P HYS IC S

IN VESTIG ATORY
P ROJ ECT

TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• APPARATUS REQUIRED

• OBJECTIVE

• INTRODUCTION

• THEORY

• CONCLUSION

• BIBLIOGRAPHY
CE RT IF I CATE
• This is to certify that the physics investigatory project titled
'electromagnetic induction has been successfully completed
by Ojas Dey of class XII in partial fulfillment of the curriculum
of the central board of secondary education (CBSE) leading to
the ward of annual examination of the year 2024-2025.
ACKN OW L EDG EME N T
• It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards
our Physics teacher LSR sir for her guidance, support, and
encouragement throughout the duration of the project.
Without her motivation and help, the successful
completion of this project would not have been possible
A P PAR ATUS REQ UI RE D
• INSULATED COPPER WIRE

• AN IRON ROD

• A STRONG MAGNET

• A LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE(LED)
O BJ ECTI VE
• To determine Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.
I N TROD UCTI O N
• Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: It is a basic law of electromagnetism
predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers,
inductors and many types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of force. These equations for
electromagnetic induction are extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how, many natural physical phenomena in our universe and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a better
understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of the
principles behind Faraday’s law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we receive
from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of life, such as electric power
generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many aspects of our lives.
FARADAY’S LAW DESCR IBES ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION .
WHEREBY AN ELECTRIC FIELD IS INDUCED, OR GENERATED BY A
CHANGING MAGNETI C FI ELD. IN FARADAY’S FI RST EXPERI MENTAL
DEMONSTRATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION, HE WRAPPED
TWO WIRES AROUND OPPOSITE SIDES OF AN IRON RING OR
‘TORUS’ TO INDUCE CURRENT. FARADAY’S LAW IS A SI NGLE
E QU AT IO N D E SC RI BING T WO DI FFE RE NT PH E NO M ENA : T H E
MOTIONAL EMF GENERATED BY A MAGNETIC FORCE ON A MOVING
WIRE, AN D THE TRANSFORMER EMF GENERATED BY AN ELECTRIC
FORCE DUE TO A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD.
TH EO RY
• The magnetic flux (B) through a surface is the component of the magnetic field passing
through the surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is ,
Maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which contains measuring
coils and electronics that evaluate the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate
the magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area S is BAcosthea Where the magnitude of magnetic field having the
unit of Wb/m2(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle between magnetic field lines
and the normal. For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux through a
small amount of area where we may consider the magnetic field to be constant. DB=b.ds
From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic
field may be defined as fux = line integral A.dl From the magnetic vector potential and the
fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as
L AW
• The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that
“The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is equal to the negative of the rate
of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.” This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds
true only when the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below
• A different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all circumstances. The
magnetic flux changes due to the change in magnetic field. Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that the wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop. Equivalently, it is the
voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And
attaching a voltmeter to the leads. According to Lorentz force law,

• And the EMF of the wire loop is The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by spatially varying, nonconservative electric field
and vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is
• where is the curl operator and again E is the electric field and B is the magnetic
field. These fields can generally be functions of position r and time t. The four
Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday equation), along with the
Lorentz force law are a sufficient foundation to derive everything in classical
electromagnetism. Therefore, it is possible to “prove” Faraday's law starting with
these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting point and used to
prove the Maxwell-Faraday eq or other law
CO N CL US I O N
• Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first observed and published by
Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a very important
electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical representations are cryptic,
the essence of Faraday’s law is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-
reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of the
sun to electricity and power in our homes. We can all appreciate the profound
impact Faraday’s law has on us.
RE FER EN CE S
• wikipedia.com www.scienceforall.com

• Physics NCERT textbook

• Google Images