Chapter 9 Objects and Classes

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 1
 Objectives
❑ To describe objects and classes, and use classes to model objects (§9.2).
❑ To use UML graphical notation to describe classes and objects (§9.2).
❑ To demonstrate how to define classes and create objects (§9.3).
❑ To create objects using constructors (§9.4).
❑ To access objects via object reference variables (§9.5).
❑ To define a reference variable using a reference type (§9.5.1).
❑ To access an object’s data and methods using the object member access operator
(.) (§9.5.2).
❑ To define data fields of reference types and assign default values for an object’s
data fields (§9.5.3).
❑ To distinguish between object reference variables and primitive data type
variables (§9.5.4).
❑ To use the Java library classes Date, Random, and Point2D (§9.6).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 2
 Objectives
❑ To distinguish between instance and static variables and methods (§9.7).
❑ To define private data fields with appropriate get and set methods (§9.8).
❑ To encapsulate data fields to make classes easy to maintain (§9.9).
❑ To develop methods with object arguments and differentiate between primitive-
type arguments and object-type arguments (§9.10).
❑ To store and process objects in arrays (§9.11).
❑ To create immutable objects from immutable classes to protect the contents of
objects (§9.12).
❑ To determine the scope of variables in the context of a class (§9.13).
❑ To use the keyword this to refer to the calling object itself (§9.14).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 3
 OO Programming Concepts
Object-oriented programming (OOP) involves
programming using objects.
– An object represents an entity in the real world that
can be distinctly identified.
For example, a student, a desk, a circle, a button, and even
a loan can all be viewed as objects.
– An object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors.
The state of an object consists of a set of data fields (also
known as properties) with their current values.
The behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 4
 Objects
Class Name: Circle A class template

Data Fields:
radius is _______

Methods:
getArea

Circle Object 1 Circle Object 2 Circle Object 3 Three objects of

the Circle class
Data Fields: Data Fields: Data Fields:
radius is 10 radius is 25 radius is 125

An object has both a state and behavior.

The state defines the object, and the behavior
defines what the object does.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 5
 Classes
Classes are constructs that define objects of the
same type.
A Java class uses variables to define data fields and
methods to define behaviors.
Additionally, a class provides a special type of
methods, known as constructors, which are invoked
to construct objects from the class.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 6
 Classes
class Circle {
/** The radius of this circle */
double radius = 1.0; Data field

/** Construct a circle object */

Circle() {
}
Constructors
/** Construct a circle object */
Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}

/** Return the area of this circle */

double getArea() { Method
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 7
 UML Class Diagram
UML Class Diagram Circle Class name

radius: double Data fields

Circle() Constructors and

Circle(newRadius: double) methods
getArea(): double

circle2: Circle circle3: Circle UML notation

circle1: Circle
for objects
radius = 1.0 radius = 25 radius = 125

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 8
 Example: Defining Classes and
Creating Objects

Objective: Demonstrate creating objects,

accessing data, and using methods.

Class: SimpleCircle →

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 9
class SimpleCircle {
double radius;
SimpleCircle() { → /** Construct a circle with radius 1 */
radius = 1;
}
SimpleCircle(double newRadius) { → /** Construct a circle with a specified radius */
radius = newRadius;
}
double getArea() { → /** Return the area of this circle */
return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}
double getPerimeter() { → /** Return the perimeter of this circle */
return 2 * radius * Math.PI;
}
void setRadius(double newRadius) { →/** Set a new radius for this circle */
radius = newRadius;
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TestSimpleCircle {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a circle with radius 1
SimpleCircle circle1 = new SimpleCircle();
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius " + circle1.radius + " is " +
circle1.getArea());
// Create a circle with radius 25
SimpleCircle circle2 = new SimpleCircle(25);
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius "
+ circle2.radius + " is " + circle2.getArea());
// Create a circle with radius 125
SimpleCircle circle3 = new SimpleCircle(125);
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius "
+ circle3.radius + " is " + circle3.getArea());
// Modify circle radius
circle2.radius = 100; // or circle2.setRadius(100)
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius "
+ circle2.radius + " is " + circle2.getArea());
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
 Example: Defining Classes and Creating Objects
TV
channel: int The current channel (1 to 120) of this TV.
volumeLevel: int The current volume level (1 to 7) of this TV.
on: boolean Indicates whether this TV is on/off.

The + sign indicates +TV() Constructs a default TV object.

a public modifier.
+turnOn(): void Turns on this TV.
+turnOff(): void Turns off this TV.
+setChannel(newChannel: int): void Sets a new channel for this TV.
+setVolume(newVolumeLevel: int): void Sets a new volume level for this TV.
+channelUp(): void Increases the channel number by 1.
+channelDown(): void Decreases the channel number by 1.
+volumeUp(): void Increases the volume level by 1.
+volumeDown(): void Decreases the volume level by 1.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 12
public class TV {
int channel = 1; // Default channel is 1
int volumeLevel = 1; // Default volume level is 1
boolean on = false; // By default TV is off

public TV() {
} public void channelDown() {
public void turnOn() { if (on && channel > 1)
on = true; channel--;
} }
public void turnOff() { public void volumeUp() {
on = false; if (on && volumeLevel < 7)
} volumeLevel++;
public void channelUp() { }
if (on && channel < 120) public void volumeDown() {
channel++; if (on && volumeLevel > 1)
} volumeLevel--;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
// Continue with previous slide
public class TV {
.
.
.

public void setChannel(int newChannel) {

if (on && newChannel >= 1 && newChannel <= 120)
channel = newChannel;
}
public void setVolume(int newVolumeLevel) {
if (on && newVolumeLevel >= 1 && newVolumeLevel <= 7)
volumeLevel = newVolumeLevel;
}

}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TestTV {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TV tv1 = new TV();
tv1.turnOn();
tv1.setChannel(30);
tv1.setVolume(3);

TV tv2 = new TV();

tv2.turnOn();
tv2.channelUp();
tv2.channelUp();
tv2.volumeUp();

System.out.println("tv1's channel is " + tv1.channel

+ " and volume level is " + tv1.volumeLevel);
System.out.println("tv2's channel is " + tv2.channel
+ " and volume level is " + tv2.volumeLevel);
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
 Class Circle again
class Circle {
/** The radius of this circle */
double radius = 1.0; Data field

/** Construct a circle object */

Circle() {
}
Constructors
/** Construct a circle object */
Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}

/** Return the area of this circle */

double getArea() { Method
return radius * radius * 3.14159;
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 16
 Constructors
Constructors are a special
Circle() { kind of methods that are
} invoked to construct objects.

Circle(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 17
 Constructors, cont.
A constructor with no parameters is referred to as a
no-arg constructor.
· Constructors must have the same name as the
class itself.
· Constructors do not have a return type—not
even void.
· Constructors are invoked using the new
operator when an object is created. Constructors
play the role of initializing objects.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 18
 Creating Objects Using
Constructors
new ClassName();

Example:
new Circle();

new Circle(5.0);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 19
 Default Constructor
A class may be defined without constructors.
– In this case, a no-arg constructor with an empty
body is implicitly defined in the class.
– This constructor, called a default constructor, is
provided automatically only if no constructors
are explicitly defined in the class.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 20
 Declaring Object Reference Variables
To reference an object, assign the object to a reference
variable.

To declare a reference variable, use the syntax:

ClassName objectRefVar;

Example:
Circle myCircle;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 21
 Declaring/Creating Objects
in a Single Step
ClassName objectRefVar = new ClassName();

Assign object reference Create an object

Example:
Circle myCircle = new Circle();

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 22
 Accessing Object’s Members
❑ Referencing the object’s data:
objectRefVar.data
e.g., myCircle.radius

❑ Invoking the object’s method:

objectRefVar.methodName(arguments)
e.g., myCircle.getArea()

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 23
animation
Trace Code
Declare myCircle

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

myCircle
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 24
animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0); no value

myCircle
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

Create a circle

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 25
animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);

myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; Assign object reference : Circle

to myCircle
radius: 5.0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 26
animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle no value

Declare yourCircle

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 27
animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle no value

: Circle
Create a new radius: 1.0
Circle object

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 28
animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle reference value

Assign object reference

to yourCircle : Circle

radius: 1.0

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 29
animation

Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

yourCircle.radius = 100; : Circle

radius: 5.0

yourCircle reference value

: Circle
Change radius in radius: 100.0
yourCircle

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 30
 Caution
Recall that you use Math class methods
Math.methodName(arguments) (e.g., Math.pow(3, 2.5))

Can you invoke getArea() using SimpleCircle.getArea()?

The answer is no.
All the methods used before this chapter are static methods, which are defined
using the static keyword.
However, getArea() is non-static. It must be invoked from an object using

objectRefVar.methodName(arguments) (e.g., myCircle.getArea()).

More explanations will be given in the section on “Static Variables,
Constants, and Methods.”

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 31
 Reference Data Fields
The data fields can be of reference types. For example,
the following Student class contains a data field name of
the String type.

public class Student {

String name; // name has default value null
int age; // age has default value 0
boolean isScienceMajor; // isScienceMajor has default value false
char gender; // c has default value '\u0000'
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 32
 The null Value
If a data field of a reference type does not
reference any object, the data field holds a
special literal value, null.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 33
 Default Value for a Data Field
The default value of a data field is
– null for a reference type,
– 0 for a numeric type,
– false for a boolean type, and
– '\u0000' for a char type.
However, Java assigns no default value to a local variable
inside a method.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student = new Student();
System.out.println("name? " + student.name);
System.out.println("age? " + student.age);
System.out.println("isScienceMajor? " + student.isScienceMajor);
System.out.println("gender? " + student.gender);
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 34
 Example
Java assigns no default value to a local variable
inside a method.
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x; // x has no default value
String y; // y has no default value
System.out.println("x is " + x);
System.out.println("y is " + y);
}
}

Compile error: variable not

initialized

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 35
 Differences between Variables of
Primitive Data Types and Object Types
Created using new Circle()
Primitive type int i = 1 i 1

Object type Circle c c reference c: Circle

radius = 1

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 36
 Copying Variables of Primitive
Data Types and Object Types
Primitive type assignment i = j

Before: After:

i 1 i 2

j 2 j 2

Object type assignment c1 = c2

Before: After:

c1 c1

c2 c2

c1: Circle C2: Circle c1: Circle C2: Circle

radius = 5 radius = 9 radius = 5 radius = 9

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 37
 Garbage Collection
As shown in the previous figure, after the
assignment statement c1 = c2, c1 points to
the same object referenced by c2.
The object previously referenced by c1 is no
longer referenced.
This object is known as garbage. Garbage is
automatically collected by JVM.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 38
 Garbage Collection, cont
TIP: If you know that an object is no longer
needed, you can explicitly assign null to a
reference variable for the object.
The JVM will automatically collect the space
if the object is not referenced by any
variable.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 39
 The Date Class
Java provides a system-independent encapsulation of date
and time in the java.util.Date class. You can use the Date
class to create an instance for the current date and time and
use its toString method to return the date and time as a string.

java.util.Date
The + sign indicates
public modifer +Date() Constructs a Date object for the current time.
+Date(elapseTime: long) Constructs a Date object for a given time in
milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970, GMT.
+toString(): String Returns a string representing the date and time.
+getTime(): long Returns the number of milliseconds since January 1,
1970, GMT.
+setTime(elapseTime: long): void Sets a new elapse time in the object.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 40
 The Date Class Example
For example, the following code

java.util.Date date = new java.util.Date();

System.out.println(date.toString());

displays a string like Sun Mar 09 13:50:19

EST 2003.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 41
 The Random Class
You have used Math.random() to obtain a random double
value between 0.0 and 1.0 (excluding 1.0). A more useful
random number generator is provided in the java.util.Random
class.
java.util.Random
+Random() Constructs a Random object with the current time as its seed.
+Random(seed: long) Constructs a Random object with a specified seed.
+nextInt(): int Returns a random int value.
+nextInt(n: int): int Returns a random int value between 0 and n (exclusive).
+nextLong(): long Returns a random long value.
+nextDouble(): double Returns a random double value between 0.0 and 1.0 (exclusive).
+nextFloat(): float Returns a random float value between 0.0F and 1.0F (exclusive).
+nextBoolean(): boolean Returns a random boolean value.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 42
 The Random Class Example
If two Random objects have the same seed, they will generate
identical sequences of numbers. For example, the following
code creates two Random objects with the same seed 3.
Random random1 = new Random(3);
System.out.print("From random1: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.print(random1.nextInt(1000) + " ");
Random random2 = new Random(3);
System.out.print("\nFrom random2: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.print(random2.nextInt(1000) + " ");

From random1: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961
From random2: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 43
 The Point2D Class
Java API has a conveninent Point2D class in the
javafx.geometry package for representing a point in a two-
dimensional plane.

Point2D Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 44
import java.util.Scanner;
import javafx.geometry.Point2D;
public class TestPoint2D {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter point1's x-, y-coordinates: ");
double x1 = input.nextDouble();
double y1 = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter point2's x-, y-coordinates: ");
double x2 = input.nextDouble();
double y2 = input.nextDouble();
Point2D p1 = new Point2D(x1, y1);
Point2D p2 = new Point2D(x2, y2);
System.out.println("p1 is " + p1.toString());
System.out.println("p2 is " + p2.toString());
System.out.println("The distance between p1 and p2 is " +
p1.distance(p2));
System.out.println("The midpoint between p1 and p2 is " +
p1.midpoint(p2).toString());
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
 Instance
Variables, and Methods

Instance variables belong to a specific instance.

Instance methods are invoked by an instance of

the class.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 46
 Static Variables, Constants,
and Methods
Static variables are shared by all the instances of the
class.

Static methods are not tied to a specific object.

Static constants are final variables shared by all the
instances of the class.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 47
 Static Variables, Constants,
and Methods, cont.

To declare static variables, constants, and methods,

use the static modifier.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 48
Static Variables, Constants,
and Methods, cont.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 49
 Example of
Using Instance and Class Variables
and Method
Objective: Demonstrate the roles of
instance and class variables and their
uses. This example adds a class variable
numberOfObjects to track the number of
Circle objects created.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 50
public class CircleWithStaticMembers {
double radius;
static int numberOfObjects = 0;
CircleWithStaticMembers() {
radius = 1.0;
numberOfObjects++;
}
CircleWithStaticMembers(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
numberOfObjects++;
}
static int getNumberOfObjects() {
return numberOfObjects;
}
double getArea() {
return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TestCircleWithStaticMembers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Before creating objects");
System.out.println("The number of Circle objects is " +
CircleWithStaticMembers.numberOfObjects);

CircleWithStaticMembers c1 = new CircleWithStaticMembers();

// Display c1 BEFORE c2 is created
System.out.println("\nAfter creating c1");
System.out.println("c1: radius (" + c1.radius + ") and number of Circle objects ("
+ c1.numberOfObjects + ")");

CircleWithStaticMembers c2 = new CircleWithStaticMembers(5);

c1.radius = 9;
System.out.println("\nAfter creating c2 and modifying c1");
System.out.println("c1: radius (" + c1.radius + ") and number of Circle objects ("
+ c1.numberOfObjects + ")");
System.out.println("c2: radius (" + c2.radius + ") and number of Circle objects ("
+ c2.numberOfObjects + ")");
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
 Visibility Modifiers and
Accessor/Mutator Methods
By default, the class, variable, or method can be
accessed by any class in the same package.
❑ public
The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any
package.

❑ private
The data or methods can be accessed only by the declaring
class.
The get and set methods are used to read and modify private
properties.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 53
The private modifier restricts access to within a class, the default
modifier restricts access to within a package, and the public
modifier enables unrestricted access.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 54
 NOTE
An object cannot access its private members, as shown in (b).
It is OK, however, if the object is declared in its own class, as
shown in (a).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 55
 Why Data Fields Should Be
private?
To protect data.

To make code easy to maintain.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 56
 Example of
Data Field Encapsulation
Circle
The - sign indicates
private modifier -radius: double The radius of this circle (default: 1.0).
-numberOfObjects: int The number of circle objects created.

+Circle() Constructs a default circle object.

+Circle(radius: double) Constructs a circle object with the specified radius.
+getRadius(): double Returns the radius of this circle.
+setRadius(radius: double): void Sets a new radius for this circle.
+getNumberOfObjects(): int Returns the number of circle objects created.
+getArea(): double Returns the area of this circle.

CircleWithPrivateDataFields

TestCircleWithPrivateDataFields Run
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 57
public class CircleWithPrivateDataFields {
private double radius = 1;
private static int numberOfObjects = 0;
public CircleWithPrivateDataFields() {
numberOfObjects++;
}
public CircleWithPrivateDataFields(double newRadius) {
radius = newRadius;
numberOfObjects++;
}
public double getRadius() { return radius; }
public void setRadius(double newRadius) {
radius = (newRadius >= 0) ? newRadius : 0;
}
public static int getNumberOfObjects() {
return numberOfObjects;
}
public double getArea() {
return radius * radius * Math.PI;
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TestCircleWithPrivateDataFields {
/** Main method */
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Circle with radius 5.0
CircleWithPrivateDataFields myCircle = new CircleWithPrivateDataFields(5.0);
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius "
+ myCircle.getRadius() + " is " + myCircle.getArea());

// Increase myCircle's radius by 10%

myCircle.setRadius(myCircle.getRadius() * 1.1);
System.out.println("The area of the circle of radius "
+ myCircle.getRadius() + " is " + myCircle.getArea());
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
 Passing Objects to Methods

❑ Passing by value for primitive type value

(the value is passed to the parameter)
❑ Passing by value for reference type value
(the value is the reference to the object)

TestPassObject Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 60
public class TestPassObject {
public static void main(String[] args) {
CircleWithPrivateDataFields myCircle = new CircleWithPrivateDataFields(1);
// Print areas for radius 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
int n = 5;
printAreas(myCircle, n); // method call
// See myCircle.radius and times
System.out.println("\n" + "Radius is " + myCircle.getRadius());
System.out.println("n is " + n);
}

public static void printAreas(CircleWithPrivateDataFields c, int times) {

System.out.println("Radius \t\tArea");
while (times >= 1) {
System.out.println(c.getRadius() + "\t\t" + c.getArea());
c.setRadius(c.getRadius() + 1);
times--;
}
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
Passing Objects to Methods, cont.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 62
 Array of Objects
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

An array of objects is actually an array of

reference variables.
So invoking circleArray[1].getArea() involves
two levels of referencing as shown in the
next figure. circleArray references to the
entire array. circleArray[1] references to a
Circle object.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 63
 Array of Objects, cont.
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 64
 Array of Objects, cont.

Summarizing the areas of the circles

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 65
 Array of Objects, cont.
public class TotalArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {
……
}
/** Create an array of Circle objects */
public static CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] createCircleArray() {
…
}

/** Print an array of circles and their total area */

public static void printCircleArray(CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray)
……
}
/** Add circle areas */
public static double sum( CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
……
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TotalArea { Array of
public static void main(String[] args) {
CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray;
// Create circleArray
Objects, cont.
circleArray = createCircleArray();
// Print circleArray and total areas of the circles
printCircleArray(circleArray);
}
/** Create an array of Circle objects */
public static CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] createCircleArray() {
…
}
/** Print an array of circles and their total area */
public static void printCircleArray(CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
…
}
/** Add circle areas */
public static double sum( CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
...
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TotalArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Array of
…..
} Objects, cont.
/** Create an array of Circle objects */
public static CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] createCircleArray() {
CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray = new CircleWithPrivateDataFields[5];
for (int i = 0; i < circleArray.length; i++) {
circleArray[i] = new CircleWithPrivateDataFields(Math.random() * 100);
}
// Return Circle array
return circleArray;
}
/** Print an array of circles and their total area */
public static void printCircleArray(CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
…
}
/** Add circle areas */
public static double sum( CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
...
}
} Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TotalArea { Array of
public static void main(String[] args) {
…
}
Objects, cont.
/** Create an array of Circle objects */
public static CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] createCircleArray() {
….
}
/** Print an array of circles and their total area */
public static void printCircleArray( CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
System.out.printf("%-30s%-15s\n", "Radius", "Area");
for (int i = 0; i < circleArray.length; i++) {
System.out.printf("%-30f%-15f\n", circleArray[i].getRadius(),circleArray[i].getArea());
}
System.out.println("-----------------------------------------");
// Compute and display the result
System.out.printf("%-30s%-15f\n", "The total areas of circles is", sum(circleArray));
}
/** Add circle areas */
public static double sum( CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
…
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
public class TotalArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Array of
…..
}
Objects, cont.
/** Create an array of Circle objects */
public static CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] createCircleArray() {
….
}
/** Print an array of circles and their total area */
public static void printCircleArray(CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
....
}
/** Add circle areas */
public static double sum( CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {
// Initialize sum
double sum = 0;
// Add areas to sum
for (int i = 0; i < circleArray.length; i++)
sum += circleArray[i].getArea();

return sum;
}
}
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015
 Immutable Objects and Classes
If the contents of an object cannot be changed once the object
is created, the object is called an immutable object and its class
is called an immutable class.
If you delete the set method in the Circle class in Listing 8.10, the
class would be immutable because radius is private and cannot be
changed without a set method.

A class with all private data fields and without mutators is not
necessarily immutable.
For example, the following class Student has all private data fields
and no mutators, but it is mutable.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 71
 Example public class BirthDate {
private int year;
public class Student {
private int month;
private int id;
private BirthDate birthDate; private int day;

public Student(int ssn, public BirthDate(int newYear,

int year, int month, int day) {
int newMonth, int newDay) {
id = ssn;
birthDate = new BirthDate(year, month, day); year = newYear;
} month = newMonth;
day = newDay;
public int getId() {
}
return id;
}
public void setYear(int newYear) {
public BirthDate getBirthDate() { year = newYear;
return birthDate;
}
}
} }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student = new Student(111223333, 1970, 5, 3);
BirthDate date = student.getBirthDate();
date.setYear(2010); // Now the student birth year is changed!
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 72
 What Class is Immutable?
For a class to be immutable,
1. it must mark all data fields private and provide no mutator
methods and
2. no accessor methods that would return a reference to a
mutable data field object.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 73
 Scope of Variables
❑ The scope of instance and static variables is the
entire class. They can be declared anywhere inside
a class.
❑ The scope of a local variable starts from its
declaration and continues to the end of the block
that contains the variable. A local variable must be
initialized explicitly before it can be used.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 74
 The this Keyword
❑ The this keyword is the name of a reference that
refers to an object itself. One common use of the
this keyword is reference a class’s hidden data
fields.
❑ Another common use of the this keyword to
enable a constructor to invoke another
constructor of the same class.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 75
 Reference the Hidden Data Fields
public class F { Suppose that f1 and f2 are two objects of F.
private int i = 5; F f1 = new F(); F f2 = new F();
private static double k = 0;
Invoking f1.setI(10) is to execute
void setI(int i) { this.i = 10, where this refers f1
this.i = i;
} Invoking f2.setI(45) is to execute
this.i = 45, where this refers f2
static void setK(double k) {
F.k = k;
}
}

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 76
 Calling Overloaded Constructor
public class Circle {
private double radius;

public Circle(double radius) {

this.radius = radius;
} this must be explicitly used to reference the data
field radius of the object being constructed
public Circle() {
this(1.0);
} this is used to invoke another constructor

public double getArea() {

return this.radius * this.radius * Math.PI;
}
} Every instance variable belongs to an instance represented by this,
which is normally omitted
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Tenth Edition, Global Edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2015 77