Introduction to Computers

(COURSE CODE : MFTI -5106)

MBA(FT)5Yrs - I Semester

Dr. Bhavna Sharma

 Syllabus
• Unit-1: Introduction: Introduction, Characteristics, Types of Computers, Types of Hardware &
Software, Input Output Devices and their Description.

• Unit-2 Memory : Ram ,Rom , Prom , EProm, Hard Disk, Primary And Secondary Memory,
Cache , Physical And Virtual Memory.

• Unit-3: Operating System and Windows- Meaning, Definition, Functions, Types of Operating
System, Booting process.

• Disk Operating System: Definition, Internal and External Commands.

• Windows Operating System: Start Menu, Control Pane, Windows Accessories.

• Unit-4: Application Packages:

• Ms- Word: Meaning and Features of Word Processing, Advantages and Application of Word
Processing, Lab Practices.

• Ms- Excel: Features, Work Sheet/ Workbook, Applications of Excel, Lab Practices.

• Ms-PowerPoint: Features, Applications, Menus, Lab Practices.

• Unit-5: Computer Networking & Internet: Introduction, Essential of Networks, Types of

Networks, Network topologies, Types of communication, Types of transmission media, Types of
connectivity devices, Internet technologies, access devices, WWW, Multimedia.
 Introduction to Computer

Computer is an electronic device capable of carrying out sequence of

instruction. It helps to accept (read) the input data, process it according to the
instruction given and produces (write) processed output information that is
results.
It combines five elements :
• Hardware
• Software
• People
• Procedures
• Data/information

Computer has ability of :

• Accept data
• Input, store & executive instructions
• Perform mathematical & logical operations
• Output results according to user requirements
• Data : it is a collection of raw facts and figure.
• Information : It is the processed data that generates after
data processing, which can be used to help people to make
decisions. It refers the facts and figure or statistics that have
meaning.
• Processing : It is the work done by the computer to process
input and to produce output data. Processing includes :
 Calculations : it includes =, +,-,%,*
 Comparison : it includes == <>
 Decision-making : it include branching to a different path
depending on condition
 Logic : It includes the sequence or flow of step to be followed
to get the desired results.
 Characteristics of Computer
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Diligence
 Reliability
 Storage Capability
 Versatility
O,1 = 1 bit
8 bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 KB
 Types of Computer
According to physical size, computers are classified into the following types:
•Supercomputer: Supercomputers are the fastest and the most expensive type of computer.
They are large and require more space for installation. These types of computers are mainly
designed to perform massive data-based and complex tasks. Supercomputers are capable
enough to handle trillions of instructions at the same time.
•Mainframe Computer: Mainframe computers are comparatively smaller in size as compared
to supercomputers. However, they are not much small. These types of computers are designed
to perform hundreds or thousands of jobs at a time simultaneously. These computers can
handle heavy tasks, including complex calculations and can store vast amounts of data. They
are best suited for big organizations such as banking, telecom, and educational sectors.
•Microcomputer: Microcomputers are cheap in price and support multi-user platform. These
are the general-purpose computers designed to handle all the necessary tasks of individual
needs. Since they are comparatively slower than mainframe computers, thereby are suitable for
small organizations. They are best suited for internet café, schools, universities, offices, etc. A
microcomputer is also referred to as the 'Personal Computer (PC)' in general life. Laptop and
desktop are examples of microcomputers.
• Minicomputer: Minicomputers are also referred to as Miniframe computers. These
are the midsize multiprocessing computer designed purposely for easy carry. These
types of computers are light-weight and can fit in a small space. They are suitable
for billing, accounting, education, and business purposes. Since these
minicomputers are easy to carry, they are the best option for those who need a
computer while traveling. Tablet PC, Notebooks, and cell phones are examples of
minicomputers.
• Workstation: Workstation is a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is a
personal computer with a faster microprocessor, a massive amount of RAM,
higher-quality monitors, high graphic memory, etc. This is best suited for
performing any specific type of task professionally. According to the type of tasks,
a workstation can be referred to as a music workstation, graphic workstation, or
engineering design workstation. Most businesses and professionals use
workstations for performing tasks like animation, music creation, video editing,
poster designs, data analysis and more.
 Advantages of Using Computer
The following are the main advantages of using the computer:
•Computers can perform given tasks at incredible speed.
•Computers can perform the same task multiple times with the
same accuracy.
•Computers allow doing several tasks simultaneously as they are
best suited for multitasking.
•Computers keep the stored data secure and inaccessible from
unauthorized users.
•Computers can automatically perform routine tasks with
automation, making humans available for more intelligent tasks.
 Disadvantages of Using Computer
The following are the main disadvantages of using the computer:
•Computers cannot work on their own. They need instructions
from humans to complete tasks. Moreover, computers follow the
given instructions blindly without thinking about the outcomes.
•Computers need a power supply to work. Without a power
supply, they are just useless.
•Working on a computer continuously for a long period can cause
several health issues.
•Wastage of computers and their parts leave a negative impact on
the environment.
•Computers are taking human jobs in many sectors. They are
replacing human work and thus increasing unemployment
Architecture and organization of Computer

• The internal architecture design of computers

differs from one system to another.
• The basic organization remains same for all
computer systems. A block diagram of the
basic computer organization is shown as :
 Basic Organization of a Digital computer system

Program Storage Unit

and Data Input Secondary Storage Output Information
Unit Unit

Primary Storage

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

 Hardware Components of Computer
Computer hardware is a collection of several components working
together. Some parts are essential and others are added
advantages. Computer hardware is made up of CPU and
peripherals as shown in image below.
There are Four major unit of an computer.
1 Input Unit
(KEYBOARD, MOUSE, SCANNER, JOYSTICK, LIGHTPEN, DIGITAL
CAMERA, MICROPHONE)
2 Output Unit ( MONITOR, PRINTER, SPEAKER, PROJECTOR,
PLOTTER)
3 Central Processing Unit (CU+AlU)
Control Unit and Athematic Logic Unit
4 Storage Unit- RAM, ROM, Harddisk, Pen Dirve
 HARDWARE
The term hardware refers
to mechanical device that
makes up computer.
Computer hardware
consists of interconnected
electronic devices that we
can use to control
computer’s operation,
input and output. Examples
of hardware are CPU,
keyboard, mouse, hard
disk, etc.
 Software
What is Software ?
Types of Software :
 Systems Software
 Application Software
 Utility Software
 SOFTWARE
A set of instructions that drives computer to do stipulated tasks is called a program.
Software instructions are programmed in a computer language, translated into
machine language, and executed by computer. Software can be categorized into two
types −
•System software
•Application software
•Utility Software
System Software
System software operates directly on hardware devices of computer. It provides a
platform to run an application. It provides and supports user functionality. Examples
of system software include operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.
Application Software
An application software is designed for benefit of users to perform one or more
tasks. Examples of application software include Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
Oracle, etc.
 System Software
System Software In case of a system software, it helps the user as well as the
hardware to function and even interact with each other easily. Essentially, it is a
software which is used to manage the behaviour of the computer hardware in order
to offer basic functionalities which are needed by the user. In simpler word, it can be
said that system software is essentially an intermediator or even a middle layer
between the user as well as the hardware. Sign up for our exclusive newsletters.
Subscribe to check out our popular newsletters. These software sanction an
environment or platform for the other software to easily work in. Hence, it is the
reason why the system software is quite important in the management of the entire
computer system. Whenever you turn on the computer first, it is this system software
which gets initialized and then gets loaded in the system’s memory.

•A system software essentially runs in the background, and it isn’t actually utilized by
the end-users. Due to this reason, the system software is also known popularly as
“low-level software”. Companies usually hire the best software development
company to build a system software. 
Few of the common system software examples are:
•Operating System- Being a prominent example for system software, it is essentially a
collection of software which handles resources as well as offers general services for
various other application which actually run over them.
•There are different types of operating systems like embedded, real-time, distributed,
single-user, multi-user, mobile, internet and much more. Full stack web development
services develop apps to operate on a mobile operating system like Android and iOS.
Some of the key examples of operating systems are as follows: MS Windows macOS
Linux iOS Android  CentOS Ubuntu Unix
•b. Device Drivers - This type of software controls particular hardware which is
essentially attached to the system. Different hardware devices which require a driver
to connect to a system easily consist of displays, printers, sound cards, hard disks,
keyboard, and mice. Few of the examples of such drivers are: BIOS Driver
Motherboard Drivers Display Drivers ROM Drivers Printer Drivers USB Drivers Sound
Card Driver VGA Drivers
•c. Firmware - It is actually a permanent software which is embedded in the system’s
read-only memory. It is essentially a set of instructions which are permanently stored
onto to the hardware device. It offers vital information regarding how a particular
device interacts with different other hardware. Some of the examples of firmware are:
Computer Peripherals Embedded Systems UEFI BIOS  
• Application Software -  They are also popularly known as end-user programs or
even productivity programs which assist the user in completing various tasks like
conducting online research, making notes, designing graphics, maintaining
accounts, carrying out calculations or even playing computer games. They
essentially lie above the system software. They are actually used by the end-user
as well as have specific functionality or tasks which they are designed to perform.
These software are often developed through custom software development,
based on the requirements of the users. There is a variety of application software.
•  Some of them are:
• a. Word Processors Such applications are meant for documentation. It also assists
in storing as well as formatting and even printing of the documents. Key examples
of such software are: MS Word  Apple iWork-Pages Corel WordPerfect Google
Docs 
• b. Database Software It is used to create as well as manage a database and also
known as Database Management System or in short, DBMS. Such software assists
in the data organization. Some of the examples of DBMS are: MS Access FileMaker
dBase Clipper  MySQL FoxPro
• c. Multimedia Software This is a software which is able to play, create as
well as record images, audio or even video files. These software are
utilized for animation, video editing, graphics as well as image editing.
Due to the high demand for such software, every software product
development company has vast avenues in developing them. Some of the
examples of such software are: Adobe Photoshop Picasa VLC Media Player
Windows Media Player Windows Movie Maker
• d. Web Browsers These software are utilized to browse the internet. Web
browsers assist the users in locating as well as retrieving data well across
the web. Some of the key examples of them are: Google Chrome Mozilla
Firefox Internet Explorer Opera UC Browser Safari However,
Utility Software- These software are designed to assist in analysing, as well as
optimizing, along with configuring and maintaining a given computer
system. It provides support to the computer infrastructure. Software like
disk cleanup and management tools, anti-viruses, defragmenters,
compression tools etc. are all utility software. Some of its examples are:
Norton Antivirus McAfee Antivirus WinRAR WinZip Piriform CCleaner 
Windows File Explorer Directory Opus Razer Cortex
 Difference Between Hardware and Software
Sr.No. Software Hardware
1 It is a collection of programs to bring It includes physical components of computer
computer hardware system into operation. system.

2 It includes numbers, alphabets, It consists of electronic components like ICs,

alphanumeric symbols, identifiers, diodes, registers, crystals, boards, insulators,
keywords, etc. etc.
3 Software products evolve by adding new Hardware design is based on architectural
features to existing programs to support decisions to make it work over a range of
hardware. environmental conditions and time.
4 It will vary as per computer and its built-in It is mostly constructed for all types of
functions and programming language. computer systems.

5 It is designed and developed by The hardware can understand only low-level

experienced programmers in high-level language or machine language.
language.
6 The software is categorized as operating The hardware consists of input devices,
system, utilities, language processor, output devices, memory, etc.
application software, etc.

7 It is represented in any high-level language The hardware works only on binary codes 1’s
such as BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA, etc. and 0’s.
 Processing Devices
When a computer receives data from an input device, the data
must go through an intermediate stage before it can be sent
to an output device, like a monitor, printer, or speakers. A
processing device is any device in a computer that handles
this intermediate stage, being responsible for controlling the
storage and retrieval of data.
• Some of the most common processing devices in a computer
include the following:
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
• Motherboard
• Network Card
• Sound Card
 Mother Board
The motherboard is a printed circuit board that is the
foundation of a computer, located on the back side
or at the bottom of the computer case. It allocates
power to the CPU, RAM, and all other computer
hardware components. Most importantly, the
motherboard allows hardware components to
communicate with one another.
Some of the component are : BIOS Bus Cache
memory Chipset Diode Dip switches Electrolytic Fuse
Game port and MIDI header Internal speaker
Keyboard controller LCC Network header
 Memory
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing
information temporarily, like RAM (random access memory), or
permanently, like ROM (read-only memory). Memory devices
utilize integrated circuits and are used by operating
systems, software, and hardware.
COMPUTER STORAGE DEVICES:

The data stored is stores in digital forms.

There are three types of data storage and the classification

of computer storage devices is made based on the task
performed by the device :

Primary storage device

Secondary storage device

Tertiary storage devices

Characteristics Of Storage Devices

 Speed

 Volatility
volatile vs. non-volatile memory -Memory can be either volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile
memory is memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power.
Computer RAM is an example of volatile memory. It is why if your computer freezes or reboots
when working on a program, you lose anything that hasn't been saved. Non-volatile memory,
sometimes abbreviated as NVRAM, is memory that keeps its contents even if the power is
lost. EPROM is an example of non-volatile memory.

 Portability

 Cost And Capability

Storage units of computer memory
Bit 0 and 1
1 Byte - 8 bits
1KB– 1024 Byte (B)
1 MB – 1024 Kilo Bytes (KB)
1GB -1024 Mega Bytes (MB)
1 TB – 1024 Giga Bytes (GB)
1PB -1024 Tera Bytes (TB)
1EB – 1024 Peta Bytes (PB)
1ZB - 1024 Exa Bytes (EB)
1YB- 1024 Zetta Byte (ZB)
YB – Yotta Bytes
Speed measurement unit
1KHZ -103hZ
1MHZ -103 KHZ
1GHZ -103mhz
1THZ -103GHZ
Vibrations and electromagnetic radiation are measured in hertz
In computing it is the clock speed of the CPU that is referenced in terms of
hertz.
Hertz =Hz = Number of cycles per second

1 Megahertz=MHz= 1 million cycles per second

1 Gigahertz= GHz=10^9 Hz
Primary Memory And Devices :
The primary storage devices for computers are actually a part of
the computer's memory. They are the Random Access
Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).

Types of primary storage: RAM and ROM

RAM There are six types of RAM:
• EDO RAM
• SDRAM
• DDR RAM
• DDR2 RAM
• DDR3 RAM
• DDR4 RAM
• These types of memory all fall into the general categories of SIMM or  DIMM.

2. ROM
I. PROM
II. EPROM
III. EEPROM
 COMPUTER LANGUAGE
Language is means of communication. A programmer uses a
computer language to instruct a computer what he/she wants it to do.

The main difference between a natural language and a computer

language is that natural languages have a large vocabulary but most
computer languages use a very limited or restricted vocabulary .

Every problem to be solved by a computer has to be broken down

into discrete (simple and separate) , logical steps basically
comprising of four fundamental operations –
Input and output operations ,
Arithmetic operations,
Operations for data movement within CPU and memory,
Logical or comparison operations.
Over the years, programming languages have progressed from
machine-oriented languages (that use strings of binary 1s and 0s) to
problem-oriented languages (that use common mathematical and/or
English terms) . However all computers languages can be classified
broadly into following three categories :
Generations Classification
1st Low-level - Machine Language
2nd Low Level - Assembly Language
3rd Middle Level - C
4th High-level - C++,java, ,VB etc.
5th High level - PHP, Python, SQL,
AI Techniques,
Inference
6th Neural Network, Other ??
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF MACHINE
LANGUAGE:

ADVANTAGE :
Programs executed very fast
No need for any translation
A+B 0101 0011 1001 C=0101
Disadvantages :
1.Machine dependent
2.Difficult to program
3.Error prone
4.Difficult to modify
 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
Programming in machine language is difficult and error-prone
because a programmer needs to:
1.Write numeric codes for the instructions in a computer’s instruction
set.
2.Write the storage locations of data and instructions in numeric
form.
3.Keep track of storage locations of data and instructions while
writing program.
Assembly language helped in overcoming the limitations of machine
language programming :
1.By using alphanumeric mnemonic codes instead of numeric codes
for the instructions in the instruction set. For example , using ADD
instead of 1110 (binary) or 14 (decimal) for the instructions to add ,
SUB instead of 1111(binary) and 15 (decimal) for the instruction to
2.By allowing address of fixed storage locations to be represented by
alphanumeric names instead of numeric address. For example
memory locations 1000,1001, and 1002 may be represented as FRST,
SCND, ANSR respectively in an assembly language program.
With this feature a programmer can easily remember and use the
storage locations of the data and instructions used in an assembly
language program.
A language that allows instruction and storage
locations to be represented by letters and
symbols instead of numbers is called assembly
language or symbolic language . A program
written in assembly language is called assembly
language program or symbolic program.
ADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OVER MACHINE
LANGUAGE :
1.Easier to understand and use.
2.Easier to locate and correct errors.
3.Easier to modify.
4.No worry about address.
5.Easily relocatable.
6.Efficiency of machine language

LIMITATION OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

1.Machine dependent.
2.Knowledge of hardware required .
3.Machine level coding.
 HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
Both machine language and assembly language have following
limitations:
1.They are machine dependent . A machine/assembly language
program cannot be executed on any computer other than the one for
which it is written.
2.They require programmers to have a good knowledge of the
internal structure of the computer used.
3.It is difficult , error prone, and time consuming to write programs
in machine/assembly language because they deal with machine-level
coding , requiring one instruction to be written for each machine-
level operation.
High-level programming language were designed to overcome these
limitations of low-level programming languages . They are
characterized by following features:

1.They are machine independent . that is , program written in high-

level language can be ported and executed easily on any computer
having a translator software for high-level language.

2.They do not require programmers to know anything about the

internal structure of the computer on which the high-level program
are executed. In fact, since high-level languages are machine
independent, a programmer writing a program in a high-level
language may not even know on which computer the program is
executed . This allows programmers to concentrate on the logic of the
problem rather than be concerned with the details of the internal
structure of the computer.
3.They do not deal with machine-level coding, rather they deal with
high-level coding , enabling the programmers to write instruction
using English words and familiar mathematical symbols and
expressions . each s
tatement of a high-level language is normally a macro instruction
that is translated into several machine language instructions . This is
one-to-many translation and not one-to-one as in the case of
assembly language.
Example: let us consider the same problem of addind two
numbers(FRST AND SCND) , and storing the sum in ANSR . We
saw that three low-level(machine/assembly) instruction are required
to perform this job , only one instruction need to be written :
ANSR=FRST+SCND
This instruction is obviously very easy to understand and write
because it resembles the familiar alegebric notation for adding two
numbers : a=b+c
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF HIGH-LEVEL
LANGUAGES :

1.Machine independence

2.Easier to learn and use.

3.Fewer errors.

4.Lower program preparation cost.

5.Better documentation.

6.Easier to maintain.
 Operating System
Operating system  is a platform between hardware and
user, which is responsible for the management and
coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources
of a computer.  It hosts the several applications that run
on a computer and handles the operations of computer
hardware. Key Points of OS:
 A program that controls the execution of programs
 An interface between a user and hardware
 An Operating System is a computer program that
manages the resources of a computer. 
It also may provide a graphical user interface for higher
level functions.
Introduction to Operating System
 Features of Operating System
1. Easy interaction between human beings and
computer system.
2. Starting computer automatically when computer is
turned on.
3. Loading and scheduling users programs along with
computers.
4. Controlling input-output.
5. Controlling program execution.
6. Scheduling processes .
7.Managing use of main memory.
8. Accounting resource usage .
9. Provide security to users jobs and files.
10. Managing and manipulating files.
Operating System is a software package which allows
the computer to function.
Functions:
• Program creation and execution
• Access to Input/Output devices
• Controlled access to files
• System access
• Error detection and response
• Interpreting the commands
• Managing peripherals
• Information management
• Process communication
 Broader functions performed by operating systems
are as below:

• Process management
• Memory management
• Disk and file systems: controls the creation, deletion,
and access of files of data and programs.
• Networking:
• Security
• Device drivers
 Objectives of operating system
♣ Convenience
♣ Efficiency
♣ Ability to evolve

Performance Evaluation of OS
Throughput
Turnaround Time
Response Time
 User Interaction with Computer
♣ GUI(graphical user interface)
♣ CUI(command user interface)
♣ WUI(web based user interface)
♣ TUI(touch user interface)
 Types Of Operating System
1. Batch Processing 2 Single User
3 Multi-User 4 Multi-Tasking
5 Multi-programming 6 Multi-Processing
7 Time Sharing 8 Real Time

1. UNIX/LINUX
2. Windows/Windows NT
3. DOS
 Introduction to Number system
To understand the operation of a computer the
knowledge of binary, octal and hexadecimal number
system is essential.
Number Systems are basically of two types:-
1. Positional number system
2. Non-positional number system
(The Romans devised a number system which could
represent all the numbers from 1 to 1,000,000 using
only eight symbols
– I=1 V=5 X = 10 L = 50
– C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000 MM = 1000000)
• I =1
• II =2
• III =3
• IV =4
• V =5
• VII =7 (10)
• 12 21 225 252, 522
• 225 = 200+20+5
• 2*100+2*10+5
• 2*102+2*101+5*100

• 1244, 6785
1 0 21 = 2 A=1 B=0
11 =A 10=B 01=C 00=D 22 = 4
2 =
111 110 100 ………….000 3 8 (o,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

1111…… 0000 24 = 16 (0-15)

= 25 = 32 (0 – 31)
= 26 = 64 (0 – 63)
= 27 =128 (0 -127)
111 110 100…………000 28 = 256 (0 -255)
A – Z = 26
a-z = 26
0-9 = 10
+,-, *, / %,…. = 5 = 41 - 67
 Number System
Base

• Decimal Number (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) = 10

EX. : (234)10
• Binary Number (0,1) =2
EX. (101010001)2
• Octal Number (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) =8
EX. (234)8,
• Hex Decimal (0 - 15) = 16
(0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)
EX. (345)16 , (78AC)16
(457)8
(34A)16
(3410)16
(67910)10
(1010102)2
256(0 255)
0=00000000
1=00000001
2=00000011
3
4
5
 Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No

Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
 Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decima
l
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
 Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decima
l
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Divisor Division Reminder
2 36 0
2 18 0
2 9 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 1

From Decimal to Binary conversion

of given no. (36)10= (100100)2
Conversion from binary to decimal
number
(100100)2
=1*25+0*24+ 0*23+ 1*22+ 0*21+ 0*20
= 32+0++0+4+0+0=36
=(36)
10
 Unit-II
Overview of General Purpose Application
Software
Word Processing
Spreadsheet
Business Presentation such as
Suites, Messaging, Groupware
Commercial and Corporate Software Tools
 Word Processor
• A Word processor is a computer program that provides for input,
editing, formatting, and output of text. It includes some additional
features such as creating, editing, saving, and printing documents.

Microsoft Word Writer

Google Doc OpenOffice
Grammarly WordPerfect

AutoCrit Pages

Prowritingaid
 Word processing software
Word processing software is used to manipulate a text document, such as a resume or a report.
You typically enter text by typing, and the software provides tools for copying, deleting and
various types of formatting. Some of the functions of word processing software include:
•Creating, editing, saving and printing documents.
•Copying, pasting, moving and deleting text within a document.
•Formatting text, such as font type, bolding, underlining or italicizing.
•Creating and editing tables.
•Inserting elements from other software, such as illustrations or photographs.
•Correcting spelling and grammar.
•Word processing includes a number of tools to format your pages. For example, you can organize
your text into columns, add page numbers, insert illustrations, etc. However, word processing
does not give you complete control over the look and feel of your document. When design
becomes important, you may need to use desktop publishing software to give you more control
over the layout of your pages.
•Word processing software typically also contains features to make it easier for you to perform
repetitive tasks. For example, let's say you need to send a letter to all your customers regarding a
new policy. The letter is the same for all customers except for the name and address at the top of
the letter. A mail merge function allows you to produce all the letters using one template
document and a table with customer names and addresses in the database.
Text editors shouldn't be confused with word processing software. While they do also
allow you to create, edit and save text documents, they only work on plain text. Text
editors don't use any formatting, such as underlined text or different fonts. Text
editors serve a very different purpose from word processing software. They are used
to work with files in plain text format, such as source code of computer programs or
configuration files of an operating system. An example of a text editor would be
Notepad on the Windows platform.
Word Processing Software Example
There are a number of different word processing applications. One of the most widely
used ones is Word, which is part of Microsoft Office. Another widely used one is
WordPerfect by the Corel Corporation. A third one is Writer, which is part of
OpenOffice by Apache. While the first two are commercial software, OpenOffice is
open source and can be downloaded and used free of charge. Finally, there is Pages,
which is part of iWork by Apple.

While there are many differences between the various word processing applications,
they all accomplish pretty much the same thing. Which one you use is partly a matter
of personal preference. It is also important to consider which software is being used
by the people you normally collaborate with. In many cases, people within the same
organization will use the same software to make it easier to share documents or to
work on the same document together.
 Spreadsheet
• A spreadsheet  is a file made of rows and columns that help sort, organize, and
arrange data efficiently, and calculate numerical data. What makes a spreadsheet 
software program unique is its ability to calculate values using mathematical 
formulas and the data in cells. An example of how a spreadsheet may be utilized is
creating an overview of your bank's balance.

•
Below is a basic example of what a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet looks like,
with all the important features of a spreadsheet highlighted.
 Workbook and Worksheet
When you open Microsoft Excel (a spreadsheet program), you're opening a workbook.
A workbook can contain one or more different worksheets that are accessed through
the tabs at the bottom of the worksheet your currently viewing. What's often most
confusing is that a worksheet is synonymous with a spreadsheet.
In other words, a spreadsheet and worksheet mean the same thing. However, most
people only refer to the program as a spreadsheet program and the files it creates as
spreadsheet files or worksheets.
Examples of spreadsheet programs
•Google Sheets - (online and free).
•iWork Numbers - Apple Office Suite.
•LibreOffice -> Calc (free).
•Lotus 1-2-3 (discontinued).
•Lotus Symphony - Spreadsheets.
•MSOffice->Microsoft Excel.
•OpenOffice -> Calc (free).
•VisiCalc (discontinued).
 Business Presentation software
• Visme
• Prezi
• Google Slides
• Keynote
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Ludus
• Slides
• Slidebean
• Zoho Show
• Beautiful.ai
• Genially
• Canva
• FlowVella
• Haiku Deck
• Microsoft Sway
A software suite is a collection of two or more software
programs that are bundled and sold together. The software
programs may have correlative features and functionality, or
they may be completely different from one another, but share a
similar theme.
• A software suite is a collection of applications and computer programs that have similar user
interfaces and integrate with each other. They are also often owned by the same brand.
• Also called an application suite, software suites are different from standalone applications
because they are a group of apps that link together to create an overarching experience for
the user.
• Software suite users can often access all of a suite’s apps from a desktop app or through a
web portal. For example, Adobe Photoshop is a photo-editing software within the Adobe
Creative Suite. Those subscribed to the suite may also gain access to other apps like InDesign
or Illustrator.
• Currently, some of the most regularly used suites are built for productivity. Many also use
cloud technology to store documents and data. Examples :
 HubSpot Enterprise Growth Suite
 Microsoft Office 365
 Google G Suite
 Apple IWork
 Adobe Creative Suite
 Apache OpenOffice
 Groupware
• Groupware refers to programs that help people work together
collectively while located remotely from each other. Programs that
enable real time collaboration are called synchronous groupware.
• Groupware is a class of computer programs that enables individuals to
collaborate on projects with a common goal from geographically
dispersed locations through shared Internet interfaces as a means to
communicate within the group.
• Groupware may also include remote access storage systems to archive
frequently used data files. These can be altered, accessed and
retrieved by workgroup members.
• Groupware is also known as collaborative software.
The first commercial groupware products emerged in early 1990s when
international giants such as IBM and Boeing began using electronic meeting
systems for their internal projects. Further, Lotus Notes appeared as a major
product of this category, further enhancing remote group collaborations.
Groupware systems are classified based on functions, specifically:
•Computer mediated communication supporting direct participant communication
•Meeting and decision support systems capturing the common understanding of
participants
•Shared applications
•Artifacts supporting the interaction of participants through shared work objects
Groupware is either synchronous or asynchronous in nature.
Synchronous groupware is a class of applications that allows a group of
individuals who are physically separated to interact with each other using shared
computational objects in real time. The fundamental requirement of synchronous
groupware is real-time coordination among clients. The user interfaces advocate a
feeling of togetherness. They require shared audio channels for communication
.
Asynchronous groupware uses email, structured messages, agents,
workflow, computer conferencing agents, file sharing systems and
collaborative writing systems, among others. Asynchronous collaborations
between users are well maintained only if they are allowed to perform their
contributions without any restrictions. This can be accomplished through
replicated data management systems with read any or write any data access.
Users can execute concurrent updates.

The extensive use of groupware on the Internet helped contribute to the

development of Web 2.0, which uses instant messaging, Web conferencing,
group calendars, document sharing, etc.