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Building Python Programs
First Edition

Stuart Reges
University of Washington
Marty Stepp
Stanford University
Allison Obourn
University of Arizona

330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013

Senior Vice President Courseware Portfolio Management:
Marcia Horton
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The authors and publisher of this book have used their best efforts
in preparing this book. These efforts include the development,
research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine
their effectiveness. The authors and publisher make no warranty of
any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or to
the documentation contained in this book. The authors and publisher
shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential
damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing,
performance, or use of these programs.

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

07030. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,
storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
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& Permissions department, please visit www.pearsonhighed.com/
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Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish

their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations
appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark
claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that

may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners
and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade
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references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement,
authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of
such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson
Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Reges, Stuart, author. | Stepp, Martin, author. | Obourn,

Allison, author.

Title: Building Python programs / Stuart Reges, University of

Washington, Marty Stepp, Stanford University, Allison Obourn,
University of Arizona.

Description: First edition. | New York, NY : Pearson, [2019] |

Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018028848| ISBN 9780135205983 | ISBN

0135205980

Subjects: LCSH: Python (Computer program language)

Classification: LCC QA76.73.P98 R445 2019 | DDC 005.13/3—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018028848

1 18
ISBN 10: 0-13-520598-0

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-520598-3

Preface
The Python programming language has become enormously popular
in recent years. Many people are impressed with how quickly you
can learn Python’s simple and intuitive syntax and that has led many
users to create popular libraries. Python was designed by Guido van
Rossum who has been affectionaly dubbed “Benevolent Dictator For
Life (BDFL)” by the Python community. He has said that he chose
the name Python because he was “in a slightly irreverent mood” and
that he is “a big fan of Monty Python’s Flying Circus” (a British
comedy show). Who wouldn’t want to learn a programming language
named after a group of comedians?

Our new Building Python Programs text is designed for use in a first
course in computer science. We have class-tested it with hundreds
of undergraduates at the University of Arizona, most of whom were
not computer science majors. This textbook is based on our
previous text, Building Java Programs, now in its fourth edition. The
Java text has proven effective in our class testing with thousands of
students including our own at the University of Washington since
2007.

Introductory computer science courses have a long history at many

universities of being “killer” courses with high failure rates. But as
Douglas Adams says in The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, “Don’t
panic.” Students can master this material if they can learn it
gradually.

Python has many attributes that make it an appealing language for a

first computer science course. It has a simple and concise yet
powerful syntax that makes it pleasant to learn and great for writing
many common programs. A student can write their first Python
program with only a single line of code, as opposed to several lines
in most other languages such as Java or C++. Python includes a
built-in interpreter and read-evaluate-print loop (REPL) for quickly
running and testing code, encouraging students to test and explore
the language. Python also offers a rich set of libraries that students
can use for graphics, animation, math, scientific computing, games,
and much more. This text has been built from the start for Python 3,
the most modern version of the language as of this writing, and it
embraces the modern features and idioms of that version of the
language.

Our teaching materials are based on a “back to basics” approach

that focuses on procedural programming and program
decomposition. This is also called the “objects later” approach, as
opposed to the “objects early” approach taught in some schools. We
know from years of experience that a broad range of scientists,
engineers, and others can learn how to program in a procedural
manner. Once we have built a solid foundation of procedural
techniques, we turn to object-oriented programming. By the end of
the text, students will have learned about both styles of
programming.
The following are the key features of our approach and materials:

Focus on problem solving. Many textbooks focus on language

details when they introduce new constructs. We focus instead on
problem solving. What new problems can be solved with each
construct? What pitfalls are novices likely to encounter along the
way? What are the most common ways to use a new construct?
Emphasis on algorithmic thinking. Our procedural approach
allows us to emphasize algorithmic problem solving: breaking a
large problem into smaller problems, using pseudocode to refine
an algorithm, and grappling with the challenge of expressing a
large program algorithmically.
Thorough discussion of topics. The authors have found that
many introductory texts rapidly cover new syntax and concepts
and then quickly race on to the next topic. We feel that the
students who crack open their textbook are exactly the sort that
want more thorough and careful explanation and discussion of
tricky topics. In this text we favor longer explanations, with more
verbiage, figures, and code examples than in many other texts.
Layered approach. Programming involves many concepts that
are difficult to learn all at once. Teaching a novice to code is like
trying to build a house of cards; each new card has to be placed
carefully. If the process is rushed and you try to place too many
cards at once, the entire structure collapses. We teach new
concepts gradually, layer by layer, allowing students to expand
their understanding at a manageable pace.
Emphasis on good coding style. We show code that uses
proper and consistent programming style and design. All
 complete programs shown in the text are thoroughly commented
and properly decomposed. Throughout the text we discuss
common idioms, good and bad style choices, and how to choose
elegant and appropriate ways to decompose and solve each new
category of problem.
Carefully chosen language subset. Rather than a “kitchen
sink” approach that tries to show the student every language
construct and feature, we instead go out of our way to explain
and use a core subset of the Python language that we feel is
most well suited to solving introductory level problems.
Case studies. We end most chapters with a significant case
study that shows students how to develop a complex program in
stages and how to test it as it is being developed. This structure
allows us to demonstrate each new programming construct in a
rich context that cannot be achieved with short code examples.

Layers and Dependencies

Many introductory computer science texts are language-oriented,
but the early chapters of our approach are layered. For example,
Python has many control structures (including loops and if/else

statements), and many texts include all of these control structures in

a single chapter. While that might make sense to someone who
already knows how to program, it can be overwhelming for a novice
who is learning how to program. We find that it is much more
effective to spread these control structures into different chapters so
that students learn one structure at a time rather than trying to learn
them all at once.

The following table shows how the layered approach works in the
first seven chapters:

Layers in Chapters 1 –7

Chapters 1 –5 are designed to be worked through in order, with

greater flexibility of study then beginning in Chapter 6 . Chapter
6 (File I/O) may be skipped, although the case study in Chapter
7 (Lists) involves reading from a file, a topic that is covered in
Chapter 6 .

The following figure represents a dependency chart for the book. A

strong dependency is drawn as a solid arrow; we recommend not
covering chapters outside of their strong dependency order. A weak
dependency is drawn as a dashed arrow. Weak dependencies are
ones where the later chapter briefly mentions a topic from the earlier
chapter, but the chapter can still be read and explored without
having covered the earlier chapter if necessary.
Chapter dependency chart

Here are more detailed explanations of the weak dependencies

between chapters:

A few examples from Chapter 7 on lists, and from Chapter

8 on dictionaries and sets, read data from files. File
input/output is covered in Chapter 6 . But overall file-reading is
not required in order to discuss lists or other collections, so
Chapter 6 can be skipped if desired.
A few examples from Chapter 11 on classes and objects
mention the concept of reference semantics, which is introduced
in Chapter 7 on lists. But the concept of references is re-
 explained in Chapter 11 , so classes can be covered early
before lists if desired.
Some of the recursive functions in Chapter 9 process lists,
and one recursive function recursively reverses the lines of a file.
So Chapter 9 weakly depends on Chapter 7 . But almost
every recursive function written in Chapter 9 can be written
and understood using only the Chapter 1 –5 core material.

As you can see from the diagram, Chapter 7 on Lists is perhaps

the most important chapter after the first five, and its material is
used by many other chapters. A common chapter order swap would
be to cover Chapters 1 –5 , then do Chapter 7 on Lists, then
go back to Chapter 6 on Files with the extra knowledge of lists to
help you.

Supplements
Answers to all self-check problems appear on our web site and are
accessible to anyone: http://www.buildingpythonprograms.com/

In addition, our web site also has the following additional resources
available for students:

Online-only supplemental content

Source code and data files for all case studies and other
complete program examples.
The DrawingPanel class used in Chapter 3 .
 Links to web-based programming practice tools.

Instructors can access the following resources from our web site:

PowerPoint slides suitable for lectures.

Solutions to exercises and programming projects, along with
homework specification documents for many projects.
Sample Exams and solution keys.

To access instructor resources, contact us at

authors@buildingpythonprograms.com. For other questions
related to resources, contact the authors and/or your Pearson
representative.

MyLab Programming
MyLab Programming helps students fully grasp the logic, semantics,
and syntax of programming. Through practice exercises and
immediate, personalized feedback, MyLab Programming improves
the programming competence of beginning students, who often
struggle with the basic concepts and paradigms of popular high-level
programming languages. A self-study and homework tool, the
MyLab Programming course consists of hundreds of small practice
exercises organized around the structure of this textbook. For
students, the system automatically detects errors in the logic and
syntax of their code submissions and offers targeted hints that
enable students to figure out what went wrong—and why. For
instructors, a comprehensive gradebook tracks correct and incorrect
answers and stores the code inputted by students for review.

MyLab Programming is offered to users of this book in partnership

with Turing’s Craft, the makers of the CodeLab interactive
programming exercise system. For a full demonstration, to see
feedback from instructors and students, or to get started using
MyLab Programming in your course, visit: http://
www.pearson.com/mylab/programming.

Acknowledgments
We would also like to thank the staff at Pearson who helped produce
the book. Rose Kernan managed the project and was our primary
point of contact during book production. Rose did a phenomenal job;
she was diligent, responsive, and helpful at every step of the
process. Amanda Brands was our content producer, and she also
provided excellent support along the way. Thank you to Martha
McMaster for proofreading the text, and thanks to Shelly Gerger-
Knechtl for copy editing and indexing. We thank Yvonne Vannatta,
our marketing manager, and Meghan Jacoby, our editorial assistant.
We also want to thank the team of artists and compositors from
Pearson’s partner institutions who helped produce the chapters of
this text.

We would like to thank our lead editor at Pearson, Matt Goldstein.

Over a decade ago Matt believed in our work and partnered with us
to create the original Building Java Programs on which this text is
based. Matt has been a stalwart supporter and is always a pleasure
to work with.

Last but not least, the authors would like to thank the CSC 110
students at the University of Arizona who class-tested our chapters
in rough draft form. Students provided helpful suggestions for
improving the content and also submitted corrections for typos and
errors in drafts of chapters.

Stuart Reges
University of Washington
Marty Stepp
Stanford University
Allison Obourn
University of Arizona
MyLab Programming
Through the power of practice and immediate personalized
feedback, MyLab Programming™ helps students master
programming fundamentals and build computational thinking skills.

PROGRAMMING PRACTICE
With MyLab Programming, your students will gain first-hand
programming experience in an interactive online environment.

IMMEDIATE, PERSONALIZED
FEEDBACK
MyLab Programming automatically detects errors in the logic and
syntax of their code submission and offers trageted hints that
enables students to figure out what went wrong and why.

GRADUATED COMPLEXITY
MyLab Programming breaks down programming concepts into short,
understandable sequences of exercises. Within each sequence the
level and sophistication of the exercises increase gradually but
steadily.

DYNAMIC ROSTER
Students’ submissions are stored in a roster that indicates whether
the submission is correct, how many attempts were made, and the
actual code submissions from each attempt.
PEARSON eTEXT
The Pearson eText gives students access to their textbook anytime,
anywhere

STEP-BY-STEP VIDEONOTE
TUTORIALS
These step-by-step video tutorials enhance the programming
concepts presented in select Pearson textbooks.

For more information and titles available with MyLab Programming,

please visit www.pearson.com/mylab/programming

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. HELO88173 · 11/15
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Python Programming 1

Chapter 2 Data and Definite Loops 57

Chapter 3 Parameters and Graphics 132

Chapter 4 Conditional Execution 219

Chapter 5 Program Logic and Indefinite Loops 295

Chapter 6 File Processing 364

Chapter 7 Lists 418

Chapter 8 Dictionaries and Sets 517

Chapter 9 Recursion 563

Chapter 10 Searching and Sorting 636

Chapter 11 Classes and Objects 686

Chapter 12 Functional Programming 738

Appendix A Python Summary 785

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Python Programming 1
1.1 Basic Computing Concepts 2
Why Programming? 2

Hardware and Software 3

The Digital Realm 4

The Process of Programming 6

Why Python? 7

The Python Programming Environment 8

1.2 And Now: Python 10

Printing Output 14

String Literals (Strings) 15

Escape Sequences 16

Printing a Complex Figure 18

Comments, Whitespace, and Readability 19

1.3 Program Errors 22

Syntax Errors 23

Logic Errors (Bugs) 25

 1.4 Procedural Decomposition 26
Functions 27

Flow of Control 31

Identifiers and Keywords 34

Functions That Call Other Functions 36

An Example Runtime Error 38

1.5 Case Study: Drawing Figures 40

Structured Version 41

Final Version without Redundancy 42

Analysis of Flow of Execution 44

Chapter 2 Data and Definite Loops 57

2.1 Basic Data Concepts 58
Types 58

Expressions 59

Literals 62

Arithmetic Operators 62

Precedence 66

Mixing and Converting Types 69

2.2 Variables 70
A Program with Variables 74
 Increment/Decrement Operators 79

Printing Multiple Values 80

2.3 The for Loop 83

Using a Loop Variable 87

Details about Ranges 90

String Multiplication and Printing Partial Lines 94

Nested for Loops 98

2.4 Managing Complexity 101

Scope 101

Pseudocode 103

Constants 108

2.5 Case Study: Hourglass Figure 111

Problem Decomposition and Pseudocode 112

Initial Structured Version 114

Adding a Constant 115

Chapter 3 Parameters and Graphics 132

3.1 Parameters 133
The Mechanics of Parameters 139

Limitations of Parameters 141

 Multiple Parameters 145

Parameters versus Constants 148

Optional Parameters 149

3.2 Returning Values 151

The math Module 153

The random Module 156

Defining Functions That Return Values 160

Returning Multiple Values 165

3.3 Interactive Programs 167

Sample Interactive Program 170

3.4 Graphics 172

Introduction to DrawingPanel 173

Drawing Lines and Shapes 176

Colors 179

Drawing with Loops 183

Text and Fonts 186

Images 188

Procedural Decomposition with Graphics 189

 3.5 Case Study: Projectile Trajectory 191
Unstructured Solution 195

Structured Solution 196

Graphical Version 199

Chapter 4 Conditional Execution 219

4.1 if/else Statements 220
Relational Operators 222

Nested if/else Statements 225

Factoring if/else Statements 231

Testing Multiple Conditions 232

4.2 Cumulative Algorithms 233

Cumulative Sum 233

Min/Max Loops 236

Cumulative Sum with if 239

Roundoff Errors 242

4.3 Functions with Conditional Execution 245

Preconditions and Postconditions 245

Raising Exceptions 246

Revisiting Return Values 250

 Reasoning about Paths 253

4.4 Strings 255

String Methods 257

Accessing Characters by Index 260

Converting between Letters and Numbers 264

Cumulative Text Algorithms 267

4.5 Case Study: Basal Metabolic Rate 269

One-Person Unstructured Solution 270

Two-Person Unstructured Solution 273

Two-Person Structured Solution 275

Procedural Design Heuristics 280

Chapter 5 Program Logic and Indefinite Loops 295

5.1 The while Loop 296
A Loop to Find the Smallest Divisor 298

Loop Priming 300

5.2 Fencepost Algorithms 303

Fencepost with if 306

Sentinel Loops 308

Sentinel with Min/Max 310

 5.3 Boolean Logic 312
Logical Operators 315

Boolean Variables and Flags 318

Predicate Functions 320

Boolean Zen 322

Short-Circuited Evaluation 325

5.4 Robust Programs 329

The try/except Statement 330

Handling User Errors 333

5.5 Assertions and Program Logic 335

Reasoning about Assertions 337

A Detailed Assertions Example 339

5.6 Case Study: Number Guessing Game 343

Initial Version without Hinting 344

Randomized Version with Hinting 346

Final Robust Version 348

Chapter 6 File Processing 364

6.1 File-Reading Basics 365
Data and Files 365

Reading a File in Python 369

 Line-Based File Processing 372

Structure of Files and Consuming Input 373

Prompting for a File 378

6.2 Token-Based Processing 381

Numeric Input 383

Handling Invalid Input 385

Mixing Lines and Tokens 386

Handling Varying Numbers of Tokens 388

Complex Input Files 392

6.3 Advanced File Processing 394

Multi-Line Input Records 395

File Output 397

Reading Data from the Web 400

6.4 Case Study: ZIP Code Lookup 403

Chapter 7 Lists 418

7.1 List Basics 419
Creating Lists 420

Accessing List Elements 423

Traversing a List 429

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The botanist's
repository for new and rare plants; vol. 06 [of 10]
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The botanist's repository for new and rare plants; vol. 06 [of
10]

Author: active 1799-1828 Henry Cranke Andrews

Release date: April 8, 2024 [eBook #73363]

Language: English

Original publication: London: The author, 1797

Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by Biodiversity Heritage Library.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOTANIST'S

REPOSITORY FOR NEW AND RARE PLANTS; VOL. 06 [OF 10] ***
 INDEX
TO THE PLANTS CONTAINED IN VOL. VI.
ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA IN VOL. VI.
 Vol. VI.

of the
Botanist’s Repository
Comprising
Colour’d Engravings

of

New and Rare Plants

ONLY

With Botanical Descriptions &c.

——in——

Latin and English,

after the

Linnæan System.

by

H. Andrews

Botanical Painter Engraver, &c.

 PLATE CCCLXI.

SANSEVIERA CARNEA.
Flesh-coloured Sanseviera.
CLASS VI. ORDER I.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Six Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla infera monopetala, tubo filiformi, limbo, 6-partito, revoluto.
Stamina limbo inserta. Bacca 1-sperma.
Corolla beneath of one petal, with a thread-shaped tube, and 6-parted
revolute limb. Threads inserted into the limb. Berry one seeded.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.

Sanseviera. Foliis distichis, lanceolato-ensiformibus, carinatis, floribus

solitariis sessilibus.
Sanseviera. With leaves two-ranked, lance-sword shaped, keeled, flowers
solitary, sessile.
Descriptio. Herba perennis, habitu Hemerocallidis. Radix subcarnosus,
fibris longissimis subsimplicibus. Folia radicalia, subdisticha, effusa,
lanceolato-ensiformia, fere pedalia, trinervia, (nervo medio carinæformi)
basin imbricata et profunde caniliculata, marginibus apices versus
asperiusculis. Scapus radicalis, et quasi lateralis, palmaris, suberectus,
angulatus, superne carneus. Flores spicati, ascendentes, sessiles, alterni,
carnei, intus pallidiores. Bracteæ ovato-acuminatæ, concavæ, carneæ, flores
amplectentes. Corolla 6-partita, tubo angulato longitudine bractearum;
laciniis revolutis sublanceolatis, tubo aliquo longioribus, supremâ paulo
majore. Filamenta 6 æqualia, alba, basi laciniarum inserta, laciniis aliquo
brevioribus. Antheræ erectæ, utrinque emarginatæ, sulphureæ. Stylus
carneus, paulo declinatus, antheris vix superans. Stigma obtusum album,
obsoletissime trilobatum.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
 1. A floral leaf.
2.The flower cut open, with one of the tips magnified.
3. The Pointal and Seed-bud, and the summit magnified
This new species, of Thunberg’s new genus Sanseviera, which is a branch of
the Linnæan genus Aletris; was introduced into this country from China, by
T. Evans, Esq. of Stepney; in the year 1792: but is still very rare. Our
drawing was made from a fine plant in the collection of J. Vere, Esq. of
Kensington Gore, in the month of March[A]. Mr. Anderson, his botanic
gardener, informs us, he has treated it as a hothouse plant; but it will
probably be found to succeed better in the greenhouse, like other Chinese
plants. It is propagated by parting the roots. In habit it resembles
Hemerocallis more than Sanseviera, but agrees with the generical characters
of Sanseviera zeylanica. With Aletris fragrans it also agrees in many
particulars; but with Aletris farinosa is quite at variance.
[A] A root of it, (lately parted from the individual here figured,) flowered
at Messrs. Grimwood and Wykes’s, in February.
 PLATE CCCLXII.

CROCUS BIFLORUS.
Yellow-bottomed White Crocus.
CLASS III. ORDER I.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Three Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla, supera, 6-partita, subæqualis, erecto-patula, tubo longissimo
subterraneo.
Corolla, above, 6-parted, nearly equal, erect-expanding, with a very
long subterraneous tube.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Crocus, foliis angustissimis effusis floribus semper longe superantibus.
Crocus, with very narrow diffused leaves, which are always much higher
than the flowers.
Descriptio. Radix tunicis glabris cochleariformibus. Folia, tempore
florendi, longissima omnium, magisque effusa. Spathæ sæpe 2-floræ, ut in
plurimis. Flores vernales, albæ, magnæ; fundo intus sordide flavo, extus
aliquo olivaceo; tubo pergracili, depilato; petalis 3 exterioribus, extus
tincturâ flavedinis, et purpureo elegantissime plumoso-striatis. Filamenta
antheræque erectæ, luteæ. Stylus percroceus. Stigmata itidem percrocea,
antheris vix superantia. Haworth’s Crocus inedit.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The outer sheath of the flower.
2.The inner.
3. The flower cut open
This beautiful Crocus is unquestionably distinct as a species, and has never
been noticed by any systematic writer except Miller; who has described it
accurately under the name of biflorus, in the 8th edition of his celebrated
Dictionary. It is very hardy, flowers early in February, and may be readily
distinguished from other Crocuses by its leaves being much longer than the
flowers, at the time of flowering. When the sun shines strong, the flowers
have a just perceptible fragrant scent; a circumstance very unusual in this
genus; all the other species, (one we call fragrans excepted) having more or
less of an unpleasant smell. It seldom produces seeds in this country, or
varies in colour; but increases by the root.
 PLATE CCCLXIII.

P O LY G A L A S T I P U L A C E A .
Stipuled Milkwort.
CLASS XVII. ORDER III.

D I A D E L P H I A O C TA N D R I A . Tw o B r o t h e r h o o d s . E i g h t
Chives.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx 5-phyllus: foliolis duobus alæformibus, coloratis. Legumen
obcordatura, biloculare.
Cup 5-leaved, with two of the leaves like wings, coloured. Pod inverse
heart-shaped, two-celled.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Polygala. Floribus imberbibus lateralibus, caule suffruticoso, foliis ternis
linearibus acutis. Willd. Sp. pl. 892.
Polygala. With beardless lateral flowers, a shrubby stem, and ternate,
linear, acute leaves.
Descriptio. Suffrutex, ramulis subdivaricatis, filiformibus, elongatis,
pubescentibus. Folia fasciculata, linearia, obsolete mucronata, 3-6 in singulo
fasciculo; infimo latiore, breviore, stipuliforme. Flores P. Heisteriæ, at
minores, axillares, solitarii, vel subinde binati; sessiles.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Empalement.
2.The same magnified.
3.The Keel magnified.
4.One of the wings.
5.The same magnified.
6.The Chives.
7.The same magnified.
8. The Pointal magnified
A rare Cape species recently introduced to the Hibbertian Collection, where
our drawing was taken last summer. It is a greenhouse shrub of the more
delicate kind; and is propagated, but not very readily, by cuttings.
In the structure of the flowers this species agrees exactly with the
common Polygala Heisteria, which Linnæus originally made a distinct genus
from Polygala; but afterwards united them. In keeping them distinct we think
he did right; but wrong in uniting them. Our readers will have an opportunity
of judging for themselves in our next number, in which will be figured a true
Polygala, and another of the Heisteria family; with proper dissections of
each.
Heisteria was named by Linnæus in honour of the celebrated German
surgeon Heister.
 PLATE CCCLXIV.

I R I S PAV O N I A .
The Peacock-Iris.
CLASS III. ORDER I.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Three Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla 6-partita: laciniis alternis reflexis. Stigmata petaliformia.
Corolla 6-parted: with the alternate segments reflexed. The stigmas
petal-shaped.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Iris. Imberbis, folio lineari glabro, scapo sub-unifloro.
Iris. Beardless, with a linear smooth leaf, and a usually one-flowered
stem.
Iris Pavonia Willd. Sp. Pl. I. 238.
Jacq. Coll. Sup. p. 8, Descriptione optimâ.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The outer Sheath of the Flower.
2.The inner one.
3. The Seed-bud, Chives and Pointal as they stand in the Flower.
4.The Chives spread open.
5. The Pointal
This splendid but fugitive plant, is strikingly emblematic of the short
duration of superior beauty: its flower is but the transient object of a day;
and its whole life in Europe seldom exceeds a single year!
The Peacock-Iris, notwithstanding its attractions, is but imperfectly
understood by the Botanists and Horticulturists of this country; for while the
latter have been unsuccessful in cultivating it: some of the former have
privately considered it as a new Genus: some have referred it to Iris, Morea,
or Ferraria; others with more propriety to De la Roche’s Genus Vieusseuxia;
and the usually accurate Curtis mistook and figured the widely-different Iris
tricuspis for it.
 The English Gardens have several times possessed this charming species,
but we are afraid it is at present entirely lost to them. Our figure therefore,
taken from the Hibbertian collection some time since, cannot fail to be
highly acceptable to all lovers of plants.
In root Iris Pavonia resembles other Cape Irides; but the varying lustres
of its brilliant flowers are seldom equalled; and not much excelled by any
plant we ever saw. It is a native of the Cape, flowers early in Spring; and
must be treated like the other bulbous species from that country.
 PLATE CCCLXV.

SCILLA SIBERICA.
Siberian Squill.
CLASS VI. ORDER I.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Six Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Corolla 6-petala, patens, decidua. Filamenta filiformia.
Corolla 6 petaled, expanding, deciduous. Filaments thread-shaped.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Scilla, tetraphylla, scapis plurimis semiteretibus, striatis, bifloris, post
florescentiam decumbentibus.
Scilla, four-leaved, with many semicylindrical, scored, two-flowered
stalks, which after flowering are decumbent.
Descriptio. Radix bulbosus, magnus pro ratione magnitudinis plantæ.
Folia in bulbis senectis, sæpius 4, latiuscula, aliquo striatula, parum
recurvata, apice obcuneata et subinvoluta. Scapi 3-5: 1-2, vel rarissime 3-
flori, inæquales, semicylindrici, valde striati, lucidi, vix palmares, superne
atro-cærulescentes. Pedunculi alterni, remoti, difformes, 1-6 lineares, basi
bibracteati, erecti, apice nutantes, vel cernui, uniflori, atro-cærulescentes.
Bracteæ difformes, parvulæ, inferne purpurascentes, superne albæ et
membranaceæ. Corolla hexapetala, nutans, vel cernua, campanulata. Petala
sublanceolata, obtusa, concavo-incurva, lætissime cærulea; intus pallidiora,
basi albicantia, costâ utrinque saturatiore. Filamenta 6, filiformia,
compressa, alba, superne profunde cærulea, petalis duplo breviora. Antheræ
majusculæ æruginosa. Germen pallidum, subrotundum, 6-sulcatum, sulcis
alternis profundioribus. Stylus antheris superans, decumbens, basi albus,
superne azureus. Stigma obsoletissimum.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Flower spread open, with one Chive magnified.
2. The Pointal and Seed-bud, the Summit magnified
This nondescript and beautiful species of the genus Scilla, is allied to Scilla
præcox of Willdenow; but appears to differ in too many particulars, to admit
of their being united. It is a native of Siberia, increases slowly by the root,
but sometimes ripens seeds in this country. It commences flowering in the
beginning of February, before the common Scilla bifolia; but continues in
beauty long after that plant is past; and although perfectly hardy, its flowers
are liable to be injured by strong frosts, unless occasionally protected.
It thrives well in a light soil, and warm situation; but, like all dwarf
plants, appears to most advantage in a pot: and indeed, succeeds best with
the treatment usually given to alpine plants.
 PLATE CCCLXVI.

G E R A N I U M B A R B AT U M . Va r. U n d u l a t u m .
Bearded-leaved Geranium. Var. Waved-petalled.
CLASS XVI. ORDER IV.

M O N A D E L P H I A D E C A N D R I A . T h r e a d s u n i t e d . Te n
Chives.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Monogyna. Stigmata quinque. Fructus rostratus, pentacoccus.
One Pointal. Five summits. Fruit furnished with long awns, five dry
berries,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Geranium. Foliis pinnatis, incisuris pinnarum aristatis barbatisque, petalis
omnibus flavicantibus, rubro-notatis undulatisque.
Geranium. With winged leaves, the segments aristated and bearded, all
the petals yellowish, marked with red, and undulated.
Descriptio. Pinnæ foliorum inæqualiter incisæ, incissuris acuminatis,
barbatisque. Scapus ramosus. Flores umbellati. Petala omnia linearia,
obtusa, elongata, recurvata, valde undulata, flavicantia. basi fere ad medium
lætissime rubra. Stamina fertilia quinque.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Empalement.
2.The Chives and Pointal.
3.The same magnified.
4. The Pointal magnified
This plant was sent from the Cape to the collection of George Hibbert, Esq.
at Clapham, where our drawing was taken in September; it is no more than a
variety, although a very beautiful one, of the Geranium barbatum of this
work, of which one variety has already been figured on plate 323. It is a
green-house plant, and requires the same treatment as the other tuberous
rooted species.
 PLATE CCCLXVII.

ANAGALLIS GRANDIFLORA.
Great-flowered Pimpernel.
CLASS V. ORDER I.

P E N TA N D R I A M O N O G Y N I A . F i v e C h i v e s . O n e P o i n t a l .
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Capsula 1-locularis, circumscissa. Corolla rotata. Stamina hirsuta.
Stigma capitatum.
Capsule one-celled, cut round. Corolla wheel-shaped. Chives hairy.
Summit headed.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Anagallis, foliis ternatis cordato-ovatis acuminatis.
Anagallis, with leaves in threes heart-egg-shaped acuminated.
Descriptio. Radix annua. Rami elongati, effusi, procumbentes, angulati,
superne simplices. Folia ternatim verticillata, remota, elliptica, acuminata,
amplexicaulia, utrinque 3-5-lineata. Pedunculi ternatim verticillati, axillares,
filiformes, primo patuli, demum sæpe recurvi, foliis duplo longiores. Calyx
4-rarius 5-phyllus, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, carinatis, marginibus
membranaceis. Corolla 5-rarius 4-petala, petalis basi confluentibus, patulis,
orbiculatis, coccineis, basi intus nigris. Filamenta 5 hirsuta, atro-
purpurascentia, petalis multo breviora. Germen pallidum. Stylus pergracilis
purpureus antheras luteas superans. Stigma simplex, capitulatum, viride.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. A peduncle and calyx.
2.The corolla spread open.
3. The seed-bud and pointal, and summit magnified
This new and elegant species of Anagallis, the largest and most showy of
that genus hitherto discovered, was introduced into England, we believe, in
the last year; but by whom, or from what country, we have not yet
satisfactorily ascertained. It is reported to be of African origin, and to have
come to England from the Paris garden. Our figure was made from a plant
trained up near three feet high, in Lady De Clifford’s collection at
Paddington, where it is treated as a green-house plant. We have not yet seen
it produce good seeds, although apparently an annual plant; but it is easily
increased by cuttings in the usual way. In every thing except size, and in
having more entire petals, it very much resembles Anagallis arvensis; a plant
truly remarkable for being the only one indigenous to Britain (the Poppies
excepted) with scarlet flowers.
 PLATE CCCLXVIII.

MELANTHIUM MASSONIÆFOLIUM.
Massonia-leaved Melanthium.
CLASS VI. ORDER I.

HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. Six Chives. Three Pointals.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx 0. Corolla infera, 6-petala, petalis staminiferis.
No Calyx. Corolla beneath, 6-petalled, with the petals staminiferous.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Melanthium, foliis subrotundis prostratis sulcato-striatis, floribus
spicatis.
Melanthium, with roundish prostrate sulcato-striated leaves, and spiked
flowers.
Descriptio. Folia duo humi appressa, subrotunda, viridia, acumine
obsoleto recurvato, striisque sulcatis parallelis circiter 12; subtus glabra
pallidiora. Flores in spica perbracteata ut in Eucomide. Scapus clavatus
teres. Bracteæ ovato-acuminatæ, magnæ; superiores paulo minores. Flores
sessiles, bracteis multoties breviores, virides. Corolla hexapetaloidea, vix
aperta, petalis sublanceolatis, obtusis, erectis, apicem versus incurvis.
Filamenta brevissima, compressa, collo corollæ imposita, basi confluentia.
Antheræ erectæ obsoletæ. Germen alato-triangulare, desinens in stylos 3
obsoletissimos, subulatos, et fere adnatos.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. A floral leaf.
2.The corolla cut open.
3.A back view of the same.
4. The seed-bud and obsolete styles
This singular plant appears to us to be a new, but somewhat anomalous
species of the Genus Melanthium; which, as it at present stands,
unquestionably contains several Genera. It is a native of the Cape, and a
Green-house plant; and prior to flowering possesses altogether the
appearance of a Massonia, and thrives very well with the treatment of one.
Our drawing of it was taken from fine plants in the Hibbertian collection in
the month of March.
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