LESSON 1

Lesson 1: Understanding Information Systems
What is an Information System?

 refers to a set of components that work together to collect, process, store, and distribute information.
FIVE COMPONENTS INVOLVES INFORMATION SYSTEM:
 People - Users who interact with th e system and manage it.
 Hardware - Physical devices like computers, servers, and storage devices.
 Software - Applications and operating systems that process data.
 Procedures - The methods and rules that govern the operation and use of the system.
 Data - The raw facts and figures that are processed into meaningful information.
LESSON 1: IDENTIFYING COMPUTER TYPES
HARDWARE
 the physical parts of the computer system.
-components inside a computer as well as the external devices, such as printers, cables, and monitors.
IDENTIFYING COMPUTER TYPES
1. PERSONAL COMPUTERS - a computer designed to be used by only one person.
- are differentiated from one another by their sizes.
DESKTOP PC
 computer designed to be set up at a desk.
 with input and output devices separate from the system unit.
 SYSTEM UNIT
- the main part of the computer, containing the essential components.
NOTEBOOK PC
 portable pc where the screen and keyboard fold up against one another for storage and transport.
 also known as LAPTOP.
TABLET PC
 a lightweight slate-style computer with a touch screen, designed for easy portability.
SMARTPHONE
 a cellular phone that includes computer applications and internet access capability.
2. MULTI-USER COMPUTERS - designed to serve groups of people, from a small office to a huge
international enterprise.
- designed to support multiple users simultaneously,
allowing several individuals to access and use the computer's resources (such as processing power,
memory, storage, and applications) at the same time.
SERVER
 a computer that is dedicated to performing network task such as managing files, printers, or email for
multiple users.
MAINFRAME
 a large and powerful computer capable of serving many users and processing large amounts of data at
once.
 users are typically organizations or individuals who require large-scale computing power, reliability, and
the ability to handle massive volumes of data and transactions simultaneously.
SUPERCOMPUTER
 the largest and most powerful type of computer, surpassing the capability of a mainframe, typically used
in research and academics.
LESSON 1: UNDERSTANDING SOFTWARE TYPES
SOFTWARE
 the programs that tell the computer what to do.
 is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute specific tasks.
IMPORTANCE OF SOFTWARE
 FUNCTIONALITY
 AUTOMATION
 COMMUNICATION
 CUSTOMIZATION
BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM(BIOS)
 the software that initializes and tests the system at startup.
 stored on a read-only chip on the motherboard so that it doesn’t accidentally get changed or corrupted.
 helps the computer start up and performs some basic testing on the computer.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
 is a software that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the user.
 software that maintains the computer’s interface, manages files, runs application, and communicates
with hardware.
OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)
 The four key function of an operating system.
1. Provides the user interface.
2. It runs applications
3. It Controls and manage the file storage system
4. It communicates with the hardware.
UTILITY SOFTWARE
 performs some useful service to the operating system, such as optimizing or correcting the file storage
system, backing up files, or ensuring security or privacy.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 software that helps a human perform a useful task for work or play.
 It run on top of system software and use the computer's hardware to perform their functions.
PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE
 software that helps a human perform one or more business or personal enrichment tasks.
- also known as Microsoft office.
LESSON 1: COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 Made up of various components that work together to perform tasks. These components can be divided
into hardware and software.
- these components fall into four broad categories that serve different purposes in the information
processing cycle.
INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
 refers to the sequence of steps a computer system follows to process data into useful information.
 the four step process that data moves through as it is processed by a computer.
a. INPUT
b. PROCESSING
c. OUTPUT
d. STORAGE
INPUT
 components that help humans put data into the computer. Include a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and touch
screen.
Examples:
• Typing text on a keyboard.
• Scanning a barcode.
• Importing data from a database.
INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard – an input device that allows users to type data into a computer using a standard set of typing keys.
PROCESSING
 components that move and process the data inside the computer.
-motherboard and its processor and memory chips.
Examples:
• Performing calculations on numbers.
• Sorting a list of names alphabetically.
• Applying a filter to an image.
PROCESSING DEVICES
Motherboard – a large circuit board inside a computer that controls the operations of all the components.
Processor – the chip in the computer that performs math calculations, processing data. Also called the Central
Processing Unit (CPU).
Memory – temporary electronic storage that holds the values of data bits using transistors. Also called Random
Access Memory or RAM.
- It temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. RAM is essential for the
smooth operation of applications and the overall performance of a system.
Bus – a conductive pathway built into a circuit board, use to move data.
Chipset – the controller chip on a circuit board. Controls the directs of the bus traffic.
OUTPUT
 components that provide the results of the processing to humans. Monitor is the primary output device;
include printers and speakers.
Examples:
• Displaying text and graphics on a monitor.
• Printing a document.
• Playing sound through speakers.
OUTPUT DEVICES
STORAGE
 components that store software and data until it is needed. Hard drives or HDD, solid state drive or SSD,
USB flash drives, and DVDs.
Examples:
• Saving a document on your computer.
• Storing data in a database.
• Caching web pages for faster access.
STORAGE DEVICES
HOW DATA IS REPRESENTED ON A COMPUTER

 Data in a computer is represented using a binary system, which consists of only two digits: 0 (off) and 1
(on). These binary digits, or bits, are the fundamental building blocks of all data in a computer.
 eight bits can combine to make a byte, which is an 8-digits binary number.
1. Bit – a single binary digit with a value of either 1 (on) or 0 (off).

Ex. 1010
2. byte – an 8-digit binary number, composed of eight bits
Ex. 10101010
COMMON QUANTITIES OF BYTES
TERM NUMBER OF BYTES
Kilobyte (KB) 1024 (approximately one thousand)
Megabyte 1,048,567 (approximately one million)

(MB)
Gigabyte 1,073,741,824 (approximately one billion)

(GB)
Terabyte (TB) 1,099,411,627,776 (approximately one trillion)
Petabyte (PB) 1,125,899,906,842,624 (approximately one

quadrillion

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Lesson 1: Understanding Information Systems

What is an Information System?

HOW DATA IS REPRESENTED ON A COMPUTER

1. Bit – a single binary digit with a value of either 1 (on) or 0 (off).

Kilobyte (KB) 1024 (approximately one thousand)

Megabyte 1,048,567 (approximately one million)

Gigabyte 1,073,741,824 (approximately one billion)

Terabyte (TB) 1,099,411,627,776 (approximately one trillion)

Petabyte (PB) 1,125,899,906,842,624 (approximately one

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