Internet Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules. A letter sent through the postal system also
uses protocols. Part of the protocol specifies where on the envelope the
delivery address needs to be written. If the delivery address is written in the
wrong place, the letter cannot be delivered. Internet protocol works in a
similar way. Internet protocols are sets of rules governing communication
within and between computers on a network. Protocol specifications define
the format of the messages to be exchanged.
Timing is crucial to network operation. Protocols require messages to
arrive within a certain amount of time so that computers do not wait
indefinitely for messages that may have been lost. Therefore, systems
maintain one or more times during transmission of data. Protocols also initiate
alternative actions if the network does not meet the timing rules. Many
protocols consist of a suite of other protocols that are stacked in layers.
These layers depend on the operation of the other layers in the suite to
function properly.

The main functions of protocols are:

Identifying errors
Compressing the data
Deciding how the data should be sent
Addressing the data
Deciding how to announce sent and received data

To understand how networks and the Internet work, you must be

familiar with the commonly used protocols. These protocols are used to
browse the web, send and receive e-mail, and transfer data files. You will
encounter other protocols as your experience in IT grows, but they are not
used as often as the common protocols described here:
TCP/IP: The Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
suite of protocols has become the dominant standard for
internetworking. TCP/IP represents a set of public standards that
specify how packets of information are exchanged between computers
over one or more networks.
IPX/SPX: Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange

network operating system, NetWare. It delivers functions similar to

those included in TCP/IP. Novell in its current releases supports the
TCP/IP suite. A large installed base of NetWare networks continues to
use IPX/SPX.
NetBEUI: NetBIOS Extended User Interface is a protocol used
primarily on small Windows NT networks. NetBEUI cannot be routed or
used by routers to talk to each other on a large network. NetBEUI is
suitable for small peer-to-peer networks, involving a few computers
directly connected to each other. It can be used in conjunction with
another routable protocol such as TCP/IP. This gives the network
administrator the advantages of the high performance of NetBEUI
within the local network and the ability to communicate beyond the
LAN over TCP/IP.

Figure 50. Commonly Used Internet Protocol

 AppleTalk: AppleTalk is a protocol suite used to network Macintosh
computers. It is composed of a comprehensive set of protocols that
span the seven layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model. The AppleTalk protocol was designed to run over
LocalTalk, which is the Apple LAN physical topology. This protocol is
also designed to run over major LAN types, notably Ethernet and
Token Ring.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol governs how files such as text,
graphics, sound, and video are exchanged on the World Wide Web
(WWW). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed the
standards for HTTP.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol provides services for file transfer and
manipulation. FTP allows multiple simultaneous connections to remote
file systems.
SSH: Secure Shell is used to securely connect to a remote computer.
Telnet: It is an application used to connect to a remote computer that
lacks security features.
POP3: Post Office Protocol is used to download e-mail from a remote
mail server.
IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol is also used to download
e-mail from a remote mail server.
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to send e-mail to a
remote e-mail server.
The more you understand about each of these protocols, the more you
will understand how networks and the Internet work.

IP Addressing
An IP address is a number that is used to identify a device on the
network. Each device on a network must have a unique IP address to
communicate with other network devices. Network devices are those that
move data across the network, including hubs, switches, and routers. On a
LAN, each host (device that sends or receives information on the network)
and network device must have an IP address within the same network to be
able to communicate with each other.

ical aspect
mailing address, on the other hand, relates to where the person lives or picks
up mail. This address can change. On a host, the Media Access Control
(MAC) address is assigned to the host Network Interface Card (NIC) and is Click Save Settings.
known as the physical address. The physical address remains the same
regardless of where the host is placed on the network in the same way that
fingerprints remain with someone regardless of where he or she goes.
An IP address consists of a series of 32 binary bits (1s and 0s). It is
very difficult for humans to read a binary IP address. For this reason, the 32
bits are grouped into four 8-bit bytes called octets. An IP address, even in this
grouped format, is hard for humans to read, write, and remember. Therefore,
each octet is presented as its decimal value, separated by a decimal point or
period. This format is called dotted-decimal notation. When a host is
configured with an IP address, it is entered as a dotted-decimal number, such
as 192.168.1.5.

Imagine if you had to enter the 32-bit binary equivalent of this:

11000000101010000000000100000101. If you mistyped just 1 bit, the
address would be different, and the host may not be able to communicate
on the network. The logical 32-bit IP address is hierarchical and is
composed of two parts. The first part identifies the network, and the
second part identifies a host on that network. Both parts are required in an
IP address. For example, if a host has an IP address of 192.168.18.57,
the first three octets, 192.168.18, identify the network portion of the
address, and the last octet, 57, identifies the host. This is called Figure 67. Settings are Successful Window
hierarchical addressing, because the network portion indicates the
Click Continue, and then close the browser window.
network on which each unique host address is located. Routers only need
to know how to reach each network, not the location of each individual
host. Step 4

Unplug the Ethernet patch cable from the rear of the computer.
Table 6. Five Classes of IP Address Choose Start, and then right-click My Network Places. Choose
Properties.
IP Classes Purpose Double-click the wireless adapter, and then select View Wireless
Class A Used for large networks, implemented by large companies and Networks.
some countries Choose CHS, and then click the Connect button.
Class B Used for medium-sized networks, implemented by universities Open Internet Explorer, and then connect to the wireless router.
Class C Used for small networks, implemented by ISPs for customer Log in to the wireless router.
subscriptions Close Internet Explorer.
Class D Used for special use for multicasting
Class E Used for experimental testing
 Subnet Mask
The subnet mask indicates the network portion of an IP address. Like
the IP address, the subnet mask is a dotted-decimal number. Usually all hosts
within a LAN use the same subnet mask. Table 3 shows default subnet
masks for usable IP addresses that are mapped to the first three classes of IP
addresses:
255.0.0.0: Class A, which indicates that the first octet of the IP address
is the network portion
255.255.0.0: Class B, which indicates that the first two octets of the IP
address are the network portion
255.255.255.0: Class C, which indicates that the first three octets of
the IP address are the network portion

Figure 66. Connect to 192.168.1.1 Window Table 7. Default Subnet Masks for Usable IP Addresses

Class A Network Host

The Setup screen appears.
Octet 1 2 3 4
Step 4
Class B Network Host
-down box. Octet 1 2 3 4

Class C Network Host

Octet 1 2 3 4

Class D addresses are used for multicast groups. There is no need to

allocate octet or bits to separate network and host addresses. Class E
addresses are reserved for research use only.

IpConfig

Ipconfig is a command used to find out the IP address of a certain

network you are connected to.

How to use the ipconfig command?

1) Click on Start Button, then type cmd (command prompt) on the
search box.
Figure 67. Wireless Tab Window 2) A black screen will appear as shown in the figure below.

CHS
assigned by your instructor.
 Task 2
Configure Wireless Router
Directions: Configure and test the wireless settings on the
LinksysWRT300N.

Recommended Equipment
A computer with Windows XP Professional / Windows 7
A Wireless NIC installed
An Ethernet NIC installed
Linksys WRT300N Wireless Router
Ethernet patch cable
Step 1

Connect the computer to one of the Ethernet ports on the wireless router
with an Ethernet patch cable.
Plug in the power of the wireless router. Boot the computer and log in as
Figure 51. Command Prompt Window an administrator.
Step 2

3) Type ipconfig and press enter. The figure below shows the IP Choose start > Run Return key.
configuration window using the ipconfig command. The information Type ipconfig.
from this window will be useful because it shows the IP address, What is the default gateway for the computer?
subnet mask and default gateway of a network you are connected Step 3
to.
Open your browser
press Return.

Figure 65. Browser Window

Figure 52. IP Configuration in CMD Window

 Assigning a static IP Address
In a home network with several computers and devices, it is ideal to
assign each of them a specific address. This is for the purpose of avoiding
problems when you do troubleshooting which requires figuring out the IP
address of each of them. It is also a means to prevent address conflicts
between the devices. You can also manage them with ease if you have
assigned their own addresses.
Here are the procedures in assigning an IP Address on a windows
base computer system:
1.
2. Open the icon representing your computer connection.
3. Click the Properties button in the Status dialog box.
4. From the list of items, choose Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

Figure 64. ipconfig all window

Activity Questions:
1.

2. What is the IP address of the DHCP server?

3. On what date was the Lease obtained?
4. On what date will the Lease expire?

Figure 53. Wireless Network Connections Properties Dialog Box

5. Click the Properties button. The Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

dialog box appears.
 Figure 54. TCP / IPV4 Dialog Box Figure 62. Local Area Connection Properties Window

Type the IP address for your computer. Enter the appropriate IP Click OK.
Address in the IP address section. Restart your computer.
7. Type a subnet mask. The value used on a local network is Step 4
commonly 255.255.255.0, but it can be different, such as Log on to Windows as an administrator.
255.255.255.127. Check the lights at the back of the NIC. These lights will blink when
8. Type the default gateway address. The default gateway is the router, there is network activity.
Figure 54 shows an example of assigning Choose Start > Run.
an IP Address, Subnet mask and default gateway. Type cmd and click OK.

Figure 63. Run Window

Type ipconfig/all, and then press the Enter key.

Figure 55. Assigning an IP Address

 9. Type the address for the preferred DNS server. The address should be
obtained from your Internet Service Protocol. It is used to help your
computer find web pages and other addresses on the internet.
10. Type the address for the alternate DNS server.
The alternate Domain Name System (DNS)
something that your ISP provides.
11. Click OK to confirm the settings.
12. Close all other open dialog boxes and windows.

Assigning a Dynamic IP Address

If more than a few computers comprise the LAN, manually configuring
IP addresses for every host on the network can be time-consuming and prone
to errors. In this case, using a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
server would automatically assign IP addresses and greatly simplify the
addressing process.

Figure 61. Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties

Activity Question:
3. What is the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway

Answers may vary. If the computer is configured to obtain an IP

address automatically, there will be no information in the fields.

Click the Obtain an IP address automatically radio button.

Click OK

Figure 56. Assigning a Dynamic IP Address

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a software utility

used to dynamically assign IP addresses to network devices. This dynamic
process eliminates the need to manually assign IP addresses. A DHCP
server can be set up and the hosts can be configured to automatically obtain
an IP address. When a computer is set to obtain an IP address automatically, Step 2
the other entire IP addressing configuration boxes are dimmed or disabled. Right-click Local Area Connection, and then choose Properties.
The server maintains a list of IP addresses to assign, and it manages the
process so that every device on the network receives a unique IP address.
Each address is held for a predetermined amount of time. When the time
expires, the DHCP server can use this address for any computer that joins
the network.

These are the IP address information that a DHCP server can assign to
hosts:
IP address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
Optional values, such as a Domain Name System (DNS) server
address

The DHCP server receives a request from a host. The server then
selects IP address information from a set of predefined addresses that are Figure 60. Local Area Connection Properties
stored in a database. After the IP address information is selected, the DHCP Activity Questions:
server offers these values to the requesting host on the network. If the host 1.
accepts the offer, the DHCP server leases the IP address for a specific period ?
of time. 2.
Using a DHCP server simplifies the administration of a network following item
because the software keeps track of IP addresses. Automatically configuring Step 3
TCP/IP also reduces the possibility of assigning duplicate or invalid IP Choose Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
addresses. Before a computer on the network can take advantage of the Click Properties.
DHCP server services, the computer must be able to identify the server on
the local network. You can configure a computer to accept an IP address from
a DHCP server by clicking the Obtain an IP address automatically option in
the NIC configuration window, as shown in Figure 56.
If your computer cannot communicate with the DHCP server to obtain
an IP address, the Windows operating system automatically assigns a private
IP address. If your computer is assigned an IP address in the range of
169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255, it can communicate with only other
computers in the same range. An example of when these private addresses
would be useful is in a classroom lab where you want to prevent access
outside to your network. This operating system feature is called Automatic
Private IP Addressing (APIPA). APIPA continually requests an IP address
from a DHCP server for your computer.
Legend: Ping
B- Beginner The ping is a Command Prompt command used to test the ability of
D- Developing the source computer to reach a specified destination computer. The ping
AP- Approaching Proficiency command is usually used as a simple way to verify that a computer can
P- Proficient communicate over the network with another computer or network device.
A- Advance The ping command operates by sending Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages to the destination computer and
Recommended Equipment waiting for a response. How many of those responses are returned, and how
Linksys 300N router long it takes for them to return, are the two major pieces of information that
A computer running Window XP Professional the ping command provides.
Ethernet patch cable
Table 8. Ping Command Syntax
Procedures: Syntax Description
Step 1 -t Using this option will ping the target until you force it to stop
at the back of using Ctrl-C.
the router.
-a - This ping command option will resolve, if possible,
Plug the other end of the Ethernet patch cable into the network port on the hostname of an IP address target.
the NIC in your computer.
Plug in the power cable of the router if it is not already plugged in. -n count This option sets the number of ICMP Echo Request messages
Turn on your computer and log on to Windows as an administrator. to send. If you execute the ping command without this option,
Click Start. four requests will be sent.
Right-click My Network Places, and then choose Properties. -l size Use this option to set the size, in bytes, of the echo request
packet from 32 to 65,527. The ping command will send a 32
byte echo request if you do not use the -l option.
-f Use this ping command option to prevent ICMP Echo Requests
from being fragmented by routers between you and the target.
The -f option is most often used to troubleshoot Path Maximum
Transmission Unit (PMTU) issues.
-i TTL This option sets the Time to Live (TTL) value, the maximum of
which is 255.
-v TOS This option allows you to set a Type of Service (TOS) value.
Beginning in Windows 7, this option no longer functions but still
exists for compatibility reasons.
-r count Use this ping command option to specify the number
of hops between the computer and the target computer or
device that you would like to be recorded and displayed. The
maximum value for count is 9 so use the tracert
command instead. If you are interested in viewing all hops
Figure 59. My Network Places between two devices.
-s count Use this option to report the time, in Internet Timestamp
format, that each echo request is received and echo reply is
sent. The maximum value for count is 4 which means that only
 the first four hops can be time stamped.
-w timeout Specifying a timeout value when executing the ping command
adjusts the amount of time, in milliseconds, that ping waits for Configure an Ethernet NIC to use DHCP
each reply. If you do not use the -w option, the default timeout Directions: Configure an Ethernet NIC to use DHCP to obtain an IP address.
value is used which is 4000, or 4 seconds.
You need to follow the procedures given below and apply safety precautions
-R This option tells the ping command to trace the round trip path.
in accomplishing this task. While doing the activity, you have to answer
-S srcaddr Use this option to specify the source address.
activity questions written after every step. Write your answer in a clean sheet
-4 This forces the ping command to use IPv4 only but is only
necessary if target is a hostname and not an IP address. of paper. Your performance will be rated based on the performance rubrics.
-6 This forces the ping command to use IPv6 only but as with
Rubrics for Configuration
the -4 option, is only necessary when pinging a hostname.
Criteria B D AP P A Total
target This is the destination you wish to ping, which is either an IP (70-74) (75-79) (80-84) (85-89) (90-100) (=score x %)
address or a hostname.
Proper
/? Use the help switch with the ping command to show detailed
Configuration (30
help about the command's several options.
%)
(The configured
Using the ping Command hardware was
Ping is one of your most important tools in troubleshooting Internet properly configured
problems. It shows you whether the Domain Name Server is working, whether according to job
the computer you are trying to talk to is reachable, and how long it takes to specification.)
get there. It does this at a very low level only the most basic Internet Adherence to the
Procedures (30%)
functions have to be up and running.
(The specified job
was done by
1) Click on Start Button, then type cmd (command prompt) on the following the
search box. procedures. Safety
2) A black screen will appear as shown in the figure below. measures were
3) Type ping followed by the IP address you desire to verify. The observed during the
figure below shows the screen of the ping command and its output. activity.)
Quality of Work
(30%)
(The device was
configured properly.)

Comprehension
(10%)
(Interview / Guide
questions were
answered correctly
according to the job
requirements.)
Grand Total
 3. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/networkingprotocols/

4. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/subnetting/

Figure 57. Step 3

Reflection on the video presentations

Directions: Answer the essential questions below based on the video
presentations you had watched. Write your answer in a clean sheet of paper.
1. What are the procedures involved in calculating IP address and the
procedures in converting IP address to binary and vice versa?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
What are the different IP Classes? Discuss each briefly and give
examples.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ Figure 58. Pinging
2. What are the distinguished Internet Protocols? Describe each. This output shows several things:
________________________________________________________ Decoding names to network addresses A domain name server
________________________________________________________ (DNS) resolves machine names to numeric addresses. A single
________________________________________________________ machine can have many names, all of which resolve to the same
3. What are the necessary procedures in calculating subnet mask or Internet address. In the example just given, the name www.google.com
simply subneting? Show an example solution for the calculation. resolves to the Internet address 122.2.152.23.
________________________________________________________ Round-trip response time The parts of the replies that say things
________________________________________________________ like time=105ms show you how long it took from the time the client
________________________________________________________ machine sent out the ping message until a reply came back (1 ms is 1
millisecond, or one thousandth of a second). The variability in the times
 you see reflects that networks do not always respond identically. II. Identifying IP Address Classes
Differing amounts of traffic on the communication lines or differing Directions: In this worksheet, your teacher will write several IP addresses
loads on the server are common causes. You will see very different with their appropriate subnet masks. You will copy the IP address and Subnet
response times depending on the access equipment you use. Mask. You will write which IP Address Class is appropriate in the IP Address
Routing hop count The part of the replies that says TTL=50 tells Class column in the chart below. An example has been provided for you.
you about the route the message took from one point to another. The
acronym TTL stands for Time to Live, which is a measure of how many Be prepared to discuss the IP Address Class you select.
rerouting from one point to another the packet has to go through before IP Address Subnet Mask IP Address Class
IP declares it undeliverable. The number following TTL (called the hop 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 A
count) is a number that usually starts at 255 and counts down by one
every time the message gets rerouted through an intermediary
computer.

I. Protocols
Directions: In this worksheet, write the name of the protocol and the default
port(s) for each protocol definition in the table. Do this on your notebook.
To deepen your understanding with regard to the Internet
Be prepared to discuss your answers in front of the class. Protocols, IP Address and subneting, utilize the Internet and the
website www.professormesser.com, watch and learn from the video
Protocol Definition Protocol Default
Port(s) presentations. Use the URLs below:
Provides connections to computers over a
TCP/IP network 1. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/binary-math-2/
Sends e-mail over a TCP/IP network
Translates URLs to IP address
Transports Web pages over a TCP/IP network
Automates assignment of IP address on a
network
Securely transports Web pages over a TCP/IP
network
Transports files over a TCP/IP network
2. http://www.professormesser.com/n10-005/ip-classes/