PROJECT ON TIC-TAC-TOE GAME

INTRODUCTION

Tic-tac-toe (American English), noughts and crosses (British English), or Xs

and Os is a paper-and-pencil game for two players, X and O, who take turns marking

the spaces in a 3×3 grid. The player who succeeds in placing three of their marks in a

horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row wins the game.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to let the students apply the programming

knowledge into a real- world situation/problem and exposed the students how

programming skills helps in developing a good software.

1. Write programs utilizing modern software tools.

2. Apply object oriented programming principles effectively when developing

small to medium sized projects.

3. Write effective procedural code to solve small to medium sized problems.

4. Students will demonstrate a breadth of knowledge in computer science, as

exemplified in the areas of systems, theory and software development.

5. Students will demonstrate ability to conduct a research or applied Computer

Science project, requiring writing and presentation skills which exemplify

scholarly style in computer science.

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PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be really

wants to stand against today’s merciless competition where not to wise saying “to

err is human” no longer valid, it’s outdated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep

pace with time, to bring about the best result without malfunctioning and greater

efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of flies with a much sophisticated hard

disk of the computer.

One has to use the data management software. Software has been an ascent

in atomization various organisations. Many software products working are now in

markets, which have helped in making the organizations work easier and efficiently.

Data management initially had to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work

has to be done but now software product on this organization has made their work

faster and easier. Now only this software has to be loaded on the computer and work

can be done.

This prevents a lot of time and money. The work becomes fully automated

and any information regarding the organization can be obtained by clicking the

button. Moreover, now it’s an age of computers of and automating such an

organization gives the better look.

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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that

divides complex projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or phases.
Segmenting projects allows managers to verify the successful completion of project
phases before allocating resources to subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning, design,
development, testing, implementation, and maintenance phases. However, the
phases may be divided differently depending on the organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as request,
requirements-definition, and planning phases, or initiation, concept-development,
and planning phases. End users of the system under development should be
involved in reviewing the output of each phase to ensure the system is being built to
deliver the needed functionality.

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PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INITIATION PHASE

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an

opportunity.

The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of

the organization or a deficiency related to a business need.
Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy
the need including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in
the business process offer a solution?
Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor
designates a Project Manager and the business need is documented in a
Concept Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes information about the
business process andthe relationship to the Agency/Organization.
Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results
in a Project Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project
manager to begin
the project.

Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic business

objectives and resources are effectively implemented into an organization's
enterprise architecture. The initiation phase begins when an opportunity to add,
improve, or correct a system is identified and formally requested through the
presentation of a business case. The business case should, at a minimum, describe
a proposal’s purpose, identify expected benefits, and explain how the proposed
system supports one of the organization’s business strategies. The business case
should also identify alternative solutions and detail as many informational, functional,
and network requirements as possible.

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SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or

opportunity is validated by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership and the
Agency/Organization CIO.

The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

Identify system interfaces.
Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical success
factors, and performance measures.
Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic
functional requirements
Assess project risks
Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, andDevelop high-level technical
architecture, process models, data models, and a concept of operations. This
phase explores potential technical solutions within the context of the business
need.
It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to use COTS
software products as opposed to developing custom software or reusing
software components, or the decision to use an incremental delivery versus a
complete, onetime deployment.
Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate technology
to support the business process. The System Boundary Document serves as
an important reference document to support the Information Technology
Project Request (ITPR) process.
The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can move
forward.

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PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:

PLANNING PHASE

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development,

acquisition, and maintenance projects. Careful planning, particularly in the early
stages of a project, is necessary to coordinate activities and manage project risks
effectively. The depth and formality of project plans should be commensurate with
the characteristics and risks of a given project. Project plans refine the information
gathered during the initiation phase by further identifying the specific activities and
resources required to complete a project.
A critical part of a project manager’ sjob is to coordinate discussions between
user, audit, security, design, development, and network personnel to identify and
document as many functional, security, and network requirements as possible.
During this phase, a plan is developed that documents the approach to be used and
includes a discussion of methods, tools, tasks, resources, project schedules, and
user input. Personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates are
established.
A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition
planning, configuration management planning, quality assurance planning, concept

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of operations, system security, verification and validation, and systems engineering
management planning.

REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PHASE

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using
high-level requirements identified in the Initiation, System Concept, and Planning
phases. It also delineates the requirements in terms of data, system performance,
security, and maintainability requirements for the system. The requirements are
defined in this phase to alevel of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. They
need to be measurable, testable, and relate to the business need or opportunity
identified in the Initiation Phase. The requirements that will be used to determine
acceptance of the system are captured in the Test and Evaluation MasterPlan.

The purposes of this phase are to:

Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document
them in the Requirements Document,
Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported
(i.e., verify what information drives the business process, what information is
generated, who generates it, where does the information go, and who
processes it),
Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs, outputs, and the
process.
Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine
acceptable system performance.

DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional, and

network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified
design specifications that developers use to scriptprograms during the development
phase. Program designs are c onstructed in various ways. Using a top-down
approach, designers first identify and link majorprogram components and interfaces,
then expand design layouts as they identify and link smaller subsystems and

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connections. Using a bottom-up approach, designers first identify and link minor
program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify
and link larger systems and connections. Contemporary design techniques often use
prototyping tools that build mock-up designs of items such as application screens,
database layouts, and system architectures. End users, designers, developers,
database managers, and network administrators should review and refine the
prototyped designs in an iterative process until they agree on an acceptable design.
Audit, security, and quality assurance personnel should be involved in the review
and approval process. During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy the
functional requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the
design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software
development, a variety of elements are considered in the design to mitigate risk.
These include:

Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

Performing a security risk assessment.
Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
Determining the operating environment.
Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
Allocating processes to resources.
Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module. The result is
a draft System Design Document which captures the preliminary design for
the system.
Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and reviewed by
the user. Once these documents have been approved by the Agency CIO and
Business Sponsor, the final System Design Document is created to serve as
the Critical/Detailed Design for the system.
This document receives a rigorous review byAgency technical and functional
representatives to ensure that it satisfies the business requirements.
Concurrent with the development of the system design, the Agency Project
Manager begins development of the Implementation Plan, Operations and
Maintenance Manual, and the Training Plan.

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DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The development phase involves converting design specifications into

executable programs. Effective development standards include requirements that
programmers and other project participants discuss design specifications before
programming begins. The procedures help ensure programmers clearly
understand program designs and functional requirements. Programmers use
various techniques to develop computer programs. The large transaction oriented
programs associated with financial institutions have traditionally been developed
using procedural programming techniques. Procedural programming involves the
line-by-line scripting of logical instructions that are combined to form a program.
Effective completion of the previous stages is a key factor in the success of the
Development phase. The Development phase consists of:

Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.

Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is

conducted during the integration and test phase. The user, with those
responsible for quality assurance, validates that the functional requirements,
as defined in the functional requirements document, are satisfied by the
developed or modified system. OIT Security staff assess the system security
and issue a security certification and accreditation prior to
installation/implementation.

Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:

Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported

by end users

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 Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract
personnel

Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions.

Requirements are traced throughout testing,a final Independent Verification &
Validation evaluation is performed and all documentation is reviewedand
accepted prior to acceptance of the system.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the
user. In this phase, the system is installed to support the intended business
functions. System performance is compared to performance objectives established
during the planning phase. Implementation includes user notification, user training,
installation of hardware, installation of software onto production computers, and
integration of the system into daily work processes. This phase continues until the
system is operating in production in accordance with the defined userrequirements.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is ongoing. The system is monitored for continued

performance in accordance with user requirements and needed system
modifications are incorporated. Operations continue as long as the system can be
effectively adapted to respond to the organization’s needs. When modifications or
changes are identified, the system may reenter the planning phase.

The purpose of this phase is to:

Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional
requirements continue to be satisfied.
Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.

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FLOW CHART

15
 SOURCE CODE

Create a Python project of TIC-TAC-TOE GAME

import random

square_values = ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]

number_of_turns = 0

no_wins = True

print("Lets play Tic-Tac-Toe!")

player_1_pick = ""

player_2_pick = ""

player_1 = input("Enter a name for player 1 and press enter, leave blank to

leave as Player 1: ")

player_2 = input("Enter a name for player 2 and press enter, leave blank to

leave as Player 2: ")

#sets the players name

if (player_1 == "" or player_2 == ""):

if (player_1 == ""):

player_1 = "Player 1"

if (player_2 == ""):

player_2 = "Player 2"

else:

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 pass

#assigns X or O to players

if (random.randint(1,2) == 1):

player_1_pick = input(player_1 + ", choose X or O: ").upper()

if (player_1_pick == "X"):

player_2_pick = "O"

else:

player_2_pick = "X"

else:

player_2_pick = input(player_2 + ", choose X or O: ").upper()

if (player_2_pick == "X"):

player_1_pick = "O"

else:

player_1_pick = "X"

#makes a move

def make_a_move(player, player_pick):

print("""

| |

{} | {} | {}

_____|_____|_____

| |

{} | {} | {}

_____|_____|_____

| |

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 {} | {} | {}

| |

""" .format(square_values[0], square_values[1], square_values[2],

square_values[3], square_values[4], square_values[5], square_values[6],

square_values[7], square_values[8]))

status = True

while (status == True):

choice = input(player + " pick a square(" + player_pick + "): ")

try:

int(choice)

if (1 <= int(choice) <= 9):

if (square_values[int(choice)-1] != "X" and square_values[int(choice)-1] !=

"O"):

square_values.remove(choice)

square_values.insert(int(choice)-1, player_pick)

status = False

else:

print("Square already taken, select another square.")

else:

print("Input not an option, choose again.")

except ValueError:

print("Input not an option, choose again.")

status_main = True

def check_for_a_win(value1, value2, value3):

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 global status_main

global no_wins

if (square_values[value1] == "X" and square_values[value2] == "X" and

square_values[value3] == "X"):

status_main = False

no_wins = False

if(player_1_pick == "X"):

print("Player 1 won!")

else:

print("Player 2 won!")

elif (square_values[value1] == "O" and square_values[value2] == "O" and

square_values[value3] == "O"):

status_main = False

no_wins = False

if(player_1_pick == "O"):

print("Player 1 won!")

else:

print("Player 2 won!")

else:

pass

def func_1(player, pick):

global number_of_turns

global status_main

if (no_wins == True):

number_of_turns = number_of_turns + 1

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 make_a_move(player, pick)

check_for_a_win(0, 1, 2)

check_for_a_win(3, 4, 5)

check_for_a_win(6, 7, 8)

check_for_a_win(0, 3, 6)

check_for_a_win(1, 4, 7)

check_for_a_win(2, 5, 8)

check_for_a_win(0, 4, 8)

check_for_a_win(2, 4, 6)

if (number_of_turns == 9 and status_main == True):

print("It's a tie :(")

status_main = False

while (status_main == True):

func_1(player_1, player_1_pick)

func_1(player_2, player_2_pick) import random

square_values = ["1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9"]

number_of_turns = 0

no_wins = True

print("Lets play Tic-Tac-Toe!")

player_1_pick = ""

player_2_pick = ""

player_1 = input("Enter a name for player 1 and press enter, leave blank to

leave as Player 1: ")

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player_2 = input("Enter a name for player 2 and press enter, leave blank to

leave as Player 2: ")

#sets the players name

if (player_1 == "" or player_2 == ""):

if (player_1 == ""):

player_1 = "Player 1"

if (player_2 == ""):

player_2 = "Player 2"

else:

pass

#assigns X or O to players

if (random.randint(1,2) == 1):

player_1_pick = input(player_1 + ", choose X or O: ").upper()

if (player_1_pick == "X"):

player_2_pick = "O"

else:

player_2_pick = "X"

else:

player_2_pick = input(player_2 + ", choose X or O: ").upper()

if (player_2_pick == "X"):

player_1_pick = "O"

else:

player_1_pick = "X"

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#makes a move

def make_a_move(player, player_pick):

print("""

| |

{} | {} | {}

_____|_____|_____

| |

{} | {} | {}

_____|_____|_____

| |

{} | {} | {}

| |

""" .format(square_values[0], square_values[1], square_values[2],

square_values[3], square_values[4], square_values[5], square_values[6],

square_values[7], square_values[8]))

status = True

while (status == True):

choice = input(player + " pick a square(" + player_pick + "): ")

try:

int(choice)

if (1 <= int(choice) <= 9):

if (square_values[int(choice)-1] != "X" and square_values[int(choice)-1] !=

"O"):

square_values.remove(choice)

square_values.insert(int(choice)-1, player_pick)

22
 status = False

else:

print("Square already taken, select another square.")

else:

print("Input not an option, choose again.")

except ValueError:

print("Input not an option, choose again.")

status_main = True

def check_for_a_win(value1, value2, value3):

global status_main

global no_wins

if (square_values[value1] == "X" and square_values[value2] == "X" and

square_values[value3] == "X"):

status_main = False

no_wins = False

if(player_1_pick == "X"):

print("Player 1 won!")

else:

print("Player 2 won!")

elif (square_values[value1] == "O" and square_values[value2] == "O" and

square_values[value3] == "O"):

status_main = False

no_wins = False

if(player_1_pick == "O"):

print("Player 1 won!")

23
 else:

print("Player 2 won!")

else:

pass

def func_1(player, pick):

global number_of_turns

global status_main

if (no_wins == True):

number_of_turns = number_of_turns + 1

make_a_move(player, pick)

check_for_a_win(0, 1, 2)

check_for_a_win(3, 4, 5)

check_for_a_win(6, 7, 8)

check_for_a_win(0, 3, 6)

check_for_a_win(1, 4, 7)

check_for_a_win(2, 5, 8)

check_for_a_win(0, 4, 8)

check_for_a_win(2, 4, 6)

if (number_of_turns == 9 and status_main == True):

print("It's a tie :(")

status_main = False

while (status_main == True):

func_1(player_1, player_1_pick)

func_1(player_2, player_2_pick)

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OUTPUT

25
 TESTING

Software Testing is an empirical investigation conducted to provide

stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test[1]
, with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. Software Testing also
provides an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to
appreciate and understand the risks at implementation of the software. Test
techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or
application with the intent of finding software bugs.
It can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software
program/application/product meets the business and technical requirements that
guided its design and development, so that it works as expected and can be
implemented with the same characteristics. Software Testing, depending on the
testing method employed, can be implemented at any time in the development
process, however the most test effort is employed after the requirements have been
defined and coding process has been completed.

TESTING METHODS
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into black box testing and
white box testing. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that
a test engineer takes when designing test cases.

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black box testing treats the software as a "black box," without any knowledge
of internal implementation. Black box testing methods include: equivalence
partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz testing, model-based
testing, traceability matrix, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

SPECIFICATION-BASED TESTING

Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according

to the applicable requirements.[16] Thus, the tester inputs data into, and only sees

26
the output from, the test object. This level of testing usually requires thorough test
cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input,
the output value (or behaviour), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value
specified in the test case. Specification-based testing is necessary, but it is
insufficient to guard against certain risks

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The black box tester has no "bonds" with the code, and a tester's perception
is very simple: a code must have bugs. Using the principle, "Ask and you shall
receive," black box testers find bugs where programmers don't. But, on the other
hand, black box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a
flashlight," because the tester doesn't know how the software being tested was
actually constructed.
That's why there are situations when (1) a black box tester writes many test
cases to check something that can be tested by only one test case, and/or (2) some
parts of the back end are not tested at all. Therefore, black box testing has the
advantage of "an unaffiliated opinion," on the one hand, and the disadvantage of
"blind exploring," on the other.

WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing, by contrast to black box testing, is when the tester has
access to the internal data structures and algorithms (and the code that implement
these)

Types of white box testing:-

The following types of white box testing exist:
api testing - Testing of the application using Public and Private APIs.
Code coverage - creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code
coverage.
For example, the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the
program to be executed at least once.
fault injection methods.

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 mutation testing methods.
static testing - White box testing includes all static testing.

CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION

White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the completeness of
a test suite that was created with black box testing methods. This allows the software
team to examine parts of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most
important function points have been tested.

Two common forms of code coverage are:

Function Coverage: Which reports on functions executed and
Statement Coverage: Which reports on the number of lines executed
to complete the test.
They both return coverage metric, measured as a percentage

28
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

I.OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 7 AND ABOVE

II. PROCESSOR : PENTIUM(ANY) OR AMD

ATHALON(3800+- 4200+ DUAL CORE)

III. MOTHERBOARD : 1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM 0R MSI

K9MM-V VIA K8M800+8237R PLUS

CHIPSET FOR AMD ATHALON

IV. RAM : 512MB+

V. Hard disk : SATA 40 GB OR ABOVE

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo: (If back up required)

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB : (If Backup required)

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Key board and mouse

X. Printer : (if print is required – [Hard copy])

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

I. Windows OS
II. Python

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Computer science With Python - Class XI By : Sumita Arora

2. A Project Report On Blood Bank Management System (BBMS)
By : Praveen M Jigajinni
3. Website: https://www.w3resource.com
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)

***

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