AGRI PEST

Insect Pests of Citrus
Citrus Psylla:
Introduction:
 The Asian citrus psyllid, DiaphorinacitriKuwayama, is widely distributed in southern Asia.
 It is an important pest of citrus in several countries as it is a vector of a serious citrus disease
called greening disease or Huanglongbing.
Distribution:
Pakistan, China, Taiwan ,India, Japan, Burma, Sri Lanka, USA, Brazil
Host Plants:
 Mainly Citrus spp.,
 at least two species of Murraya (family: Rutaceae)
Description:
Adults:
The adults are 3 to 4 mm long with a mottled brown body.
The head is light brown
The forewing is broadest in the apical half, mottled, and with a brown band extending around
periphery of the outer half of the wing.
 The antennae have black tips with two small, light brown spots on the middle segments.
Nymphs:
 D. citri nymphs are 0.25 mm long during the 1st instar, 1.5 to 1.7 mm in last (5th) instar.
 Their color is generally yellowish-orange.
Eggs:
 The eggs of D. citriare approximately 0.3 mm long
 elongate, almond-shaped, thicker at base, and tapering toward the distal end.
 Newly laid eggs are pale, but then turn yellow and finally orange before hatching.
Life History:
 Eggs are laid on tips of growing shoots on and between unfurling leaves.
 Females may lay more than 800 eggs during their lives.
 Nymphs pass through five instars.
 Total life cycle requires from 15 to 47 days, depending upon the season.
 Adults may live for several months.
 There are 9 to 10 generations a year.
Active Period: March –October
Inactive Period: November – February

Period of Optimum Activity: March AprilJune July
Number of generations: 8-9 generations
Life cycle:
 14-17 days in summer
 15-48 days in winter
Damage:
 Injury caused by psyllids results from the withdrawal of large quantities of sap from the foliage
 Honey dew secretions on which sooty mold develops.
 Transmission of the organisms that cause Huanglongbing (greening disease)
Control:
Biological Control:
 NymphalParastoids
 Tetrastichusradiatus
Predators:
 Coccinellaseptumpunctata
 Menochilussexmaculatus
Chrysoperlacarnea
Parasitoids:
 Chrysoperla carnea
 Ladybird beetle
Chemical Control:
 Endosulfan (Thiodan 30 EC) 200 ml/100 L of water
 Monocrotophos (Nuvacron 40 WSC)20 ml/100 L of water
Immidacloprid (Confidor 200 SL)40 ml/100 L of water
Citrus Leaf-miner:
Distribution:
Widely distributed in Pakistan, India Orient and Northern Australia.
Hosts:
Citrus, pomelo, willow, Cinnamon, Loranthus species
Description:
Adult:
 Citrus leaf miner is a very small, light-colored moth, less than 1/4 inch long.
 It has silvery and white iridescent forewings with brown and white markings and a distinct black
spot on each wing tip.
The hind wings and body are white, with long fringe scales extending from the hindwing
margins.
Larvae:
 Larvae is legless
 Pale Yellow and Pale green in Colour
 There are four larval instars (stages).
 The first three feed only on sap from epidermal cells ruptured by their blade-like, finely toothed
mouthparts.
 Mature third instar larvae are about 3 mm long
The fourth instar (prepupa) is yellowish-brown and resembles the third instar larva but it does not
feed. It lasts for about one day in summer and uses silk produced from its mouthparts to form a
pupal chamber.
Pupa:
 The yellowish-brown pupae
About 2.5 mm long.
Eggs:
 The flat, slightly oval eggs are about 0.3 mm long.
 They are translucent but appear light green because of the leaf surface.
 Eggs are laid singly
 A female can lay more than 50 eggs during her life
Active Period: March –November
Inactive Period: December– February

Period of Optimum Activity:
 March April
 July-August
Egg2-10days,Larvae5-30days,Pupa5-25days,Adult15-55days
Number of generations: More than 13
Life Cycle: 12-65 days

Damage:
 Found throughout the year
 Larval stage cause damage
 Larvae mine into the young leaf tissues and form zig zag galleriesbetween the upper and lower
middle layers
 Attacked leaves get twisted/folded
On older leaves brownish patches are formed which serve as a source of infection of citrus
canker.
Cultural Control:
 Collection and burning of mined leaves
Biological control
Larval parasitoid
 Cirrospiloideusphyllocnistoides
 Cirrospilusquadristriatus
Citrus Caterpillar:
 Also known as lemon butterfly
 Major Pest of citrus
 Found in Asia, Africa
Hosts Plants:
Mainly Citrus spp., and some species of Rutacceae family
Description:
Adult:
 28mm in length
 Body is bluish green
Antenna are black and clubbed shaped
Eggs:
 Small round
 Pale or greenish yellow when freshly laid
 Later become brown and darker grey just before hatching
75-120 Eggs
Caterpillar:
 Full grown larvae is yellowish green with some oblique brownish strips
 Horn like structure on the dorsal side
40 mm long and 6.5 wider
Pupa:
 The pupae is greenish or straw color and molted with black spots
Attached to twig with a silken girdle.
Egg 3-8 days, Larvae 8-16 days, Pupa 9-11 days, Adult 3-7 days
Active Period: April–November
Inactive Period: November -March

Period of Optimum Activity:April – May July-August
Number of generations: More than 3-4/year
Life Cycle : 23-32 days
Damage:
 Larval stage cause damage
 They start eating leaves from the edge upto the midrib
 Heavily attacked plants bear no fruits
Damage in young plants may result in complete defoliation
Control:
 Hand picking and destruction of larva and pupae
Egg parasitoid: Trichogramma evanescens
Larval Parasitoid :Erycia nymphalidaephaga
Termite
Odontotermes obsesus Microtermes obesi
(Termitidae: Isoptera)
Status: Destructive pest of sugarcane and other crops.
Distribution: Found in almost all over the worlds.
Food Plants: Sugarcane wheat, cotton, chick pea, barley, oat, maize, sorghum annual and
perennial plants etc.
ETL: 10% damage.
Description of life stages
Eggs: The queen can hatch between a few hundred and few thousand eggs per day.
Larvae: The eggs hatch into larvae, which are immature young termites. Unable to feed
themselves, they rely on the king to feed them through his salivary glands.
Workers: The worker stage is terminal, meaning once termites reach the worker stage, they
cannot grow any further.
Soldiers: This stage is also terminal, and work as soldiers for the termitorium. Both live for 1 to
2 years.
Nymphs: Nymphs are either destined to be one of the two types of reproductive termites:
supplemental reproductives and winged reproductives (alates).
Supplemental reproductives: They are known as the "backup kings and queens" their
function is to increase the growth rate of the colony.
Alates: They are commonly known as winged reproductives and responsible for forming new
colonies. In a mature colony,thousands of nymphs are
destined to become alates.
Dealates: Only 1% of the alates that fly out into the open are lucky enough to survive this
process. Those that do will shed their wings, pair off, and start to mate with other dealates.
Queen: If a pair of dealates come together, and the conditions are right for them, they may form
a new colony and become king and queen.
King: The king is responsible for mating with the queen for her life. Both male and female
secretes pheromones to determine how many of their offspring become nymphs, workers or
soldiers.
Mode of damage
 Termites attack the planted sugarcane setts, usually from cut ends or eye buds but in
severe cases internodes as well.
 Bud damage result in poor germination.
 After germination, roots are attacked, eating all their contents and filling the galleries
with soil, finally leaves dry up and plants die.
 The trunk of the sugarcane turns red in the initial stages of the termite attack that retard
the growth, turns dry and fell down.
Control
Non-Chemical control:
 Locate termiteria and destroy queen.
 Wooden buildings should be built on cement layer and should not touch the ground
directly.
Cultural control:
 Always use well rotten farm yard manure.
 Avoid green manuring.
 Removal and destruction of stubbles.
 Use of well rotten neem cake manure @ 25 cartload/acre.
Chemical control:
 Sugarcane: Treat sugarcane sets with Chlorpyriphos or spray in furrows before sowing.
 Mix 10 kg of “Fipronil GR in 15-20 kg of dry sand and broadcast uniformly in one acre
over cane setts in furrows and cover the sets, apply light irrigation.
 Wheat: Treat seed with 400 ml Chlorpyriphos (1 L water/100 kg seed) or 1 L in irrigation
water.
 Chilies: flooding of 1 L Chlorpyriphos with irrigation water.
 Fruit plants: Treat pits with 0.2% Chlorpyriphos.
 Trunks: Spray 1.0% Chlorpyriphos around trunk.
 Buildings: Apply 0.5% Chlorpyriphos @ 5 L/m2 beneath the
building and around foundation.

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Insect Pests of Citrus

Inactive Period: November – February

Inactive Period: December– February

Life Cycle: 12-65 days

Inactive Period: November -March

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