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01-EN-Structured Query Language

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oumaima nouari
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2 views

01-EN-Structured Query Language

Uploaded by

oumaima nouari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structured Query Language

SQL curriculum
SQL curriculum

Preview
These are the chapters that we will approach :
 SQL course objectives
 Tables used in the course
SQL curriculum

SQL course objectives


After completing this course, you should be able to do
the following:
 Identify the major structural components of Oracle
Database 10g
 Retrieve row and column data from tables with the
SELECT statement
 Create reports of sorted and restricted data
 Employ SQL functions to generate and retrieve
customized data
 Run data manipulation language (DML) statements to
update data in Oracle Database 10g
 Obtain metadata by querying the dictionary views
SQL curriculum

Tables used in the course


Examples of tables used in the course
SQL curriculum

Tables used in the course


The Human Resources (HR) Data Set
Structured Query Language

Introduction to SQL
Introduction to SQL

Preview
These are the chapters that we will approach :
 What is RDBMS (SGBDR)?
 Possibilities Given by
Oracle
 SQL
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?

Relational
Data
B ase
Management
System
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?

 Relational model and Object relational model


 User-defined data types and objects
 Fully compatible with relational database
 Support of multimedia and large objects
 High-quality database server features
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?
Data storage on Different media

Electronic
Filing cabinet
spreadsheet Database
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?
Relational database concept

 Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model for database


systems in 1970.
 It is the basis for the relational database management
system (RDBMS).
 The relational model consists of the following:
 Collection of objects or relations
 Set of operators to act on the relations
 Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?
Definition of a relational database

A relational database is a collection of relations or two


dimensional tables
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?
Data Models

Model of
system in
client’s
mind Entity model of
client’s model

Table model of
entity model

Tables on disk
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?
Entity Relationship Model

 Create an entity relationship diagram from business


specifications :

EMPLOYEE assigned to DEPARTMENT


#* number #* number
* name * name
composed of
o job title o location

 Scenario
 “...Assign one or more employees to a department...”
 “...Some departments do not yet have assigned
employees...”
Introduction to SQL

What is a RDBMS?
Entity relationship modeling conventions
Entity Attribute
 Singular, unique name  Singular name
 Uppercase  Lowercase
 Soft box  Mandatory marked with *
 Synonym in parentheses  Optional marked with “o”

EMPLOYEE assigned to DEPARTMENT


#* number #* number
* name * name
composed of
o job title o location

Unique identifier (UID)


Primary marked with “#”
Secondary marked with “(#)”
SQL curriculum

Tables used in the course


The Human Resources (HR) Data Set
Introduction to SQL

Possibilities Given by Oracle


Relating Multiple Tables

 Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a


primary key (PK).
 You can logically relate data from multiple tables using
foreign keys (FK).

Primary key Foreign key Primary key


Introduction to SQL

Possibilities Given by Oracle


Relational database terminology

2 3 4

5
6

1
Introduction to SQL

Possibilities Given by Oracle


Relational database Properties

A relational database:
 Can be accessed and modified by executing structured
query language (SQL) statements
 Contains a collection of tables with no physical pointers
 Uses a set of operators
Introduction to SQL

Possibilities Given by Oracle


Communicating with a RDBMS using SQL

SQL statement is entered. Statement is sent to


Oracle server.

SELECT department_name
FROM departments;
Introduction to SQL

Possibilities Given by Oracle


Oracle’s Relational Database Management System
Introduction to SQL

SQL

S tructured
Q uery
L anguage
Introduction to SQL

SQL

SQL -
A computer language designed for the
retrieval and management of data in
relational database management
systems, database schema creation
and modification, and database object
access control management.
Introduction to SQL

SQL
Provides statements for various tasks, including:

 Querying data
 Inserting, updating, and deleting rows in a table
 Creating, replacing, altering, and dropping objects
 Controlling access to the database and its objects
 Guaranteeing database consistency and integrity
Introduction to SQL

SQL
Type of statements Statements
SELECT
INSERT
Data manipulation language UPDATE
(DML)
DELETE
MERGE
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
Data definition language (DDL)
RENAME
TRUNCATE
COMMENT
GRANT
Data control language (DCL)
REVOKE
COMMIT
Transaction control (TCL) ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT

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