_____________________________________________________________________________________________

GRADUATE SCHOOL

Course:
Values Education 106: INTEGRATION OF VALUES EDUCATION IN THE
SCHOOL SYSTEM

Topic:
3. Models and Approaches to Values Education
3.1 Comparative analysis of different models (e.g character education, moral
education, social-emotional learning)
3.2 Case Studies of successful values education programs
3.3 Strengths and weaknesses of various approaches.
______________________________________________________________________________
Lecture Notes:

MODELS AND APPROACHES TO VALUES EDUCATION

Eight Different Approaches to Values Education by Supreka (1976)

1. Evocation Approach – students are encouraged to make spontaneously
free, non-rational choices, without thought or hesitation
2. Inculcation Approach – Students are forced to act according to specific
desired values.
3. Awareness Approach – this approach helps students to become aware and
identify their own values. The students are encouraged to share their
experiences.
4. Moral reasoning – the teacher set up learning experiences which facilitate
moral development. Empathy – critical factor in role taking.

5. Analysis Approach – The group or individuals are encouraged to study

social value problem.
6. Value Clarification Approach – it helps students use both rational thinking
and emotional awareness to examine personal behavior patterns and
classify and actualize values.
7. Commitment Approach – It enables the students to perceive themselves
not merely as passive reactors or as free individuals but as inner-relative
members of a social group and system.
8. Union Approach – The purpose is to help students to perceive themselves
and act not as separate egos but as part of a larger inter-reoated whole-
the human race, the world, the cosmos.

Comparative Analysis of Different Models

➢ Character Education
Character education is the process by which humans learn to interact with
society, usually through the teaching of core virtues such as courage, justice,
and wisdom. Feelings, thoughts, and actions all work together to form
character. Character education is the act of teaching students how to regulate
those feelings, thoughts, and actions into pro-social behaviors.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
GRADUATE SCHOOL

Character education can be a stand-alone curriculum, or it can be part of a

larger school initiative, such as Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports
(PBIS). Not surprisingly, it is more effective when integrated into the academic
curriculum and other school initiatives.

Character Education is a Tier 1 Support, meaning it should be offered to all

students, not just the ones who show a lack of character. However, further
character education interventions may be necessary for some students.

Moral Education
Moral education is one of the central concerns of philosophy of education. Over
the years, it has been described using a variety of terms—“moral education”,
“values education”, “ethics and education” and “character education”.

Approaches to Moral Education

The emergence of contemporary public education created a dilemma about the
place of moral education in schooling. As indicated, in former times this type of
education was in the bailiwick of religion, which prescribed specific choices and
actions. The question for a contemporary public education not rooted in specific
religious beliefs is whether there is a place for moral education in schools. If the
answer is in the affirmative, then we are faced with questions as to the bases on
which moral decisions made, what are the goals of moral education in public
schooling, and what the roles and responsibilities of teachers might be.

Social-emotional Learning
Social-emotional learning (SEL) is the process of developing the self-awareness,
self-control, and interpersonal skills that are vital for school, work, and life
success.
People with strong social-emotional skills are better able to cope with everyday
challenges and benefit academically, professionally, and socially. From effective
problem-solving to self-discipline, from impulse control to emotion management
and more, SEL provides a foundation for positive, long-term effects on kids,
adults, and communities.
Children thrive. Schools win. Workplaces benefit. Society strengthens. All due to
social-emotional learning.

Case Studies of Successful Values Education Program

Example of Values Program

1. Filipino Values Month - Presidential Proclamation No. 479 dated October

7, 1994 titled Declaring the Month of November of Every Year as Filipino
Values Month. It aims to mobilize all Filipinos for nation building by
actualizing human values in daily lives as citizens and to awake all in the
power of values and ideals in achieving the individual and national goals.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
GRADUATE SCHOOL

2. Integrating Values Education into a Learning Area - Arranging

objectives in a sequence from cognitive to affective, and finally to active
behavior is important to ensure the program’s success.

Case Study

Optimizing the Teaching of Values Education: Strategies for Integration

and Contextualization

- The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the strategies
for optimizing the teaching of values education through integration and
contextualization in the Philippine context. The in-depth interviews and
focus group discussions with educators shed light on their experiences,
perspectives, and innovative strategies in teaching values education. The
following key findings emerged from the analysis of the qualitative data:

1. Importance of Integration - The educators emphasized the

importance of integrating values education across different subject
areas. One participant stated, "Integrating values education with other
subjects allows students to see the relevance of values in their academic
learning. It helps them connect values with real-life situations and
develop a deeper understanding."

The educators also discussed the positive impact of integration on

students' engagement and motivation. One participant shared, "When
values education is integrated into different subjects, it becomes more
engaging for students. They see the practical application of values in
various contexts, and it sparks their interest and curiosity."

2. Interdisciplinary Approach - Participants highlighted the value of

adopting an interdisciplinary approach in integrating values education.
They stressed the need for collaboration among teachers from different
subject areas. As one educator stated, "Working together with teachers
from various disciplines enables us to design lessons that infuse values
seamlessly into the curriculum. It promotes a holistic understanding of
values and their application."
3. Authentic Learning Experiences - Educators emphasized the
significance of providing authentic learning experiences to enhance
values education integration. They expressed the importance of
connecting values education with real-world scenarios and societal
issues. One participant mentioned, "Engaging students in discussions,
case studies, and projects that reflect real-life situations allows them
to apply values in a meaningful context."
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
GRADUATE SCHOOL

4. Cultural Contextualization - Contextualization of values education

emerged as a crucial aspect. Educators stressed the need to align
values education with the cultural values and traditions of the Filipino
students. One participant shared, "We need to incorporate local
narratives, stories, and examples that resonate with our students'
cultural backgrounds. It helps them relate to the values being taught
and makes the learning experience more meaningful." The educators
involved in the research highlighted the importance of cultural
contextualization in values education. They recognized that values are
deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of Filipino society and
emphasized the need to align values education with the cultural values
and traditions of Filipino students.

Conclusion

This study aimed to optimize the teaching of values education in the Philippines
through strategies for integration and contextualization. The findings shed light
on the importance of integrating values education across different subject areas,
adopting an interdisciplinary approach, providing authentic learning
experiences, contextualizing values within the Filipino cultural context, and
fostering an inclusive environment.

https://multijournals.org/index.php/excellencia-
imje/article/download/6/6

Strength and Weaknesses of Various Approach

Pros and Cons of Character Education in Schools

The benefits of Character Education, including academic achievement, higher

self-esteem, resilience, and better social skills. Character Education is the active
development of character strengths, values and virtues in young people. It
enables educators to work with parents and carers to introduce to, model and
help children to acquire positive personal strengths, values and virtues, and in
so doing, develop the whole child to become a well-rounded and active citizen.
Character Education enables pupils and adults to understand, care about and
act on core ethical values such as respect, justice, civic duty and citizenship,
and develop responsibility for themselves and others. The development of these
values, virtues and character strengths prepares children for the opportunities,
responsibilities and experiences of further study and later life.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
GRADUATE SCHOOL

One of the primary obstacles faced in integrating character education curriculum

within schools is the lack of standardized guidelines and measurable
outcomes for assessment.

Teachers and school administrators often find themselves scratching their

heads, wondering if they are on the right track or if their efforts are making a
difference. To address this challenge, it is important for schools to work together
to establish consistent standards and methods of evaluating the
effectiveness of character education programs.

Moral Education

Moral education is a grand concept that involves many disciplines (MacIntyre

and Dunne, 2002; Kristjánsson, 2021). Generally, the essence of moral
education is the process by which educators transform certain social thoughts
and virtue ethics concepts into the individual thoughts and morals of educatees
with certain educational means in social activities and exchanges (Solomon et
al., 2001). Thus, moral education is mainly the process of moral social
inheritance or transmission.

Disadvantages of Moral Education

Some disadvantages of moral education are that someone else decides what
moral education is. Therefore, it can't be adjusted to an individual’s moral
values. Another disadvantage of moral education might be that you can create
guilt about things that might otherwise not be a big deal.

Social – Emotional Learning

Social – emotional learning helps the students regulate emotions and manages
stress, helps improve academic performance. Studies have found that
SEL fosters safe learning environments and prevents violence. It also decreases
emotional distress, disruptive behavior in school, or on-the-street drug
abuse/addiction.

Research has shown that children with the ability to self-regulate, (an
important SEL skill), are less likely to get frustrated or angry when they face
obstacles.

SEL also builds children’s self confidence, which motivates them to build realistic
goals. Want to help your students become more resilient? Here are four SEL
techniques promoted by the American Psychological Association:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
GRADUATE SCHOOL

1. Prioritize relationships
2. Practice mindfulness
3. Set goals
4. SEL improves mental health

Weakness od Social-Emotional Learning

• It’s Another Fake Movement, Focusing On Matters Best Left At Home

• It Decides For Us Which Values Are “Right”
• It’s Too Vague

Integrated Learning

Advantages of Integrated Learning

1. Prevents repetition hence saves time

2. Facilitates transfer of knowledge, thus enabling reinforcement and
understanding.
3. Brings relevance, freshness and interest to the teaching/learning
environment.
4. Encourages student-centered approaches.
5. Enhances communication
6. Facilitates the inclusion of real life situations.

Disadvantages

1. Often integration leads to neglect of educational reasons for process,

which is there may be dominance of one form of knowledge.
2. Those subjects for which drill as a method of teaching is suitable
would get less attention.
3. Flexibility could encourage lack of organization.
4. Demanding on the teacher.
5. Difficult to plan and implement-student interest alone cannot form
the basis of a curriculum.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
GRADUATE SCHOOL

______________________________________________________________________________
References
https://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/affect/values.html#:~:text=Su
perka%2C%20Ahrens%2C%20%26%20Hedstrom%20(,values%20clarifica
tion%2C%20and%20action%20learning

https://www.graduateprogram.org/2020/03/what-is-character-
education/

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_4
https://www.cfchildren.org/what-is-social-emotional-learning/
https://www.educationalwave.com/pros-and-cons-of-character-
education-in-schools/
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Values-
Education-Program-FAQ.pdf