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Dashboards for
Scientists and
Engineers
Padraig Houlahan
Padraig Houlahan
https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0221-8
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true
and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the
editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any
errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no
warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein.
New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10004-1562, USA. Phone
1-800-SPRINGER, fax (201) 348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-
sbm.com, or visit www.springeronline.com. Apress Media, LLC is a
California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science +
Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is
a Delaware corporation.
Table of Contents
Dictionaries
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Series
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Dataframes
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Summary���������������������������
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Summary���������������������������
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Table of ConTenTs
Summary���������������������������
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��������������������51
Overview
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Project Tasks
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Other Design
Considerations�������������������������
�������������������������������
�����������������������61
Summary���������������������������
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Initialization
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Class Methods
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��73
Summary���������������������������
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��������������������88
Chapter 6: Dashboard
Enhancements�������������������������
������������������������89
Summary���������������������������
�������������������������������
�������������������������������
������������������114
vi
Table of ConTenTs
Using uWSGI
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�������������������������������
�������������������������������
���������121
Using GUNICORN
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��122
Summary���������������������������
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Summary���������������������������
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Tables
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��139
Summary���������������������������
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������������������149
Troubleshooting WordPress
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�����������������155
Summary���������������������������
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Analysis
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������������������������������163
Incorporating Models
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��������������������������173
vii
Table of ConTenTs
Summary���������������������������
�������������������������������
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������������������181
Index
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����197
viii
About the Author
ix
and ecommerce.
xi
Acknowledgments
While writing this book was a solitary endeavor, it could not have
happened without the influence of an ecosystem of family and friends
who help me keep my sanity, an ecosystem that includes the
following people.
My friends Bill Burke (a superb luthier and musician) and his wife Pat
(who meticulously documents historic archeological sites) for their
regular wonderful conversations – on all things; and close friends Tim
Sober and Carol Kennedy, Barry Malpas and his wife Anne Wittke,
and Klaus Brasch for our regular conversations and sanity-saving
rambling social and political reviews.
xiii
aCknowledgmenTs
And I must also mention Dr. Darrel Smith, a long-time friend and
professor of Physics, Dr. Jules Yimga (Chair, School of Business), and
Dr.
xiv
Introduction
I wrote this book for a past me. I’m now retired but have maintained
a lifelong interest in programming; there’s just something very
satisfying in developing a piece of code that solves a problem.
Frankly, it’s empowering; you have a solution that gets the job done.
I have had the good fortune of having worked on software projects
that were done mainly to support academic research – research in
astronomy and aviation-related studies, which have been my main
interests – not programming.
Sometimes, it’s the journey, but for me, it’s mainly the destination.
Being able to code is simply a necessary skill. It’s the norm for
academic types to write unique custom software tailored to a specific
purpose or a narrowly crafted dataset. University departments,
whether scientific or business or engineering, will rarely devote time
to teaching graduate student workers and young faculty to program;
they are expected to sink or swim. They will write code that would
fail to consider multitudes of possible scenarios or input format, for
example. “Need to enter a number?
Well, make sure you use three significant digits for that column, or
the code might crash!” – this probably happens more often than
many would like to admit. The point here is not to assign blame, but
to be realistic; very often, code is written in a very functional, get-it-
done style, to simply… get it done. It’s not about being the cleverest
or the fastest, but simply getting to the destination.
xv
InTroduCTIon
There have been many times when I found myself in such a position
and wished I had some complete examples to look at, to see how
things were done, and so this is the sense in which I say this book is
written to a past me. In showing how a dashboard was built around
an important aviation dataset, I hope I can help others benefit and
expedite their own projects without facing the often-daunting
headwinds of learning new technologies and techniques all by
themselves.
Why Dashboards?
—Fred R. Barnard
All data is ultimately a collection of bits – ones and zeros really. It can
be stored in various forms from disks to paper, but to be useful it
needs to be understood and accessible, both of which benefit from
being able to readily visualize what the data represents and from
being able to analyze and share it. Dashboards (graphical displays
using features like buttons, sliders, menus, and graphics) have
emerged as powerful tools to address these needs. When well
designed, you can encapsulate the problems xvi
InTroduCTIon
There are multiple ways a dashboard might be built and accessed like
web based, application based, and desktop based. A web-based
dashboard has an advantage as it offers freedom to the developer to
maintain an operating system–specific environment and
configurations. This makes them more stable and greatly simplifies
the development process – the designer only needs to develop for a
single platform. At the same time, the distribution problem is solved.
A dashboard on a server can be shared with any other computer on
the Internet.
Good dashboard projects are therefore a reflection of carefully
planned data analysis, reduction, presentation, management, and
dissemination.
xvii
InTroduCTIon
The main dashboard we will build in this book allows the user to
explore the government’s airport operations dataset (ATADS) that
tracks various types of daily operations for more than 500 US
airports. Operations include the kind of flights (military, civilian,
commercial), the conditions (whether they were conducted using
Instrument Flight Rules [IFR] or Visual Flight Rules [VFR]), and
whether they were local or itinerant. VFR operations are permitted
when the weather conditions meet certain minimum visibility and
cloud clearance criteria and are normally used by private pilots and
small air taxi or commercial companies. One cannot assume IFR
flights happen under inclement weather since larger commercial
airlines will use these by default for safety.
InTroduCTIon
usefulness, and it is hoped that all readers will appreciate how what
might be perceived as a fairly dry dataset actually presents wonderful
opportunities for, and naturally suggests, topics for further
exploration.
This book is intended for those who work with data and also have the
need to share insights regarding data. An essential aspect is a desire
to help their end user “lift the veil” and understand underlying data
features such as trends and patterns. Large organizations can have
teams of developers and experts to achieve these goals, but many
who could benefit from such capability (e.g., college faculty and
graduate students) work with minimal resources and need to take a
jack-of-all-trades approach to building applications; they need to
solve the data access, data importation, data display, analytical tool
build, server operating system management, and deployment
problems (if your dashboard is wildly successful, you will need a
scalable solution!). All these must be done in a realistic manner.
InTroduCTIon
There are many online resources that can show you how to make a
simple dashboard or that offer solutions created by others that can
be licensed. There are few, if any, that demonstrate a complete
solution incorporating real-world data access and download,
comprehensive reactive programming, and server configuration
issues. The obvious reason is that it takes a considerable effort to
organize and present such a complete overview, such as this work,
and this is beyond the scope of most online articles. Perhaps not too
unfairly, many online examples teach how to draw a stickman when
what you really need to know is how to do a portrait.
xx
InTroduCTIon
I will note that dashboards will evolve. In other words, you don’t
have to achieve every desirable outcome in your first attempt. Start
with a simple goal such as displaying a time series of a single data
type.
Figure out how to import and display the data; at this point, you have
made significant inroads into the I/O and graphics display problem.
Next, start adding tools like linear models for trend analysis or panels
to display important statistical values. And that’s it! Well, almost. As
you work with your data and your dashboard, you probably will have
“Aha!”
moments where new ways to visualize the data pop into your mind,
and so displays will have to be modified or new tools created. The
project will evolve. However, even as large datasets are continuously
updated, their corresponding dashboards should eventually stabilize.
Done right, this is a wonderful outcome for any research project, a
resource to be shared with end users – public or academic. And let’s
not forget the benefits your colleagues will gain by not having to
reinvent the wheel.
xxi
InTroduCTIon
Python dashboard.
• As a template: Here, you would download the code
xxii
InTroduCTIon
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