TRANS final

11/13/2024
IPS-E-EL-100(1)
ENGINEERING STANDARD
FOR
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN
TRANSFORMERS
Power Transformer
Step Up
Step Down
1
11/13/2024
Conservator Type
Conservator Type
with Air Bag
Oil Immersed
Without Conservator, Hermetically Sealed

with Gas Cushion
Without Conservator,
Elastic Corrugated Tank
Cast Resin
Dry Type
Gas Insulated
Conservator Type
2
11/13/2024
Conservator Type
with Air Bag
3
11/13/2024
with Gas Cushion
Elastic Corrugated Tank
4
11/13/2024
Cast Resin
5
11/13/2024
Electrical conditions
i) The system supply voltage variation will be ± 10% rated value.
ii) The system frequency variation will be ± 5% rated value.
iii) System fault level at transformer primary terminal
Rated power: Transformers shall be continuously rated .

The ratings shall be determined from the series given in table II
of IEC60076-1 . Preferred values of rated power for three phase
transformers are:
5 / 6.3 / 8 / 10 / 12.5 / 16 / 20 / 25 / 31.5 / 40 / 50 / 63 / 80 / 100 /
125 / 160 / 200 / 250 / 315 / 400 /500 / 630 / 800 / 1000 KVA and
etc .
Rated voltage: The rated voltages of transformer windings

shall be selected from IEC60038 . The followings are most
commonly used voltages in oil industries:
230 v / 400 v / 3.3 kV / 6 or 6.6 kV / 10 or 11 kV / 20 kV / 33 kV
/ 63 or 66 kV .
6
11/13/2024
Rated ratios : The rated ratio is defined as ratio of

primary to secondary voltage at full load & 0.85 lagging
power factor with principal tapping. the most common
voltage ratios are in Table
Rated impedance voltage: Unless a specific

transformer impedance voltage is required, the values shall be
chosen from typical values given in Table I of IEC60076-5 .
The impedance voltage shall be that applicable to principal
tapping and rated current. Typical values of impedance voltage
for transformers with two windings are as follows:
7
11/13/2024
Rated short circuit capacity: The short circuit

withstands ability of transformers and reactors will be in
accordance with IEC 60076-5. If the short circuit apparent
power of the system is greater than those given in Table II of
IEC 60076-5 the manufacturer shall be informed.
Short circuit apparent powers of the systems which may be used
in absence of specification are as
follows:
Transformer sizing
Note :
Transformers shall be rated for maximum ambient temperature.
Maximum rating of transformers feeding plant substations should

be such that the rated current of their secondary winding does not
exceed 2000 A when feeding an MV switchboard, or 2500 A when
feeding an LV switchboard .
This results in the following maximum ratings:

1600 KVA if feeding LV switchboard.
10 MVA if feeding MV 3.3 KV switchboard.
20 MVA if feeding MV 6 or 6.6 KV switchboard.
40 MVA if feeding MV 10 or 11 KV switchboard.
8
11/13/2024
Type of transformers
Oil immersed transformers: oil immersed transformers or
reactors shall either be of the sealed tank type or conservator type.
Transformers for outdoor use and rated up to and including 2500KVA

shall be of the oil-filled hermetically sealed type .
Transformers above 2500 KVA should be conservator type .
Dry-type transformers: In locations where fire risk must be minimized

e.g. in public and residential buildings , on offshore platforms etc.
Dry-type transformer having cast resin encapsulated windings can be used.

They shall be used for ratings up to and including 1250 KVA with
secondary voltage 400/230 v.
Vector group
Where there are no restriction due to parallel operation with other
/existing transformers of different winding connection, step-down
transformers shall be specified with Dyn5 or Dyn11 in accordance
with IEC60076-4. Any other vector group should be subjected to
agreement.
9
11/13/2024
Voltage tappings
Unless otherwise specified the higher voltage winding of all
transformers should be provided with tappings for constant KVA to
compensate variations in the supply voltage.
Off-circuit tap changer: Unless otherwise specified all transformers

should have an offcircuit tap changer with a principal and four
additional tappings. Tapping range shall be ± 5% in four
equal steps of 2.5% of the nominal primary voltage.
Transformer-Tap Changer (IPS)
• Off-load tap changers:

4 equal steps
-5% -2½% 0% + 2½ + 5%
• On-load tap changers:

On-load tap changers should have a minimum tapping range
of ± 7.5% in 13 taps with 12 tap steps of 1.25%, unless
voltage variations dictate a wider range and more steps.
10
11/13/2024
Tap Changer
 Off-circuit
 On-
load
11
11/13/2024
On-load tap changer: Main incoming supply transformers

receiving power from public utility and rated 5 MVA and above
with primary rated voltages equal or above 36 kV are usually
fitted with on-load tap changers.
There is no need for on-load tap changer if voltage variation range

is less than ± 5%.
Transformers at the end of long transmission lines (normally longer

than 50 km) may need to have on-load tap changer.
Maximum voltage variation at transformer location shall be

calculated in project specification stage (engineering studies).
Method of Cooling
3.7.1 Transformers are identified according to the cooling method employed.
Letter symbols used in conjunction with cooling are given in Table C1.
TABLE C1 - LETTER SYMBOLS
12
11/13/2024
Transformers shall be identified by four symbols for each

cooling method for which a rating is assigned by the
manufacturer.
Dry-type transformers without protective enclosures are identified

by two symbols only for the cooling medium that is in contact with
the windings or the surface coating of windings with an overall
coating (e.g. epoxy resin).
The order in which the symbols are used shall be as given in Table C2 .
Oblique strokes shall be used to separate the group symbols for different
cooling methods.
TABLE C2 - ORDER OF SYMBOLS
13
11/13/2024
For example, an oil-immersed transformer with forced-directed oil circulation and

forced air circulation would be designated ODAF.
For oil-immersed transformers in which the alternatives of natural or forced

cooling with non-directed oil flow are possible, typical designations are:
ONAN/ONAF ONAN/OFAF
The cooling method of a dry-type transformer without a protective enclosure or with

a ventilated enclosure and with natural air cooling is designated by:
AN
For a dry-type transformer in a non-ventilated protective enclosure natural air cooling inside
and outside the enclosure, the designation is:
ANAN
14
11/13/2024
Type of transformer cooling

The type of cooling specified for transformers less than 15 MVA can be
ONAN. This requires no particular maintenance and is not subjected to
any exterior construction such as auxiliary power source, thermostat,
relays, fans, pumps, etc.
If an economic case can be made for forced cooling or provision for

forced cooling, the first level is ONAF and the second is OFAF.
When a combination of cooling methods is specified

(ONAN/ONAF or ONAN/OFAF) the transformer shall be capable of
continuous operation with ONAN cooling at the specified output KVA
rating
Neutral grounding resistor (NGR)

Power transformers with secondary voltage of 11 KV, 6 KV or 3
KV which supply electric motors, shall be equipped with suitable
NGR’s. The time rating of the NGR shall be 10 second.
The current rating shall be calculated by designer
15
11/13/2024
Effect of altitude on transformers
Effect of altitude on transformer temperature rise: The effect of the decreased air
density due to high altitude is to increase the temperature rise of transformers which
are dependant upon air for dissipation of heat losses. For a naturally cooled transformer
( . . AN ), the limit of average winding temperature rise shall be reduced by 1 º C for
every interval of 400 m by which the installations altitude exceed 1000 m.
For a forced cooled transformer ( . . AF ), the reduction shall be 1 º C for every 250 m.
Rated operation at high altitude: Transformers can be operated at rated KVA at

altitudes greater than 1000 m without exceeding temperature limits provided the
average temperature of cooling air does not exceed the value of Table 12 for the
respective altitude
16
11/13/2024
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF

COOLING AIR (º C ) (According to IEC-60072-2)
Operation at less than rated KVA at high altitude:
Transformers can be operated at altitudes greater than 1000 m

without exceeding temperature limits provided the load to be
carried is reduced to below ratings by the percentages given in
Table for each 100 meters that the altitude is above 1000 m.
KVA CORRECTION FACTOR FOR EACH 100 METERS FOR ALTITUDES GREATER
THAN 1000m (According to IEC-60072-2)
17
11/13/2024
Thank you
18

TRANS final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRANS final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRANS final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11/13/2024

Without Conservator, Hermetically Sealed

i) The system supply voltage variation will be ± 10% rated value.

ii) The system frequency variation will be ± 5% rated value.

iii) System fault level at transformer primary terminal

Rated power: Transformers shall be continuously rated .

Rated voltage: The rated voltages of transformer windings

Rated ratios : The rated ratio is defined as ratio of

Rated impedance voltage: Unless a specific

Rated short circuit capacity: The short circuit

Maximum rating of transformers feeding plant substations should

This results in the following maximum ratings:

Transformers for outdoor use and rated up to and including 2500KVA

Dry-type transformers: In locations where fire risk must be minimized

Dry-type transformer having cast resin encapsulated windings can be used.

Off-circuit tap changer: Unless otherwise specified all transformers

Transformer-Tap Changer (IPS)

• Off-load tap changers:

• On-load tap changers:

On-load tap changer: Main incoming supply transformers

There is no need for on-load tap changer if voltage variation range

Transformers at the end of long transmission lines (normally longer

Maximum voltage variation at transformer location shall be

TABLE C1 - LETTER SYMBOLS

Transformers shall be identified by four symbols for each

Dry-type transformers without protective enclosures are identified

TABLE C2 - ORDER OF SYMBOLS

For example, an oil-immersed transformer with forced-directed oil circulation and

For oil-immersed transformers in which the alternatives of natural or forced

The cooling method of a dry-type transformer without a protective enclosure or with

Type of transformer cooling

If an economic case can be made for forced cooling or provision for

When a combination of cooling methods is specified

Neutral grounding resistor (NGR)

Effect of altitude on transformers

Rated operation at high altitude: Transformers can be operated at rated KVA at

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF

Operation at less than rated KVA at high altitude:

Transformers can be operated at altitudes greater than 1000 m

You might also like