Spec Hammer
Spec Hammer
Spec Hammer
40 Piling
5.40.1 GENERAL
The length of piling shown on the plans is considered to be approximate only and has been determined for estimating purposes from borings and soundings.
interval for the total depth of penetration. The rate of penetration is the distance in inches that the pile penetrates the soil per blow of the hammer. In the case of a test pile, it must be determined by counting the number of blows of the hammer for each foot interval of penetration of the pile, and computing the rate as the average for the interval. Per standard spec 508.3.5.4 all timber test-piling cutoffs remain the property of the department until all timber piling under the contract has been driven. Upon completion of the driving, all cutoffs become the property of the contractor. Required pile driving data is described in CMM 8.75.
there is a loss in the kinetic energy developed during the fall of the ram due to the cushioning effect the explosion of the fuel has on the impact of the ram. It is reasonable to assume that the energy gain of one is about equal to the energy loss of the other, and therefore, the energy output for this type of hammer is the product of the weight of the ram and the length of stroke. Measurement of the length of stroke is made by the inspector by reading, on a graduated rod attached to and extending above the hammer body or shell, the height which the top of the ram reaches in its rebound. For the other type of diesel hammer, the ram operates in a cylinder that is closed at the top, and the upstroke of the ram traps and compresses air in the bounce chamber, which is the space in the cylinder above the top of the ram. The energy stored in the compressed air is imparted to the ram on the downward stroke. The output energy of the hammer is designated as the equivalent energy or equivalent WH (weight x height) since it is made up of the energy produced as a product of the weight of the ram and its stroke plus the energy stored in the compressed air in the bounce chamber, which in turn is equivalent to an additional height in the fall of the hammer. As the resistance of the pile increases, the force of explosion of the diesel fuel acting on the ram in its upstroke increases, and the increased energy of the ram increases the energy stored in the compressed air chamber that in turn provides an increase in the force imparted to the ram at the start of its downstroke. Thus, the energy output of the hammer, within the limits of its rated energy output, will increase as the resistance of the pile being driven increases. When determining the bearing power of a driven pile, it will be necessary for the inspector, at the time of the count of the blows of the hammer and measurement of set of pile, to determine the equivalent energy of the hammer. From a gage attached to an air hose that is connected to the bounce chamber, readings of the air pressure are made and these pressure values are converted to equivalent energy in foot-pounds per blow by means of charts prepared for the hammer and furnished with the gage. If the resistance of the pile during the driving is sufficient to produce an air pressure in the bounce chamber, which as read from the gage and converted by chart into equivalent energy is of a value greater that the manufacturer's rated energy for the hammer, the manufacturer's rated energy for the hammer should be used in the bearing formula. Example 1: Determine the needed hammer energy rating for piles to be driven to 78,000 lbs. per pile minimum bearing. P = 39 x 2,000 = 78,000 lbs. bearing E = 0.15P (standard spec 508.3.3.3) E = 0.15 x 78,000 = 11,700 foot-pound
satisfactory foundation for support of the structure unit. If the specified bearing value is reached and if the specified minimum penetration is reached, the pile can be considered to have adequate support and the driving can be stopped. It is often necessary to drive a pile to a greater depth than the specified minimum penetration to obtain the required bearing, and sometimes it is necessary to drive a pile to more than the required bearing in order to reach a specified minimum penetration. Standard spec 508.3.5.3 provides that the minimum penetration for piling in pile bents will not be less than 10 feet below the elevation of the stream bed or original ground line, and for foundation piling not less than 10 feet below the bottom of the footings or original ground line, whichever is lower. The minimum pile embedment is to provide lateral resistance to any pile or structure movement. The plans or special provisions may specify that piles must be driven to a greater depth of penetration in order to provide a stable foundation. This is often the case where the soil borings show satisfactory material sufficiently deep to provide the required bearing but is overlaid by a layer of soft material that may settle or flow under the loading introduced by the piling in the upper strata, resulting in a subsidence of the upper strata. Where these conditions exist, the piles must be driven until they penetrate through the soft material and into underlying firm strata. Standard spec 508.3.5.3 provides that piles may be driven to penetration depths less than the 10 feet described in the foregoing paragraph when specifically permitted by the engineer in writing. Cohesive soils (clays and clayey silts) exhibit a property called pile-setup. As a pile is driven through these types of soils, the clay soil bonds are broken and pore water pressures develop around the pile. Over time, these bonds redevelop and pore water pressures decrease, causing a corresponding increase in frictional forces along the length of the pile. This increase in frictional forces causes the soil to adhere more tightly to the pile and to resist higher applied loads than at the completion of driving. The amount of capacity gain is dependent on soil type and length of time since driving completion. The majority of this gain occurs within 48 hours after completion of driving and can be measured by performing a re-tap on the pile with a warm pile hammer and measuring pile movement in the first 10 blows. The contractor should exercise care when driving piling to prevent damage to the pile. Piles that break during driving are of little or no value, and may require removal and replacement or, if the break is below the ground, the driving of another pile close to it. Driving caps are required that afford some protection to the pile head against crushing by the hammer. Timber piles are required to be shaped to a close fit with the cap to preclude brooming or splitting of the pile. Where driving conditions require the piling to be driven to apparent bearing values greatly in excess of plan indicated bearing value in order to obtain the specified minimum penetration, proper methods and procedures for driving should be taken to avoid damage to the pile. Procedures may include reinforcing steel shells, metal shoes on timber piles, use of water jets, pre-boring, etc. Under normal driving conditions, it is not considered practical to drive a timber pile, after the specified penetration has been reached, to a bearing value that exceeds the plan requirement by more than six tons. The driving of piling after specified penetration has been obtained, to bearing values that are greatly in excess of plan requirements for the purpose of using up ordered lengths, should not be permitted. Standard spec 508.3.5.2 specifies the increment of penetration for determining the bearing must be only the average penetration or set obtained per blow during the last 5 to 10 blows of a gravity hammer, or 10 to 20 blows of other hammers. Note it is not obtained on the basis of inches per blow as generally is the case with test piling. Driving piling to be seated in rock or to be driven to refusal through even a minimum set after or just before the piling achieving refusal can result in damage to the pile.
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P=
Where W = 4,000 lbs (see Figure 1). H = 4.35 ft. S = 0.15 in. (measured average driven in last 10 blows). 2(4,000x4.35) P= = 99,429lbs. 0.15 + 0.2 Final bearing is satisfactory.
The gage specified for steel shell piles is the minimum gage permitted to be furnished. When driving through adverse subsoil conditions, it is the contractor's responsibility to furnish thicker shells or provide reinforcement of shells to provide the strength and rigidity necessary for driving while remaining substantially watertight. The contractor should coordinate the pile driving and concrete placement operations so that no damage or displacement will occur to concrete masonry in any substructure unit as a result of pile driving operations in any other unit. To the extent practicable, all pile driving of steel shells within a substructure unit should be completed before any concrete is placed in that unit. Should it become necessary to drive piling or conduct other construction operations that might adversely affect freshly placed concrete, including blasting and demolition of existing structures within a minimum of 15 feet from the previously placed concrete, the operations should be delayed until the concrete has attained the minimum age specified for the removal of false work in standard spec 502.3.5.2. This arbitrary limitation for steel shell piling should not be considered applicable to all situations, but represents what is considered adequate under normal job conditions. Under unusual or severe circumstances, the manager may invoke more stringent restrictions that in the judgment of the engineer are necessary to adequately protect the completed portions of the work. Figure 1 provides typical pile-driving hammers from various sources. Consult manufacturers catalogs for additional hammers, later models, and other details.
5.40.7 SPLICES
Standard spec 510.3.2 requires that piling must be spliced by welders currently certified to the requirements of ANSI/AASHTO/AWS D1.1. The contractor is required to designate a quality control inspector to inspect and certify that welding conforms to AWS D1.1 by completing form DT2320 and submitting it to the engineer for project record. The cost of splicing and fabricating steel pile shells or H-section piling is not paid for separately, but is incidental to the respective bid item, except as it may qualify for payment under standard spec 510.5.1 or standard spec 511.5.
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force and velocity wave traces are also made to provide additional testing documentation. The pile analyzer can be used on all types of driven piles with any impact-type pile-driving hammer. The department presently utilizes the analyzer in an advisory capacity for evaluating if sufficient pile penetration has been achieved to develop the design capacity, if pile damage may have occurred, or if a driving system is performing satisfactorily.
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Working weight
Ram weight
Model No.
Type[1]
kips-ft
kN-m
kips 0.50-10
kN 2.2-45
kips
kN
ft
rate/ min.
Drop hammers Vulcan Iron Works West Palm Beach, Fla. 33407 400C 200C 140C 80C 65C 1-106 7 4N100 1N100 0 SA DA DA DA DA SA DA D D SA
Variable Eh 113.5 50.2 36.0 24.45 19.2 15.0 4.15 43.4 24.6 24.38 Eh 153.86 68.05 48.80 33.14 26.03 20.33 5.63 58.8 33.4 33.04 83 39 28 18 15 9.7 5.1 12.8 7.6 16.0 369 174 125 80 67 43 22.7 56.9 33.8 71.2 Wr 40 20 14 8 6.5 5.0 0.8 5.3 3.0 7.5 Wr 177.9 89.0 62.3 35.58 28.91 22.24 3.56 23.5 13.3 33.4
Variable
Very few
1.37 1.29 1.29 1.37 1.29 3.0 0.78 8.13 8.13 3.25
0.42 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.39 0.91 0.24 2.48 2.48 0.99
17 13 12 12 12 13 6
15
McKiernan-Terry Koehring-MKT Division Dover, NJ 07801 MBRS-7000 OS-30 S-20 S-8 S-5 IHI-J44 DA55B DE40 DE30 SA SA SA SA SA D D D D 361.15 90.0 60.0 26.0 16.25 79.4 38.0 32.0 22.4 489.57 122.0 81.34 35.25 22.03 107.63 51.51 43.38 30.37 161 50.5 39.0 18.3 12.5 21.5 19.6 11.2 9.1 712 225 173 81.4 55.4 95.6 87.3 49.9 40.4 88.0 30.0 20.0 8.0 5.0 9.7 5.0 4.0 2.8 391.4 133.4 88.9 35.6 22.2 43.2 22.2 17.8 12.4 4.10 3.0 3.0 3.25 3.25 8.17 8.0 10.7 10.7 1.25 0.91 0.91 0.99 0.99 2.49 2.44 3.26 3.26 40 60 60 53 60 42-70 48 48 48 28 21 15 14 13 15 17 15 15
Raymond International, Inc. 2801 South Post Road, Houston, Tex. 77027 30X 5/0 150C 2/0 80C 65C 1 DA SA DA SA DA DA SA 75.0 56.9 48.8 32.5 24.5 19.5 15.0 107.67 77.10 66.09 44.06 33.14 26.43 20.33 52.0 26.5 32.5 18.8 17.9 14.7 11.0 231.2 117.6 144.5 83.4 79.5 65.3 48.9 30.0 17.5 15.0 10.0 8.0 6.5 5.0 133.4 77.8 66.7 44.05 35.6 28.9 22.2 2.5 3.25 1.50 3.25 1.38 1.33 3.0 0.76 0.99 0.46 0.99 0.42 0.41 0.91 70 44 95-105 50 95-105 110 60 19 17 16 15 12 12 13
The Foundation Equipment Corp. New Commerstown, Ohio 43832 (Distributor of Delmag Hammers) D55 D 117.175 158.84 26.3 116.9 11.9 52.8 36-47 18
D44
87.0
117.94
22.4
99.6
9.5
42.1
37.55
16
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Working weight
Ram weight
Model No.
Type[1]
kips-ft
kN-m
kips 0.50-10
kN 2.2-45
kips
kN
ft
rate/ min.
Variable 73.78 54.2 39.78 9.05 100.02 73.47 53.93 12.27 17.8 12.4 11.1 2.7 79.1 55.1 49.4 12.0 7.9 6.6 4.8 1.1 35.3 29.4 21.5 4.9
Variable
Link Belt Link Belt Speeder Division, FMC Corp., Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52406 520 440 312 180 D D D D 26.3 18.2 15.0 8.1 35.65 24.67 20.33 10.98 12.6 10.3 10.4 4.6 56.0 45.8 46.2 20.5 5.07 4.0 3.86 1.72 22.55 17.79 17.15 7.67 5.18 4.35 3.89 4.70 1.58 1.39 1.18 1.43 80-84 86-90 100-105 90-95
L. B. Foster Co. (Distributor for Kobe Diesel Hammers) 7 Parkway Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15220 K150 K45 K42 K32 K25 K13 D D D D D D 281.3 91.1 79.0 60.1 50.7 24.4 381.33 123.51 107.09 81.47 68.73 33.08 80.5 25.6 24.0 17.8 13.1 8.0 358.0 113.8 106.7 79.2 58.2 35.6 33.1 9.9 9.26 7.1 5.5 2.9 147.2 44.0 41.2 31.4 24.5 12.7 8.5 9.17 8.5 8.5 9.17 8.5 2.59 2.80 2.59 2.59 2.80 2.59 45-60 39-60 45-60 45-60 39-60 45-60 28 19 19 18 18 17
Berminghammer Corp., Ltd. Hamilton, Ontario (Canada) B500 B225 D D 75.0 25.0 101.67 33.89 16.5 6.8 73.4 30.2 6.9 2.9 30.7 12.7 12.0 .97 3.66 2.96 40-60 40-60
Mitsubishi International Corp. 875 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Ill. 60611 MB70 M43 M33 M23 M14 D E D D D 13.70 84.0 64.0 45.0 26.0
[1]
20 16 16 14 14
SA = single-acting; DA = double-acting or differential acting; D = diesel. Energy varies from maximum shown to about 60 percent of maximum depending on stroke and soil. Variable stroke; stroke = energy out/weight of ram. _ Ram weight or weight of striking part.
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