structure-of-matter-atoms-and-molecules

Model of Matter- Atoms and
Molecules
By Suman Tiwari
History of Atom..
• Democritus an ancient
Greek philosopher
believed all matter
consisted of extremely
small particles that could
not be divided.
• He called it atoms, from
Greek word atomos,
means “uncut” or
Democritus (460 BC-370 BC)
“indivisible”
What is an atom?
• An atom is the smallest particles of an element.

All the atoms of an element are identical
Size of an Atom
Atoms are very small in size. They are

not visible even under a powerful optical
microscope. The size of an atom is
indicated by the radius of the atom
called the atomic radius. It is often
expressed in nanometers(nm)
Test Yourself
• 1. What is an atom?
• 2. State two characteristics of atoms?
• 3. How many times is a plant cell bigger than an
atom?
Test Yourself- Answers
• 1. An atom is the smallest particle of an

element.
• 2. (i)All the atoms of an element are identical.
(ii)Atoms of one element differ from the
atoms of another element.
• 3. 1000,000 times
Homework –
Read Pg.141-143
Using Models to
represent Atoms
• Models are used to represent aspects of the

natural world that are too small, large, complex,
or difficult to observe or explain directly.
• Types of Models
Ball-and-stick models
• The ball-and-stick model is a molecular

model of a chemical substance which is to
display both the three-dimensional position of
the atoms and the bonds between them.
The atoms are typically represented by spheres,
connected by rods which represent the bonds.
Water
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Glucose
Ball and stick model
• Graphite Diamond
The atoms in both diamond and graphite are

identical and have the same mass and volume.
However diamond is very hard material; graphite is
a soft material. Such forms are called allotropes.
• The term allotrope refers to one or more forms

of a chemical element that occur in the same
physical state. Allotropes may display very
different chemical and physical properties. For
example, graphite and diamond are
both allotropes of carbon that occur in the solid
state.
Important points:
• 1. We use different colours of circles to
represent different atoms.
• 2. We use different sizes of circles to represent
the different sizes of atoms.
Using Chemical Symbols
• a chemical symbol is an abbreviation for
a chemical element.
• Symbols for chemical elements normally consist
of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet.
Using a Model to
represent the structure of
an atom
• 1. Billard Ball Model – Proposed by John Dalton
• Atoms were like tiny, hard billiard balls.
Structure of atom model
• 2. Plum Pudding Model – Proposed by
J.J.Thomson
• Introduced the idea of positive and negatives charges
existing in atoms. He hypothesized that an atom
resembled a plum pudding, or a sphere filled with
positively charge liquid and dotted with negative
electrons.
Structure of atom model
• 3. Ernest Rutherford’s model – Proposed by
Ernest Rutherford.
• An atom is composed of empty space mostly
with electrons orbiting in a set, predictable
paths around fixed, positively charged nucleus.
Structure of a atom model
• 4. Niels Bohr’s atomic model – Proposed by
Niels Bohr.
The electrons move around in a predictable path
called orbits. Bohr modified Rutherford’s model where
he explained that electrons move around in fixed orbital
shells. Furthermore, he explained that each orbital shell
has fixed energy levels. He explained about electrons
and the different energy levels associated with it.
Postulates of the Bohr Atomic Model
• Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a fixed circular
path termed “orbits” or “shells” or “energy level.”
• The orbits are termed as “stationary orbit.”
• The different energy levels are denoted by integers such
as n=1 or n=2 or n=3 and so on. These are called as
quantum numbers.
• The different energy levels or orbits are represented in
two ways such as 1, 2, 3, 4… or K, L, M, N….. shells.
• The change in energy occurs when the electrons jump
from one energy level to other. In an atom, the electrons
move from lower to higher energy level by acquiring the
required energy. However, when an electron loses
energy it moves from higher to lower energy level.
• Electronic distribution of various orbits or

energy levels can be calculated by the
formula 2n2. Here, ‘n’ denotes the number of
orbits.
• The number of electrons in K shell (1st orbit) can
be calculated by 2n2= 2 x 12 = 2. Thus, maximum
number of electrons in 1st orbit = 2
• Similarly, The number of electrons in L shell (2nd
orbit)= 2 x 22 = 8. Thus, maximum number of
electrons in 2nd orbit = 8
Subatomic particles of an
atom
• Protons
• Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in
the year 1919, when he performed his gold foil
experiment.
• Electrons
• Electrons were discovered by Sir John Joseph
Thomson in 1897.
• Neutrons
• Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in
1932.
Subatomic particles of an
atom
Protons and neutrons are also known as nucleons

Symbols
Why is an atom
electrically neutral?
• An atom contains an equal number of protons

and electrons. So they have equal number of
positive and negative charges, they cancel each
other. They make ions if this balance is
disturbed.
Atomic Number
• The total number of protons present in the nucleus of

every atom of a chemical element represents the
atomic number of that element. Each element is
characterized by a unique atomic number. It is
represented by the letter “Z.”
• Every atom of an element consists of the same number
of protons. And so, has the same atomic number. But
different elements have different atomic numbers. For
example, each atom of oxygen has 8 protons in its
nucleus. So, the atomic number of oxygen is 8. Similarly,
the atomic number of carbon is 6.
Atomic Number
• Importance of Atomic Number

• Helps in the identification of a particular element of an
atom.
• Forms the basis of the arrangement of the elements in
the periodic table. The elements are arranged in order
of increasing atomic numbers.
• Helps in the determination of the properties of any
element. But, the valence electron determines the
chemical bonding behaviour of an element.
Atomic Mass
• Mass Number
• It is defined as the sum of protons and neutrons. The
mass number is almost equal to the atomic mass of a
particular atom. Therefore it can be written as
• Mass no. of an atom = No. of protons + No. of neutrons
• Thus, it represents the total number of neutrons present
in the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Mass
• Properties of Mass Number
• Sum of protons and neutrons provide this number of a
certain element.
• It is represented by the letter A.
• Protons and Neutrons are together termed as nucleons.
• Example: Atoms of a carbon consist of 6 protons and 6
neutrons. Therefore, the mass number of Carbon is 12.
• The number of neutrons may vary in an element.
However, the total number of protons is same in all
atoms of an element. Therefore, the atoms of the same
element with a same atomic number but a different
mass number are termed as isotopes.
Isotopes
Isotopes
Atoms that have the same atomic number
(number of protons), but different mass numbers
(number of protons and neutrons) are called
isotopes.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-
isotopes-definition-types-examples.html
Atomic Number
Atomic Number
Atomic Number
Atomic Number
Molecules
• Molecules form when two or more atoms form chemical
bonds with each other. It doesn't matter if the atoms are
the same or are different from each other.
• Examples of Molecules
• H2O (water)
• N2 (nitrogen)
• O3 (ozone)
• CaO (calcium oxide)
• C6H12O6 (glucose, a type of sugar)
• NaCl (table salt)
Covalent Bond
Ionic Bond
Video link : https://safeYouTube.net/w/sTlB

Molecules of Elements
• The element molecule

• The element molecule is formed of similar atoms (one or
more atoms) that combine together, The element is the
simplest pure form of matter
• The elements molecules formed of an only atom
(monoatomic) as solid (copper, iron, aluminum,
sulphur, magnesium, carbon), liquid ( mercury),
and Nobel gases (helium, neon, krypton, xenon &
radon).
Molecules of Elements
• The elements molecules formed of two atoms (diatomic)

such as liquid (bromine), and active gases (oxygen,
hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen &
fluorine). The molecules of active gases are diatomic
such as oxygen molecule, while the molecules of inert
gases are monoatomic, Mercury is the liquid element
which is composed of one atom.
• The elements molecules consist of only one kind of
atom, they can’t be broken down into a simpler type of
matter by either the physical or the chemical means, and
they can exist as either atoms (e.g. argon) or molecules
(e.g. nitrogen).
Periodic Table
About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic

table are metals; 8 metalloids and the others are non-metals.
Many non- metallic elements exist as molecules.
Molecules of Compounds
• The compound molecule

• The compound molecule is formed of different atoms.
the compound is a substance which is formed from the
combination of atoms of two or more different elements
with constant weight ratios.
• The compound molecule can be broken down into a
simpler type of matter (the elements) by the chemical
means but not by the physical means, It has properties
that are different from its component elements, and it
always contains the same ratio of its component atoms.
Atomicity of a Molecule
• Atomicity is the total number of atoms present in one

molecule of an element, compound or a substance.
For example in O2, there are 2 atoms of oxygen.
Monoatomic
• The molecules of many elements are composed of only a

single atom of that element. They are termed
as monoatomic. For instance, Ar (Argon), He(Helium). So
their atomicity is one.
Diatomic
• On the other hand the molecules of many elements are

composed of two atoms of that element. For instance,
oxygen can never exist independently and exist as
O2 molecule known as diatomic So its atomicity is 2.
Triatomic
• The molecules of many elements are composed of three

atoms of that element. They are termed as triatomic For
instance, O3, CO2. So their atomicity is 3.
Tetra atomic
• The molecules of many elements are composed of four

atoms of that element. They are termed as tetra
atomic For instance, P4, SO3. So their atomicity is 4.
Polyatomic
• The molecules of many elements are composed of more

then four atoms of an element. They are termed as poly
atomic For instance methane (CH4), glucose (C6H12O6)
What is a chemical
formula?
• A chemical formula is a way of presenting information
about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute
a particular chemical compound or molecule, using
chemical element symbols and numbers.
• For example, C stands for carbon, O stands for
oxygen, S stands for sulfur and Na stands for sodium. For
a molecule, we use the chemical symbols of the atoms it
contains to write down its formula. For example, the
formula for carbon monoxide is CO. It tells you that each
molecule of carbon monoxide consists of one carbon
atom joined to one oxygen atom.
Chemical formula
• Take care when writing your symbols and formulae. Be

careful about when to use capital letters. For
example, CO means a molecule of carbon monoxide
but Co is the symbol for cobalt (an element).
• Formula and formulae
• The word 'formulae' is the plural of 'formula'. If we have
more than one formula, we don't say formulas, we say
formulae.
Chemical formulae
• Numbers in formulae
• We use numbers to show when a molecule contains
more than one atom of an element. The numbers are
written below the element symbol. For example, CO2 is
the formula for carbon dioxide. It tells you that each
molecule has one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
• Take care when writing these formulae. The small
numbers go at the bottom. For example CO2 is correct
but CO2 is wrong.
• Some formulae are more complicated. For example, the
formula for sodium sulfate is Na2SO4. It tells you that
sodium sulfate contains two sodium atoms (Na2), one
sulfur atom (S) and four oxygen atoms (O4).
Examples
Video Link : https://safeYouTube.net/w/AknB

Let’s try- Activity 1
Activity 1- Answer
Interpret the atomicity of each compound from its structure.
3
Interpret the atomicity of each compound from its formula.
3
Thank You

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Model of Matter- Atoms and

• An atom is the smallest particles of an element.

Atoms are very small in size. They are

• 1. An atom is the smallest particle of an

• Models are used to represent aspects of the

• The ball-and-stick model is a molecular

The atoms in both diamond and graphite are

• The term allotrope refers to one or more forms

• Electronic distribution of various orbits or

Protons and neutrons are also known as nucleons

• An atom contains an equal number of protons

• The total number of protons present in the nucleus of

• Importance of Atomic Number

Video link : https://safeYouTube.net/w/sTlB

• The element molecule

• The elements molecules formed of two atoms (diatomic)

About 91 of the 118 elements in the periodic

• The compound molecule

• Atomicity is the total number of atoms present in one

• The molecules of many elements are composed of only a

• On the other hand the molecules of many elements are

• The molecules of many elements are composed of three

• The molecules of many elements are composed of four

• The molecules of many elements are composed of more

• Take care when writing your symbols and formulae. Be

Video Link : https://safeYouTube.net/w/AknB

Interpret the atomicity of each compound from its formula.

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