Ashraf Physics

SHIVAANI VIDHYAA MANDIR SCHOOL
ARANTHANGI
TO PRODUCE THE ELETROMAGNETICINDUCTION BY THE

HELP OF COIL OR LOOP AND MANGET
SUBMITTED BY
NAME:M.A.MOHAMED ASHRAF
CLASS:XII-A
SHIVAANI VIDHYAA MANDIR
ARANTHANGI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PHYSICS PROJECT
2019-2020
REG.NO:
This is certified to be bonafied record of work done by

Mohamed Ashraf.M.A of class XII in the physics lab of the
school during the year 2019-2020
Submitted for the
ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION held on
………………………..
At
……………………………………………………………………………………
Principal Teacher in charge
Internal examiner External examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my thanks to our
chairman Mr.Durai, correspondent
Dr.Vimala and our principal Mr.Sivakumar
for inspiring me in the preparation of this
project.
I would also like to thank my physics teacher,
Mr.Sam, SVM school for their immense help
and guidance in the completion of my project. It
is only due to their efforts that my project had
been completed successfully.
This report is submitted as a part of practical
Examination included in curriculum of CBSE
for All India senior secondary Examination to
be held in the year 2019-2020
Name of the student: A MOHAMED ASHRAF
Roll number : ....................

ELECTROMAGNETICINDUCTION
INDEX:
 Aim
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Apparatus
 Introduction
 Theory
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
AIM:
To determine the faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.
APPARATUS
1. Insulated copper wire

2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnet and
4. A light emitting diode (LED)
INTRODUCTION:
Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism
that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric
circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the
fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and
many types of electrical motors and generators.
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by
Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called
lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are

extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe
arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of
our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modem society.
Understanding Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so many
aspects of our daily life function because of the principles
behind Faraday's Law.
From natural phenomena such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of
life such as electric power generation, Faraday's Law has a great
impact on many aspects of our lives.Faraday's Law is the result
of the experiments of the English chemist and physicist Michael
Faraday . The concept of electromagnetic induction was actually
discovered simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and
Joseph Henry, an American scientist working in New York , but
Faraday is credited for the law since he published his work first .
An important aspect of the equation that quantifies Faraday's
Law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist
who made his contribution to Faraday's Law, now known as
Lenz's Law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).
Faraday's law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an
electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic
field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the
related concept of potentials.
Faraday's first experimental demonstration of

electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two
wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an
arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce
current
Faraday's Fist Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law
is a single equation describing two different phenomena: the
motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire
(see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the
Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew
attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of
Force. In the latter half of part Il of that paper, Maxwell gives a
separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena. A
reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is
made in some modern textbooks.
THEORY :
Magnetic flux:
The magnetic flux (often denoted © or Mg) through a surface is the

component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and the
CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates
the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic
flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through
a surface of vector area S is
 =B-S= BScos
where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic
flux density) having the unit of Wb/m? (Tesla), 8 is the area of
the surface, and @ is the angle between the magnetic field lines
and the normal (perpendicular) to $. For a varying magnetic
field, we first consider the magnetic flux through an
infinitesimal area element ds. where we may consider the field
to be constant
:d B= B.dS.
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the
fundamental
theorem of the cur the magnetic flux may also be defined as:
= ds A. dl
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface
S, which is denoted ds.
LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states: The
induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal
to the negative of the tine rate of change of the magnetic
fiux through the circuit. This version of Faraday's law strictly
holds only when the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin
wire,and is invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the Maxwell-Faraday
equation (discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.
When the flux changes—because B changes, or because the wire
loop is moved or deformed, or both—Faraday's law of induction
says that the wire loop acquires an EMF €, defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop
(the unit of EMF is the volt).Equivalently, it is the voltage that
would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit,
and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to theLorentz force law (in SI units),
F=q(E+v xB)
the EMF on a wire loop is:
=1/q wire F.dl= (E+v+B)
where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka
magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), dl is an infinitesimal
arc length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along
the wire (along the curve the conincident with the shape of the
wire).
The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying,
non-conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The Maxwell—
Faraday equation is.
*E=-dB/dt
where x is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is

the electric field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields
can generally be functions of position r and time t .The four
Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday equation),
along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient foundation to
derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to “prove” Faraday's law
starting with these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as
the starting point and used to "prove" the Maxwell-Faraday
equation and/or other laws.)
CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,
describes a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although
its mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept
has many far-reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many
ways: from the shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity
to power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact
Faraday’s Law has on us.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 WIKIPEDIA
 EXAM FEAR
 SCIENCE FOR ALL

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SHIVAANI VIDHYAA MANDIR SCHOOL

TO PRODUCE THE ELETROMAGNETICINDUCTION BY THE

This is certified to be bonafied record of work done by

Submitted for the

ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

Principal Teacher in charge

Internal examiner External examiner

Roll number : ....................

1. Insulated copper wire

These equations for electromagnetics are

Faraday's first experimental demonstration of

Faraday's Fist Experiment

The magnetic flux (often denoted © or Mg) through a surface is the

where x is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is

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