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Mathmworld Module 1 Math Language

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7 views

Mathmworld Module 1 Math Language

Uploaded by

the biggest
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• The Language of

Mathematics
• Expressions versus
Sentences
• Unary and Binary
Operations
• Some Elementary Logic
§ WHY IS LANGUAGE IMPORTANT?
1. To understand expressed ideas
2. To communicate ideas

§ CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MATH LANGUAGE


1. Precise
2. Concise
3. Powerful
§ Here are some examples of the power of mathematics, that may work for you, or for your learners:

§ Mathematics makes sure that bridges and buildings stay up.


§ Mathematics allows your GPS to find the shortest route for you in very little time.

§ Mathematics reduces waste when used for inventory control, for distribution networks, for product creation.

§ Mathematics makes calculators, which means you don’t need to waste brain power on calculations.

§ Mathematics underpins statistical analysis which enables medical, biological, psychological and other research.
§ Mathematics explains the universe, such as why bees have hexagonal honeycombs, and how many galaxies there are.

§ Mathematics powers search engines so that you can be sent to the most popular hits within seconds.

§ Mathematics powers graphics software, so that you can draw perfect curves and save pictures digitally.

§ Mathematics drives spreadsheets, which host millions of models of businesses, projects and such.
§ Mathematics allows us to weigh up the trade-off between over-forecasting tornadoes and failing to warn.

§ Mathematics is used to create complex schedules for sports tournaments, making sure teams have equal numbers of
home and away games, and do not travel for too long.
§ Mathematics allows us to analyses the effects of false positives in disease screening. (Something doctors are very poor
at)
§ Mathematics makes it possible to balance sound at concerts, and use auto tune.

§ Mathematics is a driver of social equality. Being at home with mathematics is a source of power. It opens doors to many
different careers.
Comparison between the English and Mathematical Language
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS
Symbols English alphabet and English alphabet, numerals,
punctuations Greek letters, grouping
symbols, special symbols
Name Noun Expression
Complete Thought Sentence Sentence
Action Verbs Operations and other actions
(e.g. simplify, rationalize)
What’s in a sentence Verbs Equality, inequality,
membership in a set
Attribute of a sentence Fact or fiction True or false
Comparison between the English and Mathematical Language
ENGLISH MATHEMATICS

Name NOUN (person, place, object, EXPRESSION (number, sets,


event) variable, function, matrices)
Examples: Examples:
Alan, Angeles City, textbook 10, 5 + 8, 3/4x, (a, b)

Complete Thought SENTENCE SENTENCE


Examples: Examples:
I love Mathematics. 6 + 9 = 15
Math is an exact science. 8x – 2x = 6x
a) Carol i) t
b) Carol loves mathematics. j) t=2
k) 0=2–t
c) The name ’Carol’ begins with l) t–1
the letter ‘C’. m) t–1=1–t
d) 7 n) t+t+t
o) t–0=t
e) 3+4
p) 0=1
f) 7=3+4
g) 3+4=7
h) 7=3+5
a) Carol i) t
b) Carol loves mathematics. j) t=2
k) 0=2–t
c) The name ’Carol’ begins with l) t–1
the letter ‘C’. m) t–1=1–t
d) 7 n) t+t+t
o) t–0=t
e) 3+4
p) 0=1
f) 7=3+4
g) 3+4=7
h) 7=3+5
1. The sum of a number and ten 11. Four times the square of a number
2. The product of two numbers 12. One-half of a number
3. The product of negative one and a 13. Three less than twice a number
number
14. Five more than three times a number
4. One-half times the sum of two
numbers 15. The square of the sum of five and a
number
5. Twice a number
16.The sum of the squares of two
6. Five less than a number numbers
7. Eight less a number 17. There are twice as many boys as there
are girls.
8. Six more than a number
18. There are ten more cars than jeeps.
9. A number plus nine
19. A man’s age five years ago
10. The square of a number
20. The area of a rectangle whose length
is 7 more than the width
Symbol Say Meaning Example
Example: % Percent Represents a quantity 32/100 = 32%
out of 100
1. f(x)
2. Loga x
3. 𝑦
4. 𝑥 − 𝑦
5. P(x, y)
§ Focused on the “structure”
§ Structural rules governing the use of symbols representing
mathematical objects
Consider the following statements:
a. 5 is a square root of 25.
5 = 25
b. 5 is less than 10.
5 < 10
c. 5 is a prime number
5 ∈ P, where P is the set of primes
§ The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, membership
in a set
§ Some uses of a number:
cardinal, ordinal, nominal
§ Mathematical objects may be represented in many ways,
such as sets and functions.
§ Thewords “and” and “or” mean differently in mathematics
from its English use.
§ Numbers (Operations and Properties)
§ Variables (Free and Bound)
§ Operations (Unary and Binary)
§ Sets (Relationships, Operations, Properties)
§ Relations (Equivalence Relation, Functions)
§ Functions (Injective, Surjective, Bijective)
Closure
Commutative
Associative
Distributive
Identity + ×
Inverse + ×
Definition:
Given real numbers a and b (a, b ∈ R), then
i. a + b is a real number (a + b ∈ R). Therefore, the
set of reals is CLOSED with respect to addition.
ii. ab is a real number (ab ∈ R). Therefore, the set of
reals is CLOSED with respect to multiplication.
PROPERTIES OF REAL NOS.
Examples:
1.) 12, 3 ∈ R, then 12 + 3 ∈ R
Therefore, the set of reals is CLOSED with respect to addition.
2.) 5, 4 ∈ R, then 5 x 4 ∈ R
Therefore, the set of reals is CLOSED with respect to
multiplication.
3.) -6, 10 ∈ Z, then -6 + 10 ∈ Z
Therefore, the set of integers is CLOSED with respect to addition.
4.) 8, -5 ∈ Z, then 8 (-5) ∈ Z
Therefore, the set of integers is CLOSED with respect to
multiplication.
Changing the order of the numbers in addition or
multiplication will not change the result.
Commutative Property of Addition states:
a+b=b+a
§ Ex. 2 + 3 = 3 + 2
Commutative Property of Multiplication states:
ab = ba
§ Ex. 4 • 5 = 5 • 4
Changing the grouping of the
numbers in addition or multiplication
will not change the result.
Associative Property of Addition
states: a + (b + c)= (a + b)+ c
§Ex. 3 + (4 + 5)= (3 + 4)+ 5
Associative Property of Multiplication
states: (ab)c = a(bc)
§ Ex. (2 • 3) • 4 = 2 • (3 • 4)
Multiplication distributes over
addition.

a(b + c ) = ab + ac

3(2 + 5) = 3 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 5
There exists a unique number 0 such that zero
preserves identities under addition.

a + 0 = a and 0 + a = a
In other words adding zero to a number does
not change its value.
§There exists a unique number 1 such that the
number 1 preserves identities under
multiplication.
a · 1 = a and 1 · a = a
§In other words multiplying a number by 1
does not change the value of the number.
For each real number a there exists a
unique real number –a such that their
sum is zero.
a + (-a) = 0
In other words opposites add to zero.
For each real number, a, there exists a unique real
1
number such that their product is 1. Thus,
a
1
a⋅ =1
a
Note: a ≠ 0
3 + (4 + 5) = (3 + 4) + 5
Associative Property
of Addition
(5 + 2) + 9 = (2 + 5) + 9
Commutative Property
of Addition
3x7=7x3
Commutative Property
of Multiplication
8+0=8
Identity Property of
Addition
(6 • 4) • 3 = 3 • (6 • 4)
Commutative Property
of Multiplication
17 + (-17) = 0
Inverse Property of
Addition
2(5) = 5(2)
Commutative Property
of Multiplication
(2 + 1) + 4 = 4 + (2 + 1)
Commutative Property
of Addition
5 + 8 = 13

Closure Property
3(2 + 5) = 3•2 + 3•5
Distributive Property
3 + (-3) = 0
Inverse Property of
Addition
1 + [-9 + 3] = [-9 + 3] + 1

Commutative Property
of Addition
(9)(8) = 72

Closure Property
1. 5 ⊂ N
2. x > 2 or x < 1 is equivalent to 2 < x < 1
3. ℝ \ 2
4. Given the function x + 10, find the
value of f(4).
5. ∫ 𝑒 + + 𝑥
1. 5⊂N
Error: 5 is not a set. It should be { 5 } ⊂ N , or 5 ∈ N
2. x > 2 or x < 1 is equivalent to 2 < x < 1
Error: They are not equivalent. This is an absurd inequality.
3. ℝ\2
Error: 2 is not a set. It should be ℝ \ { 2 }
4. Given the function x + 10, find the value of f(4).
Correction: Given should be f(x) = x + 10
5. ∫ 𝑒+ + 𝑥
Correction: ∫ 𝑒 + + 𝑥 dx or ∫ 𝑒 + + 𝑥 dy

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