Python String

 Python string is the collection of the

characters surrounded by single
quotes, double quotes, or triple
quotes.
 The computer does not understand
the characters; internally, it stores
manipulated character as the
combination of the 0's and 1's.
 Each character is encoded in the ASCII
or Unicode character.
 So we can say that Python strings are
also called the collection of Unicode
characters.
Consider the following example in Python
to create a string.
Syntax:
str = "Hi Python !"
Here, if we check the type of the
variable str using a Python script
 print(type(str)), then it will print a str
ing (str).
In Python, strings are treated as the
sequence of characters, which means
that Python doesn't support the character
data-type; instead, a single character
written as 'p' is treated as the string of
length 1.
Creating String in Python
We can create a string by enclosing the
characters in single-quotes or double-
quotes. Python also provides triple-quotes
to represent the string, but it is generally
used for multiline string or docstrings.
(Python docstring is a string used to
document a Python module, class,
function or method.)
1. #Using single quotes
2. str1 = 'Hello Python'
3. print(str1)
4. #Using double quotes
5. str2 = "Hello Python"
6. print(str2)
7.
8. #Using triple quotes
9. str3 = '''Triple quotes are generally
used for
10. represent the multiline or
11. docstring'''
12. print(str3)
13. Output:

Hello Python
Hello Python
Triple quotes are generally used for
represent the multiline or
docstring

Strings indexing and splitting

Like other languages, the indexing of
the Python strings starts from 0. For
example, The string "HELLO" is
indexed as given in the below figure.
 Consider the following example:
str = "HELLO"
print(str[0])
print(str[1])
print(str[2])
print(str[3])
print(str[4])
# It returns the IndexError because 6t
h index doesn't exist
print(str[6])
Output:
H
E
L
L
O
IndexError: string index out of range

As shown in Python, the slice operator []

is used to access the individual
characters of the string. However, we can
use the : (colon) operator in Python to
access the substring from the given
string. Consider the following
Here, we must notice that the upper
range given in the slice operator is always
exclusive i.e., if str = 'HELLO' is given,
then str[1:3] will always include str[1] =
'E', str[2] = 'L' and nothing else
Consider the following example:
1. # Given String
2. str = "JAVATPOINT"
3. # Start Oth index to end
 4. print(str[0:])
5. # Starts 1th index to 4th index
6. print(str[1:5])
7. # Starts 2nd index to 3rd index
8. print(str[2:4])
9. # Starts 0th to 2nd index
10. print(str[:3])
11. #Starts 4th to 6th index
12. print(str[4:7])
Output:

JAVATPOINT
AVAT
VA
JAV
TPO

We can do the negative

slicing in the string; it starts
from the rightmost
character, which is
indicated as -1. The second
rightmost index indicates -
2, and so on. Consider the
following image.
Consider the following
example
1.str = 'JAVATPOINT'
2. print(str[-1])
3.print(str[-3])
4. print(str[-2:])
5.print(str[-4:-1])
6. print(str[-7:-2])

7.# Reversing the given s

tring
8. print(str[::-1])
9.print(str[-12])
Output:

T
I
NT
OIN
ATPOI
TNIOPTAVAJ
IndexError: string
index out of range

Reassigning Strings
Updating the content of the
strings is as easy as
assigning it to a new string.
The string object doesn't
support item assignment
i.e., A string can only be
replaced with new string
since its content cannot be
partially replaced. Strings
are immutable in Python.
Consider the following
example.
Example 1
1.str = "HELLO"
2. str[0] = "h"
3.print(str)
Output:

Traceback (most
recent call last):
File "12.py", line 2, in
<module>
str[0] = "h";
TypeError: 'str' object
does not support item
assignment

However, in example 1, the

string str can be assigned
completely to a new content
as specified in the
following example.
Example 2
1.str = "HELLO"
2. print(str)
3.str = "hello"
 4. print(str)
Output:

HELLO
hello

Deleting the String

As we know that strings are
immutable. We cannot
delete or remove the
characters from the string.
But we can delete the entire
string using
the del keyword.
1.str = "JAVATPOINT"
2. del str[1]
Output:

TypeError: 'str' object

doesn't support item
deletion

Now we are deleting entire

string.
1.str1 = "JAVATPOINT"
 2. del str1
3.print(str1)
Output:

NameError: name
'str1' is not defined

String Operators
Operat Descriptio
or n

It is known
as
concatenati
on operator
+ used to join
the strings
given either
side of the
operator.
 It is known
as
repetition
operator. It
concatenat
*
es the
multiple
copies of
the same
string.

It is known
as slice
operator. It
is used to
[] access the
sub-strings
of a
particular
string.
 It is known
as range
slice
operator. It
is used to
[:]
access the
characters
from the
specified
range.

in It is known
as
membershi
p operator.
It returns if
a particular
sub-string
is present
in the
specified
 string.

It is also a
membershi
p operator
and does
the exact
reverse of
in. It
not in returns true
if a
particular
substring is
not present
in the
specified
string.

r/R It is used to
specify the
raw string.
Raw strings
are used in
the cases
where we
need to
print the
actual
meaning of
escape
characters
such as
"C://python
". To define
any string
as a raw
string, the
character r
or R is
followed by
the string.
CPython is the
reference
implementation of the
Python programming
language, and is
written in both Python
and C. It's the most
widely used
implementation of
Python, and is
considered the
"official" version
Example
Consider the following
example to understand the
real use of Python
operators.
1.str = "Hello"
2. str1 = " world"

3.print(str*3) # prints He
lloHelloHello
4. print(str+str1)
# prints Hello worl
d
5.print(str[4]) # prints o

6. print(str[2:4]);
# prints ll

7.print('w' in str) # prints

false as w is not present
in str
8. print('wo' not i
n str1) # prints fal
se as wo is present
in str1.
9.print(r'C://python37') #
prints C://python37 as i
t is written
10. print("The strin
g str : %s"%(str))
# prints The string
 str : Hello
Output:

HelloHelloHello
Hello world
o
ll
False
False
C://python37
The string str : Hello

Python String
Formatting
Escape Sequence
Let's suppose we need to
write the text as - They
said, "Hello what's going
on?"- the given statement
can be written in single
quotes or double quotes but
it will raise
the SyntaxError as it
contains both single and
double-quotes.
Example
Consider the following
example to understand the
real use of Python
operators.
1.str = "They said, "Hello
what's going on?""
2. print(str)
Output:

SyntaxError: invalid
syntax

We can use the triple

quotes to accomplish this
problem but Python
provides the escape
sequence.
The backslash(/) symbol
denotes the escape
sequence. The backslash
can be followed by a
special character and it
interpreted differently. The
single quotes inside the
string must be escaped. We
can apply the same as in the
double quotes.
Example -
1.# using triple quotes
2. print('''''They s
aid, "What's there?
"''')
3.
4. # escaping sing
le quotes
5.print('They said, "Wha
t\'s going on?"')
6.
7.# escaping double quot
es
8. print("They sai
d, \"What's going o
n?\"")
Output:

They said, "What's

there?"
They said, "What's
going on?"
They said, "What's
going on?"

The list of an escape

sequence is given below:
S Esc Descr Example
r ape iption
. Seq
uen
ce

1 \ It
. newl ignore print("Python1
\
ine s the
Python2 \
new Python3")
line.
Output:
 Python1
Python2
Python3

print("\\")
2 Backsl
\\ Output:
. ash
\

print('\'')
3 Single
\' Output:
. Quotes
'

4 \\'' Double
. Quotes print("\"")
Output:
 "

5 ASCII
\a print("\a")
. Bell

print("Hello \b
ASCII World")
6 Backs
\b
. pace(B Output:
S)
Hello World

8 \n ASCII
. Linefe print("Hello \n
World!")
ed
Output:
 Hello
World!

ASCII print("Hello \r
Carrie World!")
9
\r ge
. Output:
Return
(CR)
World!

print("Hello \t
ASCII World!")
1
Horizo
0 \t
ntal Output:
.
Tab
Hello World!

1 ASCII
1 \v Vertica print("Hello \v
World!")
. l Tab
 Output:

Hello
World!

Charac
print("\
1 ter 110\145\154\1
2 \ooo with 54\157")
. octal Output:
value Hello

print("\x48\
Charac
x65\x6c\x6c\
ter x6f")
1
\xHH with
3 Output:
hex
value.
Hello

The format()
method
The format() method is the
most flexible and useful
method in formatting
strings. The curly braces {}
are used as the placeholder
in the string and replaced
by the format() method
argument. Let's have a look
at the given an example:
1.# Using Curly braces
2. print("{} and {
} both are the best
friend".format("De
vansh","Abhishek"
))
3.
4. #Positional Arg
ument
5.print("{1} and {0} best
players ".format("Virat
","Rohit"))
6.
7.#Keyword Argument
8. print("{a},{b},
{c}".format(a = "J
 ames", b = "Peter"
, c = "Ricky"))
Output:

Devansh and
Abhishek both are the
best friend
Rohit and Virat best
players
James,Peter,Ricky

Python String
Formatting Using %
Operator
Python allows us to use the
format specifiers used in
C's printf statement. The
format specifiers in Python
are treated in the same way
as they are treated in C.
However, Python provides
an additional operator %,
which is used as an
interface between the
format specifiers and their
values. In other words, we
can say that it binds the
format specifiers to the
values.
Consider the following
example.
1.Integer = 10;
2. Float = 1.290
3.String = "Devansh"
4. print("Hi I am I
nteger ... My value
is %d\nHi I am floa
t ... My value is %f\
nHi I am string ...
My value is %s"%
(Integer,Float,Strin
g))
Output:

Hi I am Integer ... My
value is 10
Hi I am float ... My
value is 1.290000
Hi I am string ... My
value is Devansh

Python String
functions
Python provides various in-
built functions that are used
for string handling. Many
String fun
Method Descri
ption

capitalize() It
capitaliz
es the
first
charact
er of
the
String.
This
 function
is
depreca
ted in
python3

It
returns
a
version
of s
casefold() suitable
for
case-
less
compari
sons.

center(width ,fil It
lchar) returns
a space
 padded
string
with the
original
string
centred
with
equal
number
of left
and
right
spaces.

It
counts
count(string,be the
gin,end) number
of
occurre
nces of
 a
substrin
g in a
String
betwee
n begin
and end
index.

endswith(suffix It
,begin=0,end=l returns
en(string)) a
Boolean
value if
the
string
termina
 tes with
given
suffix
betwee
n begin
and
end.

It
defines
tabs in
string to
multiple
expandtabs(tab
spaces.
size = 8)
The
default
space
value is
8.

find(substring , It
 returns
the
index
value of
the
string
where
beginIndex,
substrin
endIndex)
g is
found
betwee
n begin
index
and end
index.

format(value) It
returns
a
formatt
ed
 version
of S,
using
the
passed
value.

It
throws
an
excepti
on if
index(subsring,
string is
beginIndex,
not
endIndex)
found. It
works
same as
find()
method.

isalnum() It
returns
true if
the
charact
ers in
the
string
are
alphanu
meric
i.e.,
alphabe
ts or
number
s and
there is
at least
1
charact
er.
Otherwi
 se, it
returns
false.

It
returns
true if
all the
charact
ers are
alphabe
ts and
isalpha()
there is
at least
one
charact
er,
otherwi
se
False.
 It
returns
true if
all the
charact
isdecimal() ers of
the
string
are
decimal
s.

isdigit() It
returns
true if
all the
charact
ers are
digits
and
there is
 at least
one
charact
er,
otherwi
se
False.

It
returns
true if
the
isidentifier() string is
the
valid
identifie
r.

islower() It
returns
true if
 the
charact
ers of a
string
are in
lower
case,
otherwi
se false.

It
returns
true if
the
string
isnumeric()
contain
s only
numeric
charact
ers.
 It
returns
true if
all the
charact
ers of s
isprintable() are
printabl
e or s is
empty,
false
otherwi
se.

isupper() It
returns
false if
charact
ers of a
string
are in
 Upper
case,
otherwi
se
False.

It
returns
true if
the
charact
ers of a
isspace()
string
are
white-
space,
otherwi
se false.

istitle() It
returns
true if
the
string is
titled
properly
and
false
otherwi
se. A
title
string is
the one
in which
the first
charact
er is
upper-
case
whereas
the
other
 charact
ers are
lower-
case.

It
returns
true if
all the
charact
ers of
the
isupper()
string(if
exists)
is true
otherwi
se it
returns
false.

join(seq) It
 merges
the
strings
represe
ntation
of the
given
sequenc
e.

It
returns
the
len(string)
length
of a
string.

ljust(width[,fillc It
har]) returns
the
space
 padded
strings
with the
original
string
left
justified
to the
given
width.

It
convert
s all the
charact
lower()
ers of a
string to
Lower
case.
partition() It
searche
s for the
separat
or sep
in S,
and
returns
the part
before
it, the
separat
or itself,
and the
part
after it.
If the
separat
or is not
found,
return S
 and two
empty
strings.

replace(old,ne It
w[,count]) replaces
the old
sequenc
e of
charact
ers with
the new
sequenc
e. The
max
charact
ers are
replace
d if max
 is given.

It is
similar
to find
but it
traverse
rfind(str,beg=0
s the
,end=len(str))
string in
backwar
d
directio
n.

rjust(width, Returns
[,fillchar]) a space
padded
string
having
 original
string
right
justified
to the
number
of
charact
ers
specifie
d.

startswith(str,b It
 returns
a
Boolean
value if
the
string
eg=0,end=len( starts
str)) with
given
str
betwee
n begin
and
end.

swapcase() It
inverts
case of
all
 charact
ers in a
string.

It is
used to
convert
the
string
into the
title-
title() case
i.e., The
string
meEru
T will be
convert
ed to
Meerut.
 It
convert
s all the
charact
upper()
ers of a
string to
Upper
Case.