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 D. Global Business Law and International Institutions
1. A “taxonomy” of international organizations
2. Forms of influence
(a) Influences on national economic conditions
(b) Regulatory influence
E. Global Business Law and Other Issues of
International Law
1. The future of the nation-state
2. A withering of multilateralism?
3. The North-South divide
4. Security and terrorism
5. Global climate change and other environmental
issues
F. Concluding Observations

Chapter 2 · Finding Your Way in a Foreign Legal and Cultural

Landscape
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. The Importance of Legal Tradition(s)
A. Legal Traditions, Legal Systems, Legal Families, and
Global Business Law
B. The Civil Law Tradition and the Family of Civil Law
Systems
1. Significance and distribution
2. Thumbnail history
3. Sources of law
4. The legal profession(s)
C. The Common Law Tradition and the Family of
Common Law Systems
1. Significance, distribution, and contrast with civil
law
2. Thumbnail history
3. Sources of law in the common law tradition
4. The legal profession
D. The Islamic Law Tradition and Islamic Law in
Modern Legal Systems
1. The significance of Islamic law in today's world
2. Thumbnail sketch of Islamic history
3. Sources of law and representative norms in Islamic
law
E. The Chinese Legal Tradition and Its Reflection in
Modern Chinese Law

8
 1. China and international business
2. Thumbnail sketch of the Chinese legal tradition
III. Business and Culture in a Global Context
A. Cross-Cultural Negotiations: General Principles
B. Cross-Cultural Negotiations: Specific Examples
IV. Getting Help: Local Counsel, Freight Forwarders, and
Other Sources of Assistance
A. Local Counsel
B. Freight Forwarders and Other Facilitators
C. International “Agents” and Distributors
D. Official Support from Government Agencies

PART TWO
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE — EXPORT TRANSACTIONS

Chapter 3 · Commercial Codes: The Development and

Application of International Contract Rules and Standards
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. International Commercial Law and Custom: Historical
and Practical Setting
A. Historical Background — The Lex Mercatoria
B. Practical Issues — Conflicts of Law
III. The Vienna Sales Convention (CISG): Character, Aims,
and Application
A. Background
B. Character and Aims of the CISG
C. Applicability of the CISG
1. States participating in the CISG
2. Conflicts of law and Article 1(1)(b)
3. “Internationality” of the sale
4. Sales and issues not covered by the CISG
5. Opting out of (and into) the CISG
IV. The Vienna Sales Convention (CISG): Content and
Operation
A. Noteworthy Features — Contract Formation
1. What constitutes an offer under the CISG
2. When an offer takes effect and its duration
3. Revocation of an offer
4. What constitutes an acceptance and when it
becomes effective
5. Effect of a late acceptance
6. Effect of a varied acceptance

9
 B. Noteworthy Features — Performance
1. Manner and place of delivery
2. Time of delivery
3. Notice under the CISG
4. Time and place of payment
5. Currency in which the price is to be paid
C. Noteworthy Features — Breach and Remedies
1. Significance of the fundamental breach concept
2. Buyer's right to avoid the contract for non-delivery
3. Buyer's right to avoid the contract for quality
defects
4. Seller's right to cure
5. Seller's right to avoid the contract
6. Buyer's right to compel performance
7. Seller's right to compel performance
8. Non-avoidance damages
9. Avoidance damages
10. Mitigation
11. Remedy of reduction of price
12. Anticipatory breach
D. CISG–UCC Differences and Similarities
E. Pros and Cons of the CISG in Operation
V. Related Commercial Rules: The UNIDROIT Principles
and the UN Limitation Period Convention
A. The UNIDROIT Principles of International
Commercial Contracts
B. The UN Limitation Period Convention
1. Aims, history, and status
2. Substantive summary of the Limitation Period
Convention
VI. Closing Observations

Chapter 4 · Drafting the International Sales Contract: Standard

Commercial Terms and Other Key Contract Provisions
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. Incoterms: Enhancing Harmonization and Specificity
A. Background to Incoterms: Purpose, History, and
Status
1. The purpose of trade terms
2. The ICC and the status of Incoterms (and the
CISG)

10
 3. Getting to the 2010 version of Incoterms
B. Details of the Eleven Incoterms (2010)
1. Groups, terms, and frameworks
2. Practical implications and observations
(a) The extremes: EXW and DDP
(b) Incoterms and mode of transport
(c) Limits of Incoterms
(d) Passage of cost and risk in CIF
(e) Incoterms and transport documents
(f) Right of inspection
(g) Choosing the best Incoterm
(h) The future of Incoterms
3. Incoterms and the UCC
III. Drafting of Other Contract Terms: Guides and Practical
Applications
A. Governing Law
1. Factors for choosing a governing law
2. Limits on free choice by the parties
3. Specific governing law formulations — with and
without CISG
B. Choice of Forum
C. Nonperformance, Force Majeure, and Hardship
1. Nonperformance
2. Force majeure
3. Hardship
D. Notice
E. Corrupt Practices
IV. Conclusion

Chapter 5 · Documentary Sales and Letters of Credit: Techniques

to Facilitate Exports
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. Documentary Sales: Managing Risk in Transborder
Transactions
A. Parties Involved in the Documentary Sale
B. The Steps Included in the Documentary Sale
C. The Documents Included in the Documentary Sale
D. Annotated Explanation of the Steps and the
Documents Involved in the Documentary Sale
III. Letters of Credit: Substantive Rules for Facilitating
Payments

11
 A. International Letters of Credit in a Nutshell
B. The Principle of Strict Compliance
C. The Independence Principle and Its Exceptions
IV. Related Matters: More on Bills of Lading, Letters of
Credit, and Liability of Carriers
A. Functions and Varieties of Bills of Lading and Other
Transport Documents
1. Negotiable and non-negotiable bills of lading
2. Other types of transport documents
3. National and international rules on bills of lading
and liability of carriers
B. Standby Letters of Credit and Back-to-Back Letters
of Credit
1. Standby letters of credit
2. Back-to-back letters of credit
V. Conclusion

Chapter 6 · Other Selected Legal Aspects of International Sales

Transactions
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. International “Agency” and Distributorship
Arrangements: Using Third Parties to Market Products
Abroad
A. Sales Representatives versus Distributors versus
Employees
1. Choosing the form of relationship
2. Choosing the person or entity
B. Laws Affecting the Relationship with Such
Intermediaries
1. Protective legislation
2. Other laws and regulations
C. Drafting Guidance: Sales Representative Agreements
D. Drafting Guidance: Distributorship Agreements
E. Harmonization of Rules on International Sales
Representatives and Distributors
III. Electronic Commerce: Modifying Traditional Concepts
to Fit the Digital Age
A. Digital Signatures
B. Conceptual Challenges
C. Privacy Concerns and Electronic Transactions
D. Other International E-Commerce Issues
IV. Official Restrictions on International Sales: Practical

12
 Aspects of Customs Procedure and Export Controls
A. Customs Classification and Duty Determinations
B. Export Controls — A Thumbnail Sketch
C. Other Nuts-and-Bolts Issues of Trade Regulation
1. Foreign Trade Zones
2. Anti-boycott rules
V. Government Assistance for International Sales: A Glance
at Official Export Inducements
A. Export Inducements under US Tax Laws
B. Export Inducements through Government Financing
C. Export Inducements under US Antitrust and Banking
Laws
D. Export Encouragement through Government Agency
Assistance
VI. Conclusion

PART THREE
TRANSNATIONAL LICENSING, FRANCHISING, AND PROTECTION OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Chapter 7 · Balancing Risk and Return: Overseas Production

with Permitted Use of Intellectual Property Rights
I. Reprise: From Exports to FDI
II. Intellectual Property Rights and Their Protection
A. Patent Protection
1. Overview
2. International initiatives encouraging protection
B. Protection of Knowhow
1. Overview
2. International initiatives
C. Trademark Protection
1. Overview
2. International initiatives encouraging protection
D. Copyright Protection
1. Overview
2. International initiatives encouraging protection
III. Licensing of Production Abroad — Key Considerations
A. Preliminary Matters — Relative Advantages and
Disadvantages
B. Choices in Planning Licensing-of-Production
Arrangements
IV. Licensing of Production Abroad — Drafting the

13
 Agreement
V. Conclusion

Chapter 8 · International Franchising Arrangements

I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. The What, Why, and How of International Franchising
A. Definition and Importance of International
Franchising
B. Advantages and Disadvantages of International
Franchising
C. Choices in Establishing an International Franchise
Arrangement
III. Regulatory Requirements and Protections
A. Home-Country Regulatory Requirements
B. Host-Country Regulatory Requirements
C. Relevant Multinational Regimes
IV. Franchising Abroad — Drafting the Agreement
V. Conclusion

PART FOUR
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

Chapter 9 · The Decision to Invest Abroad: Definitions,

Incentives, and Methods of Foreign Direct Investment
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. The “What” and the “Why” of FDI: Definitions and
Incentives for Investing Abroad
A. The Meaning and Significance of FDI
1. Definition(s) of FDI
2. Significance of FDI
B. The Attraction of FDI
III. The “How” of FDI: A Chaos of Choices
A. Forms of Presence: Liaison Offices, Branches, and
Subsidiaries
1. Liaison office
2. Branch or subsidiary
B. Forms of Establishment: “Greenfield”, M&A, and
Joint Ventures in General
1. “Greenfield” or de novo investment
2. Merger and acquisition — definitions and
implications
3. Merger and acquisition — advantages

14
 4. Merger and acquisition — disadvantages
5. Merger and acquisition — documentation
(a) Consideration
(b) Assumption of liabilities
(c) Warranties
(d) Covenants
(e) Conditions
(f) Closing
(g) Indemnification
6. Merger and acquisition — Indonesia as an
illustration
7. Joint venture — nature and scope
IV. Joint Ventures: Legal Issues and Agreements
A. Key Legal Issues in Joint Ventures
1. Structure
2. Tax
3. Liability
4. Resources: funding and capitalization
(a) Initial contributions
(b) Future contributions
(c) Details and refinements in the capitalization
plan
5. Management and control
6. Dispute resolution
7. Transferability and termination
8. Hiring local legal counsel
9. Other issues in forming an international joint
venture
(a) Informational preparation
(b) Strategic planning
(c) Selecting a partner
B. Drafting Equity Joint Venture Agreements
1. Building up to the joint venture agreement
2. Contents and structure of the joint venture
agreement
V. International Project Finance: Special Considerations and
Opportunities
A. Introduction: Aims, Nature, Risks, and Structures
1. Defining “project finance”
2. The nature of and demand for infrastructure
projects

15
 3. Risks
4. Project structure
B. Project Financing through Commercial Lending —
The Syndicated Loan
1. Overview — the need for syndicated lending
2. Responsibilities of the lead bank
3. Syndicated loan documentation
C. Project Financing through Sales of Registration-
Exempt Securities
1. Introduction
2. Private placements and Section 4(2)
3. Offshore sales and Regulation S
4. Rule 144A
5. Other issues relating to securities regulation
D. Summary on Project Financing
VI. Conclusion

Chapter 10 · FDI Restrictions and Risks: Host Country

Regulation, International Regulation, and the Universe of Risks
Facing Investors
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. Host-Country Restrictions on Entry: Balancing
Conflicting National Interests
A. Costs and Benefits of FDI from a Host Country's
Perspective
1. Benefits of FDI for a host country
2. Costs, disincentives, and disadvantages of FDI
B. Trends in Host-Country Regulation of FDI in Recent
Decades
1. Colonization
2. Decolonization
3. The debt crisis (1982)
4. The Soviet collapse (early 1990s)
5. The Asian financial crisis (1997–1998)
6. The global financial crisis, and today's world
(2008+)
C. Forms of Host-Country Restrictions on FDI Entry
1. Designation of red light, yellow light, and green
light sectors
2. Concentrating FDI regulation in a single
government agency
3. Joint venture requirements

16
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 III. Host-Country Restrictions and Risks Relating to FDI
Operation and Withdrawal
A. Restrictions on FDI Management
B. Performance Requirements
C. Currency Restrictions and Risks
1. Nonconvertibility risk
2. Exchange rate fluctuation risk
D. Other Risks to FDI from Host-Country Developments
1. Political risk
(a) Conceptual definitions and species of “political
risk”
(b) Expropriation, exchange controls, and political
violence
(c) Distinguishing political risk from other risks
(d) De-constructing the distinctions
2. Expropriation
IV. Home-Country and Multilateral Regulation of FDI
A. Regulations on FDI by Investors' Home Countries
1. Prohibitions on corrupt practices and anti-
competitive behavior
2. Prohibitions on behavior violating international law
B. Multilateral Regulation of FDI
C. Self-Regulation by Multinational Corporations
1. Company-specific codes of conduct
2. Other voluntary corporate code initiatives
V. Conclusion

Chapter 11 · Protection of FDI Interests: Facing Host

Government Regulation and Insuring against Risk
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. Regulation of the Regulators: International Rules and
Guidelines on Treatment of Foreign Investors
A. The TRIMs Agreement
B. Toward a Multilateral Agreement on Investment?
C. Influence from International Financial Institutions
D. Regional Initiatives on FDI Regulation: The NAFTA
Chapter 11 Protections
E. Bilateral Investment Treaties (“BITs”)
F. Summing-Up: Protection of FDI by International
Legal Rules
III. Legal Standards on the Special Risk of Expropriation

17
 A. Lawfulness
B. Compensation
C. Defenses
1. The Act of State doctrine
2. The concept of sovereignty and the doctrine of
sovereign immunity
3. The Calvo doctrine
IV. Insurance and Hedging
A. OPIC
B. MIGA
C. Private Insurance for FDI Risks
D. Hedging Against Currency Risks
V. Conclusion

PART FIVE
CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES IN GLOBAL
BUSINESS LAW

Chapter 12 · Dispute Resolution in International Business

Transactions
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. Choices: An Overview of the Array of Dispute-
Settlement Techniques
III. Key Issues in Litigation
A. The Proper Court: Personal Jurisdiction
B. Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
IV. Commercial Mediation and Similar Procedures
V. Key Issues in Arbitration
A. Arbitration Rules and Institutions
B. Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
VI. Other Issues Concerning Dispute Resolution
VII. Summing-Up on Dispute Resolution

Chapter 13 · Corrupt Practices: Regulatory Efforts to Combat

Bribery
I. Introduction: Aims, Issues, and Overview
II. Is Corruption Bad?
III. The US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
A. Overview of the FCPA
1. History and intent
2. The prohibition of bribery
3. Requirements of internal corporate accounting

18
 B. The 1988 Amendments to the FCPA
1. Affirmative defenses
2. Exception for “routine governmental action”
3. Amending the bribery standard
4. Amendments to the accounting standards
C. Administrative and Enforcement Mechanisms
1. Elements for successful government enforcement
2. The SEC's role in FCPA compliance
3. The Justice Department's role in FCPA
enforcement
(a) Initiation of an investigation
(b) Unique aspects of the FCPA investigative
procedure
(c) Remedies and penalties
(d) The review procedure
4. Practical considerations — planning to mitigate
FCPA liability
IV. The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention

Documentary Appendices
Appendix #1 CISG (Vienna Sales Convention)
Appendix #2 UNIDROIT Principles
Appendix #3 UN Limitation Period Convention
Appendix #4 CIF, INCOTERMS 2010
Appendix #5 UCP
Appendix #6 COGSA
Appendix #7 Hague Rules (& Hague-Visby Rules)
Appendix #8 Hamburg Rules
Appendix #9 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic
Commerce
Appendix #10 UETA
Appendix #11 Mexican Foreign Investment Law
Appendix #12 Exon-Florio Amendment and FINSA (USA)
Appendix #13 World Bank Guidelines on the Treatment of
FDI
Appendix #14 NAFTA Investment Provisions
Appendix #15 US Model BIT
Appendix #16 UFCMJRA (USA)
Appendix #17 LCIA Rules of Arbitration
Appendix #18 New York Convention
Appendix #19 ICSID — International Convention on the

19
 Settlement of Investment Disputes
Appendix #20 Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence
Abroad
Appendix #21 FCPA
Appendix #22 OECD Anti-Bribery Convention

Selected Bibliography
Index

20
List of Illustrations,
Tables, Diagrams, Readings,
Sample Documents, and Song Lyrics

Note: This list does not include the documents appearing in the
Documentary Appendices.

Illustrations
Illustration #1A Coulson Coathanger Company wants to “go international”
Illustration #2A Gower Group asks about dealing with foreign legal
systems
Illustration #3A AmSport buys bicycles from Mexico
Illustration #3B CISG applicability, first fact pattern
Illustration #3C CISG applicability, second fact pattern
Illustration #4A GeoStat sells GPS equipment to a buyer in Rotterdam
Illustration #5A GPS equipment to the Netherlands: GeoStat uses a
documentary sale
Illustration #5B Using a standby letter of credit in an Indonesia road
project
Illustration #6A Marketing Nebraska computers in Malaysia: transactional
questions
Illustration #6B An Ohio furniture company sells via its website
Illustration #6C Marketing Nebraska computers in Malaysia: regulatory
questions
Illustration #7A Coulson Coathanger Company: licensing production in
Japan
Illustration #7B Coulson Coathanger Company: drafting the licensing
agreement
Illustration #8A Purdue Palace Hotel Company takes its winning style
overseas
Illustration #9A AmSport considers an FDI in Malaysia
Illustration #9B AmSport works on a joint venture contract: capitalization
issues
Illustration #9C NatWest serves as lead bank in a syndicated loan for road
works

21
Illustration #10A AmSport worries about government regulations affecting
FDI
Illustration #10B Micronesia considers FDI regulations
Illustration #10C Designing FDI regulations for Micronesia
Illustration #10D An Indonesian joint venture faces exchange rate
fluctuation risk
Illustration #10E Forms of “market risk” for a Japanese FDI in Indonesia
Illustration #11A AmSport asks about FDI protections
Illustration #12A AmSport considers suing its bicycle supplier for breach
Illustration #12B Drafting a dispute-resolution clause for AmSport sales to
Korea
Illustration #13A Special payment for investigative services in Istanbul

Tables
Table #1.1 Comparison of various forms of transnational business
transactions
Table #3.1 Participation in the Limitation Period Convention
Table #6.1 Sales representatives, distributors, and employees: some key
comparisons
Table #6.2 Checklist of provisions for international sales representative
agreement
Table #6.3 Sample page from the HTSUS
Table #7.1 Comparison of various forms of transnational business
transactions (updated and elaborated)
Table #7.2 Checklist for agreement for licensing of production abroad
Table #8.1 Checklist for an agreement for international franchising
operation
Table #13.1 Perceived corruption around the world — 1996 rankings (ten
least corrupt and ten most corrupt)
Table #13.2 Perceived corruption around the world — 2016 rankings (ten
least corrupt and ten most corrupt)

Diagrams
Diagram #1.1 The “world” of international, comparative, and foreign law
Diagram #1.2 Selected “taxonomy” of international organizations
Diagram #3.1 Operation of CISG provisions on applicability
Diagram #4.1 Incoterms in a nutshell
Diagram #5.1 A documentary international sale-of-goods transaction

22
involving a confirmed letter of credit
Diagram #9.1 Joint Venture A (narrow focus of operations)
Diagram #9.2 Joint Venture B (broad range of operations)
Diagram #10.1 General trends in the restrictiveness of FDI regulation by
host countries
Diagram #10.2 Levels of restrictiveness of FDI regulation by host countries:
the Public Code, the Operational Code, Aspirational Declarations, and the
Edge of Discouragement
Diagram #12.1 Comparison of litigation, arbitration, and mediation: the
required level and continuity of consent to be bound by a decision
Diagram #12.2 Decision tree for considering options for dispute resolution

Readings
Reading #2.1 Making Global Deals: Navigating Culture, Ideology,
Language, Attitude, and Style
Reading #2.2 “Contexting”, “Face-Saving”, and Other Aspects of Global
Negotiations
Reading #2.3 Country-Specific Observations about International
Negotiations
Reading #2.4 Selecting and Engaging Local Counsel
Reading #3.1 Regulation (EC) No. 593/2008 (17 June 2008) on the Law
Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome I) (excerpts)
Reading #3.2 Restatement, Conflict of Laws (Second), 1971 (excerpts)
Reading #3.3 Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to
International Contracts (1994) (Mexico City Convention) (excerpts)
Reading #3.4 CISG Provisions on Applicability (Articles 1–6)
Reading #3.5 Case Abstract, UNCITRAL Texts (CLOUT) — Abstract No.
104, ICC Arbitration Case No. 7197 (1991)
Reading #3.6 CISG versus UCC: Key similarities and differences
Reading #5.1 J.H. Rayner and Company, Ltd. v. Hambro's Bank Ltd.
Reading #5.2 Voest-Alpine International Corporation v. Chase Manhattan
Bank
Reading #5.3 Beyene v. Irving Trust Company
Reading #5.4 Maurice O'Meara Company v. National Park Bank of New
York
Reading #5.5 Sztejn v. J. Henry Schroder Banking Corp.
Reading #5.6 Sample terms in a bill of lading
Reading #5.7 Standby Letters of Credit: Forms, Types, Uses, and
Documentation

23
Reading #9.1 Structuring and Drafting an International Joint Venture
Agreement
Reading #9.2 Sample International Joint Venture Agreement
Reading #10.1 Filártiga v. Pena-Irala
Reading #10.2 Beanal v. Freeport-McMoran, Inc.
Reading #10.3 Reebok Human Rights Production Standards
Reading #11.1 North American Free Trade Agreement, Statement of
Administrative Action—Chapter
Reading #11.2 Bilateral Investment Treaties 1959–1991 (1992)
Reading #11.3 Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1959–1999
Reading #11.4 Bilateral Investment Treaties 1995–2006
Reading #11.5 US Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
Reading #13.1 Stuart Eizenstat, Bribery of Foreign Public Officials: Hearing
Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 105th Cong. (1998)

Sample Documents
Sample Document #5.1 Letter from Potential Buyer Requesting Proforma
Invoice
Sample Document #5.2 Proforma Invoice
Sample Document #5.3 Purchase Order
Sample Document #5.4 Contract Document
Sample Document #5.5 Letter from Confirming Bank to Seller
Sample Document #5.6 Packing List
Sample Document #5.7 Commercial Invoice
Sample Document #5.8 Certificate of Origin
Sample Document #5.9 Dock Receipt
Sample Document #5.10 Certificate of Inspection
Sample Document #5.11 Bill of Lading
Sample Document #5.12 Insurance Certificate
Sample Document #5.13 Draft

Song Lyrics
Song #2.1 Don't Know Much About History (But I want to avoid a “D”)
[History of the Civil Law Tradition in Song]
Song #5.1 It's a Documentary Sale!
Song #11.1 I've Been Working on an FDI

24
Preface to the Fourth Edition

John Head

I urge readers not to skip this Preface. Even though it can seem tedious
to look at a preface, I hope in this one (less than three pages long) to
highlight some specific characteristics about this book generally and this
Fourth Edition in particular. These points could be helpful before using
the book.
Peculiar Practicality. This book might not be unique, but I believe it is
unusual for the insistently practical approach that it takes to presenting a
broad range of quite detailed material. Because I have a double intended
audience—that is, I am writing both (1) for practitioners who currently
need details about international business law and (2) for students aspiring
to become familiar with its contours—I have placed overwhelming
emphasis on a cluster of values:

conciseness. This is not a “casebook” or a “cases and materials” text

that raises questions without answers, or that requires readers to
speculate about the author's reason for including some items in the
manuscript. Instead, I intend to provide a brisk explanatory account
that identifies ambiguities but concentrates on the nuts and bolts.
clear structure. Each chapter opens with a table of contents and other
obvious signals about the key points covered in the pages that follow.
(These signals include Study Questions, every one of which can be
answered with materials in the chapter.) With several layers of
headings and subheadings, consistently employed to add clarity, I try
to lead the reader—whether practicing lawyer or beginning student—
through a dense landscape of law, practice, policy, and overriding
principles.
sources and resources. Footnotes in this book offer (1) substantiation
(authority) for the points I make, (2) specific citations to legal
instruments (for closer study as warranted), (3) countless website
addresses and references to secondary sources, and (4) a
“subnarrative” to provide details and illustrations without detracting
from the momentum of the “story line” in the main text. Readers can
of course take them or leave them—the footnotes, that is—but will, I

25
Other documents randomly have
different content
on ennallaan, ja minun on vaikea käsittää, että olen ollut useita
vuosia poissa. Lähenemme kaupunkia, ja kiihtymykseni yltyy
minuutti minuutilta. "Bore" viilettää täydellä höyryllä, ja kuitenkin
peräti vitkallisesti! Vihdoin olemme sivuuttaneet Lilla Värtanin, ja nyt
kiertyy kuin taikasauvan loihtimana eteeni kaunein ja
unohtumattomin kaikista maisemista, mitä olen tällä pitkällä matkalla
nähnyt, Tukholma! Ihan edessämme kohoavat eteläiset vuoret
rakennusryhmineen, huippuineen ja torneineen, ja niiden oikealla
puolella leviää siltojen välinen kaupunki, Ritariholman kirkko,
Isokirkko ja Saksalaisen kirkon tornit, joiden katot nousevat
Skeppsbro-kadun vanhain kunnianarvoisain julkipuolten ja linnan
suorien ääriviivojen yläpuolelle. Ylähangan puolella ovat
Kastellholmin ja Skeppsholmin saarten kaupunginosat,
kansallismuseo ja Kaarle XII:n tori, jolla nuori kuningas seisoo
jalustallaan, kädellään yhä osottaen itään.

Viimeiset minuutit ovat ikuisuuksia. Kestäähän aina jonkun aikaa,

kunnes iso laiva on kiinnittänyt köytensä poijuihin ja asettunut
laituriin. Mutta nyt on minulla vihdoinkin Ruotsin kamara jalkaini alla.
Tuolla seisovat vanhempani, sisarukseni ja ystäväni. Tovia
myöhemmin olemme jälleen kaikin koolla vanhassa kodissamme. Ja
tässä ummistuu tammikuun 17. p:nä 1909 matkamme taival kehäksi,
joka käsitti maapallomme itäisen puoliskon.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NAVALTA NAVALLE I
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