempt to list of theplants with anti-diabetic and related beneficial
effects originating from differentparts of world. History showed that medicinal
plants have been used in traditionalhealing around the world for a long time to
treat diabetes; this is because such herbalplants have hypoglycemic properties
and other beneficial properties, as reported inscientific literature. The medicinal
plants, besides having natural therapeutic valuesagainst various diseases and
considerable works have been done on these plants totreat diabetes mellitus,
describes that the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants isdue to the presence
of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins andother constituents
which show reduction in blood glucose levels. Some of theseherbal plants and
their active chemical constituents which have a role in themanagement of
diabetes mellitus are compiled here and discussed in this review.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

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Diabetes mellitus is a groupof metabolic diseases characterized by high bloodsugar (glucose)

levels that result from defects ininsulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetesmellitus,
commonly referred to as diabetes (as itwill be in this article) was first identified as adisease
associated with "sweet urine," andexcessive muscle loss in the ancient world.

Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia)lead to spillage of glucose into the urine,
hence theterm sweet urine.Normally, blood glucose levels are tightlycontrolled by insulin, a
hormone produced by thepancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level.When the blood
glucose elevates (for example,after eating food), insulin is released from thepancreas to
normalize the glucose level. In patientswith diabetes, the absence or insufficientproduction of
insulin causes hyperglycemia.Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaningthat although
it can be controlled, it lasts alifetime.

Category of a Fasting Value Post Prandial

person

Minimum Maximum Value Value 2 hours after consuming glucose

Value

Normal 70 -100 Less than 140

Early 101 -126 140 to 200

Diabetes

Established Diabetes More than – 126 More than 200

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CHAPTER 2
BRIEF
DESCRIPTION

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Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar

(glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes
mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a
disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in he ancient world.
Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine,
hence the term sweet urine. Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a
hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood
glucose elevates (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to
normalize the glucose level. In patients with diabetes, the absence or insufficient production
of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning that
although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime.

Phytomedicine, or the use of plant-derived compounds for medicinal purposes, has gained
attention in the treatment of diabetes due to the potential therapeutic properties of certain
plants. Here is a brief description of the role of phytomedicine in the treatment of diabetes:
Blood Glucose Regulation: Some plant compounds have demonstrated the ability to
regulate blood glucose levels. These compounds may act by enhancing insulin sensitivity,
promoting glucose uptake by cells, and inhibiting enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
thus contributing to better glycemic control.

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Insulin Sensitization: Phytomedicine may improve insulin sensitivity, which is often

impaired in conditions like type 2 diabetes. Certain plant-derived compounds can enhance
the effectiveness of insulin, leading to better utilization of glucose by cells and a reduction
in insulin resistance.

Beta-Cell Protection: Diabetes is characterized by dysfunction or loss of insulin-

producing beta cells in the pancreas. Some plant compounds exhibit protective effects on
these cells, helping to preserve their function and potentially preventing the progression of
the disease.

Antioxidant Properties: Oxidative stress and inflammation play roles in diabetes and its
complications. Many plants contain antioxidants that can neutralize free radicals and
reduce oxidative damage, thereby mitigating the impact of these processes on insulin
signaling and overall health.

Complication Prevention: Phytomedicine may contribute to the prevention of diabetes-

related complications such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and nephropathy.
Certain plant compounds have shown potential in protecting vital organs and tissues from
the harmful effects of chronic hyperglycemia.

Natural Alternative or Adjunctive Therapy: Some individuals seek natural alternatives

or complementary therapies to manage diabetes, either alongside conventional
medications or as standalone treatments. Phytomedicine offers a potential avenue for those
looking for alternative or adjunctive approaches to diabetes management.

Dietary Supplements: Plant-based supplements, such as herbal extracts and botanical

formulations, are commonly used in traditional medicine systems. These supplements may
contain bioactive compounds that exert beneficial effects on various aspects of diabetes
management.

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Research and Development: Ongoing research is exploring the identification of novel

plant compounds and formulations with anti-diabetic properties. This includes
investigating the mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and potential synergies with
existing diabetes medications.
While phytomedicine holds promise in the treatment of diabetes, it's important to approach
its use with caution. Patients should consult healthcare professionals before incorporating
plant-based therapies into their diabetes management plan, especially if they are already
taking prescribed medications. Additionally, rigorous scientific research and clinical trials
are essential to establish the efficacy and safety of specific phytomedicinal interventions
for diabetes.

Causes of Diabetes
Insufficient production of insulin (either absolutely or relative to the body's needs),
production of defective insulin (which is uncommon), or the inability of cells to use
insulin properly and efficiently leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes. This latter condition
affects mostly the cells of muscle and fat tissues, and results in a condition known as
"insulin resistance." This is the primary problem in type 2 diabetes.
The absolute lack of insulin, usually secondary to a destructive process affecting the
insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas, is the main disorder in type 1diabetes. In type
2 diabetes, there also is a steady decline of beta cells that adds to the process of elevated
blood sugars. Essentially, if someone is resistant to insulin, the body can, to some degree,
increase production of insulin and overcome the level of resistance. After time, if
production decreases and insulin cannot be released as vigorously, hyperglycemia
develops.
Glucose is a simple sugar found in food. Glucose is an essential nutrient that provides
energy for the proper functioning of the body cells. Carbohydrates are broken down in the
small intestine and the glucose in digested food is then absorbed by theintestinal cells into
the bloodstream, and is carried by the bloodstream to all the cells in the body where it is
utilized. However, glucose cannot enter the cells alone and needs insulin to aid in its
transport into the cells. Without insulin, the cells become starved of glucose energy
despite the presence of abundant glucose in the blood stream. In certain types of diabetes,
the cells' inability to utilize glucose gives rise to the ironic situation of "starvation in the
midst of plenty". The abundant, unutilized glucose is wastefully excreted in the

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urine.Insulin is a hormone that is produced by specialized cells (beta cells) of the pancreas.
(The pancreas is a deep-seated organ in the abdomen located behind the stomach.) In
addition to helping glucose enter the cells, insulin is also important in tightly regulating
the level of glucose in the blood. After a meal, the blood glucose level rises.
In response to the increased glucose level, the pancreas normally releases more insulin
into the bloodstream to help glucose enter the cells and lower blood glucose levels after a
meal. When the blood glucose levels are lowered, the insulin release from the pancreas is
turned down. It is important to note that even in the fasting state there is a low steady
release of insulin than fluctuates a bit and helps to maintain a steady blood sugar level
during fasting. In normal individuals, such a regulatory system helps to keep blood
glucose levels in a tightly controlled range. As outlined above, in patients with diabetes,
the insulin is either absent, relatively insufficient for the body's needs, or not used properly
by the body.All of these factors cause elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia).

Herbal Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

1. BITTER MELON

Biological source: It is obtained from edible fruit of Momordica charantia, belonging to

the family Cucurbitaceae.

Chemical constituents:
The plant contains several biologically active compounds-
 Chiefly momordicin I &momordicin II, cucurbitacin B
 Glycosides (momordin, charantin, charantosides, goyaglycosides)
 Terpenoid compounds- momordicinin, momordicilin, momordol
 Cytotoxic (ribosome inactivating) proteins such as momorcharin&momordin.

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Uses: Bitter melon is used as anti-diabetic. It contains lectin that has insulin like activity
due toits non- protein specific linking together to insulin receptors. This lectin lowers
blood glucose level by acting on peripheral tissues. Lectin is a major contributor to
hypoglycemic effect.
Scientific work done- Triterpenoids Isolated from Bitter Melon has showed antidiabetic
activity.

2. FIERY COSTUS

Biological Source: It is obtained from the leaves of the plant Costusigneus, belonging to
the family Costaceae.

Chemical Constituents:
The main chemical constituents are Beta-carotene, deoxyribose, phenol, flavonoids, and
insulin precursors.

Uses: The leaves of insulin plant reduced the fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels,
bringing them down towards normal. Reduction in the fasting and the postprandial blood
sugar levels with leaves of insulin plant was comparable with that obtained with
Glibenclamide 500 µg/kg at 250 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day of powdered leaves of the
insulin plant.
The hypoglycemic action can be due to release of insulin, insulin-sensitizing action or a
combination of both. Hence further studies need to be undertaken to determine the
mechanism of action by measurement of either insulin or 'C' peptide level.

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Scientific work done: Costusigneus has showed effect on hyperglycemia.7

Dosage Forms: It is used as oral hypoglycemic agent, or as i.v. injection.
Dose: Tablet- 1 tablet/ day.

3. DANDELION

Biological Source :It is obtained from the leaves of Taraxacum officinale, belonging to
the family Asteraceae.

Chemical Constituents:
 Sesquiterpene lactones (bitters): taraxinic acid (taraxacin), tetrahydroridentin B
 Triterpenoids and sterols: taraxasterol, taraxerol, cycloartenol, beta-
sitosterol
 Other: Vitamin A, Vitamin C, tannins, alkaloids, pectin, inulin, starch, potassium, beta
carotene, caffeic acid, flavonoids (apigenin)8

Uses: It is a good antidiabetic drug. It can lower the blood glucose level .Tests on diabetic
mice show that dandelion extract may help regulate blood sugar and keep cholesterol in
check.9 Scientific work done:
Dandelion has showed antihyperglycemic effect.

4. FRENCH LILAC

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Biological Source: It consists of the aerial parts of the plant, flowers, leaf, stem, seeds of
the plant Galega officinalis, belonging to the family Fabaceae.

Chemical Constituents:
 Oleanane &ursane type triterpinoids like sophoradiol, soyasapogenol b, & 9-sitosterol,
Sophorediol, galactogil, galegine, peganine, hydroxygalegine, vasicinone, alkaloids like
lutein,pentahydroxyflavone 5 glucoside, luteoline, galuteoline, luteoline 5
glucosides,flavonoids, saponines etc.11

Uses: It has been known since the Middle Ages for relieving the symptoms of diabetes
mellitus.

And many more like GULVEL, TURMERIC, GURMAR, BAEL, FENUGREEK,

AMLA, INDIAN KINO TREE, NAYANTARA, CINNAMON, NEEM,
SAPTARANGI, ONION, GARLIC, etc are used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

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CHAPTER 3
FUTURE
PROSPECTIVE

FUTURE PROSPECTIVE

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Phytomedicine, which involves the use of plant extracts and natural products for medicinal
purposes, has been an area of growing interest in the treatment of various health conditions,
including diabetes. However, it's important to note that advancements in research and
medical knowledge may have occurred since then. Here are some potential future prospects
for the role of phytomedicine in the treatment of diabetes:

1. Anti-diabetic Properties: Many plant-derived compounds have shown promising

anti-diabetic properties. These compounds may help regulate blood glucose levels, improve
insulin sensitivity, and reduce complications associated with diabetes.

2. Natural Antioxidants: Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development

and progression of diabetes and its complications. Some plant compounds possess strong
antioxidant properties, which may help counteract oxidative stress and inflammation
associated with diabetes.

3. Beta-Cell Protection and Regeneration: Diabetes often involves dysfunction or

loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Research is ongoing to identify plant
compounds that can protect these cells from damage or stimulate their regeneration,
potentially restoring proper insulin production.

4. Improving Insulin Sensitivity: Certain plant compounds may enhance insulin

sensitivity, making cells more responsive to insulin's actions. This could be beneficial for
individuals with insulin resistance, a common feature of type 2 diabetes.

5. Reducing Diabetes-Related Complications: Phytomedicine may contribute to

reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications, such as cardiovascular disease,
neuropathy, and nephropathy. Some plant compounds have shown potential in protecting
organs and tissues from the damaging effects of diabetes.

6. Combination Therapies: Future research may explore the integration of

phytomedicine with conventional diabetes medications to enhance overall treatment

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effectiveness. Combining plant-derived compounds with existing medications could

potentially lead to better glycemic control and fewer side effects.

7. Personalized Medicine Approaches: Advances in understanding individual

variations in response to treatment may lead to personalized approaches in phytomedicine for
diabetes. Tailoring treatments based on a person's genetic makeup, lifestyle, and specific
health conditions could optimize therapeutic outcomes.

8. Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Medicine: Ongoing and future clinical trials
will provide more robust evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of phytomedicine in
diabetes treatment. As more research is conducted, the integration of plant-based therapies
into mainstream medical practices may become more common.
It's crucial to stay updated with the latest scientific literature and consult healthcare
professionals for the most recent information on the role of phytomedicine in the treatment of
diabetes. Always remember that while plant-based therapies may offer potential benefits,
they should be used under the guidance of qualified healthcare providers, especially for
individuals with diabetes who are already on prescribed medications.

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CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSION

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder that affects nearly 100 million people
worldwide. India, also known as the diabetes capital of the world has witnessed an alarming
increase in the number of diabetics over the past decade. Advancement in modern medicine
has resulted in the development of several pharmaceutical drugs such as biguanides,

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thiazolidinediones, biguanides, and insulin. Even though these drugs show hypoglycemic
activities, they are often associated with several complications such as nephrological
disorders, fatigue, upset stomach, diarrhea, etc. All these reasons have stimulated the rework
on herbal medicine to fine suitable alternatives that will have lesser side effects and improved
therapeutic effects. The present review has summarized the list of medicinal plants of Asian
countries that are known to possess anti-diabetic properties. These plants are traditionally
used by various tribal people for the treatment of several ailments. Pharmacological studies
have reported their hypoglycemic, anti-hyperglycemic, insulin mimicking, anti-lipidemic
properties and hence when administered in proper dosages can be beneficial for ameliorating
the various complications associated with diabetes mellitus. This review provides the scope
for the readers to further explore the active constituents of anti-diabetic plants and its possible
mechanisms for future research.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I am MOHD DILSHAD KHAN ; a student of B. PHARM 4th Year. I have

done this project with the help of my parents, subject teacher, and friends.

I used:-

• MS Word
• Internet Explorer
• Sites

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• Websites like Google, Google scholar, Chrome, Wikipedia

• YouTube

For finalizing this project.

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