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12e
Anthropology
The Human Challenge
WILLIAM A. HAVILAND
University of Vermont
HARALD E. L. PRINS
Kansas State University
DANA WALRATH
University of Vermont
BUNNY MCBRIDE
Kansas State University
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Anthropology: The Human Challenge, Twelfth Edition
William A. Haviland, Harald E. L. Prins, Dana Walrath, Bunny McBride
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Lin Marshall Production Service: Robin Hood

Editorial Assistant: Jessica Jang Text Designer: Lisa Buckley
Technology Project Manager: Dave Lionetti Photo Researcher: Billie L. Porter
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Marketing Communications Manager: Shemika Britt Cover Images: Background image © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Altitude;
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2006909141
Student Edition:
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-09559-0
ISBN-10: 0-495-09559-1
Dedicated to
the World’s Indigenous Peoples
in Their Quest for Human Rights
Putting the World in Perspective
Although all humans that we know about are capable of
producing accurate sketches of localities and regions with
which they are familiar, CARTOGRAPHY (the craft of
mapmaking as we know it today) had its beginnings in
13th century Europe, and its subsequent development
is related to the expansion of Europeans to all parts of
the globe. From the beginning, there have been two
problems with maps: the technical one of how to depict
on a two-dimensional, flat surface a three-dimensional
spherical object, and the cultural one of whose world-
view they reflect. In fact, the two issues are inseparable,
for the particular projection one uses inevitably makes
a statement about how one views one’s own people and
their place in the world. Indeed, maps often shape our
perception of reality as much as they reflect it.
In cartography, a PROJECTION refers to the system
of intersecting lines (of longitude and latitude) by which
part or all of the globe is represented on a flat surface.
There are more than 100 different projections in use to-
day, ranging from polar perspectives to interrupted “but-
terfl ies” to rectangles to heart shapes. Each projection
causes distortion in size, shape, or distance in some way
or another. A map that shows the shape of land masses
correctly will of necessity misrepresent the size. A map
that is accurate along the equator will be deceptive at the
poles.
Perhaps no projection has had more influence on
the way we see the world than that of Gerhardus Merca-
tor, who devised his map in 1569 as a navigational aid
for mariners. So well suited was Mercator’s map for this
purpose that it continues to be used for navigational
charts today. At the same time, the Mercator projection
became a standard for depicting land masses, something
for which it was never intended. Although an accurate
navigational tool, the Mercator projection greatly exag-
gerates the size of land masses in higher latitudes, giv-
ing about two-thirds of the map’s surface to the north-
ern hemisphere. Thus, the lands occupied by Europeans
and European descendants appear far larger than those
of other people. For example, North America (19 mil-
lion square kilometers) appears almost twice the size of
Africa (30 million square kilometers), while Europe is
shown as equal in size to South America, which actually
has nearly twice the land mass of Europe.
A map developed in 1805 by Karl B. Mollweide was
one of the earlier equal-area projections of the world.
Equal-area projections portray land masses in correct rel-
ative size, but, as a result, distort the shape of continents
more than other projections. They most often compress
iv
and warp lands in the higher latitudes and vertically improvement over the Van der Grinten, the Robinson
stretch land masses close to the equator. Other equal- projection still depicts lands in the northern latitudes
area projections include the Lambert Cylindrical Equal- as proportionally larger at the same time that it depicts
Area Projection (1772), the Hammer Equal-Area Projec- lands in the lower latitudes (representing most third-
tion (1892), and the Eckert Equal-Area Projection (1906). world nations) as proportionally smaller. Like European
The Van der Grinten Projection (1904) was a com- maps before it, the Robinson projection places Europe at
promise aimed at minimizing both the distortions of the center of the map with the Atlantic Ocean and the
size in the Mercator and the distortion of shape in equal- Americas to the left, emphasizing the cultural connec-
area maps such as the Mollweide. Allthough an improve- tion between Europe and North America, while neglect-
ment, the lands of the northern hemisphere are still em- ing the geographical closeness of northwestern North
phasized at the expense of the southern. For example, in America to northeast Asia.
the Van der Grinten, the Commonwealth of Independent The following pages show four maps that each con-
States (the former Soviet Union) and Canada are shown vey quite different “cultural messages.” Included among
at more than twice their relative size. them is the Peters Projection, an equal-area map that has
The Robinson Projection, which was adopted by been adopted as the official map of UNESCO (the United
the National Geographic Society in 1988 to replace the Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organi-
Van der Grinten, is one of the best compromises to date zation), and a map made in Japan, showing us how the
between the distortion of size and shape. Although an world looks from the other side.
v
The Robinson Projection
The map above is based on the Robinson Projection, which is used
today by the National Geographic Society and Rand McNally.
Although the Robinson Projection distorts the relative size of
land masses, it does so to a much lesser degree than most other
projections. Still, it places Europe at the center of the map. This
particular view of the world has been used to identify the location
of many of the cultures discussed in this text.
vi
vii
AUS
GREENLAND GERMANY
ICELAND DENMARK
UNITED NORWAY
STATES NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
CANADA
IRELAND
FRANCE
SWITZERLAND
IT
A
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
UNITED STATES SLOVE
TUNISIA
O
CC
RO
MO
ALGERIA
THE
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
WESTERN
SAHARA
A
NI
HAITI
ITA
CUBA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
UR
MA
JAMAICA MALI
BELIZE NIG
GUATEMALA HONDURAS SENEGAL

EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA GAMBIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
COSTA RICA GUINEA
GE
NI
PANAMA VENEZUELA FRENCH GUIANA SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
COLOMBIA IVORY COAST

BURKINA FASO
GUYANA GHANA
SURINAM TOGO
BENIN
ECUADOR
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
BRAZIL
PERU
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
CHILE
ARGENTINA
URUGUAY
ANTARCTICA
The Peters Projection

The map above is based on the Peters Projection, which has been adopted as the official
map of UNESCO. While it distorts the shape of continents (countries near the equator are
vertically elongated by a ratio of two to one), the Peters Projection does show all continents
according to their correct relative size. Though Europe is still at the center, it is not shown as
larger and more extensive than the third world.
viii
RIA CZECHOSLOVAKIA
EN
ED
SW FINLAND
RUSSIA
ESTONIA AZERBAIJAN
LATVIA
LITHUANIA ARMENIA
POLAND BELARUS GEORGIA
KAZAKHSTAN
ROMANIA
UKRAINE KIRGHIZSTAN
HUNGARY MOLDOVA
TAJIKISTAN MONGOLIA
SERBIA UZ NORTH
BULGARIA BE KOREA
Y
MONTENEGRO KI
ST
TU AN
MACEDONIA SOUTH
RK
NIA ALBANIA ME KOREA
GREECE TURKEY NI
ST PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC
AN
BOSNIA-
HERZEGOVINA SYRIA OF CHINA
CROATIA AFGHAN-
LEBANON IRAN ISTAN JAPAN
IRAQ
ISRAEL
BHUTAN
AN
BAHRAIN I ST NEPAL
JORDAN K
PA
LIBYA KUWAIT
EGYPT
MYANMAR
INDIA
QATAR TAIWAN
SAUDI OMAN
ARABIA
UNITED
ARAB BANGLA- LAOS
R EMIRATES DESH
CHAD
SUDAN EN
M THAILAND
YE
VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
DJIBOUTI CAMBODIA
A
CENTRAL ETHIOPIA BRUNEI

AFRICAN
REPUBLIC MALAYSIA
SRI LANKA
LIA
MA
CAMEROON PAPUA
SO
SINGAPORE NEW
UGANDA GUINEA
GABON
CONGO INDONESIA
KENYA
RWANDA
BURUNDI
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
CONGO
MALAWI
ANGOLA
ZAMBIA
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE
BOTS-
WANA
AUSTRALIA
MOZAMBIQUE
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SOUTH
AFRICA
NEW ZEALAND
ANTARCTICA
ix
GREENLAND
NORWAY
ICELAND GERMANY
DENMARK
EN
ED
NETHERLANDS
ND
SW
BELGIUM RUSSIA
LA
FIN
ESTONIA
UNITED LATVIA
KINGDOM
LITHUANIA ARMENIA
IRELAND POLAND BELARUS GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN
HUNGARY KAZAKHSTAN
CZECHOSLOVAKIA ROMANIA
AUSTRIA UKRAINE KIRGHIZSTAN
SWITZERLAND MOLDOVA
MONGOLIA
FRANCE SERBIA TAJIKISTAN NORTH
UZ
ITA
BULGARIA BE KOREA
LY
KI
SPAIN TU ST
PORTUGAL SLOVENIA MACEDONIA RK AN SOUTH
ME
CROATIA GREECE TURKEY NIS KOREA
TAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ALBANIA SYRIA OF CHINA
TUNISIA MONTENEGRO LEBANON IRAN AFGHAN-
ISRAEL IRAQ ISTAN JAPAN
MOROCCO NEPAL BHUTAN
KUWAIT AN
ST
ALGERIA JORDAN
BAHRAIN KI
LIBYA EGYPT PA MYANMAR
WESTERN SAUDI
SAHARA INDIA TAIWAN
ARABIA
UNITED
AN
QATAR
MAURITANIA SUDAN
M ARAB VIETNAM
O
MALI NIGER EMIRATES BANGLA-
SENEGAL CHAD EN DESH LAOS PHILIPPINES
GAMBIA CENTRAL YEM
GUINEA- AFRICAN DJIBOUTI THAILAND
NIGERIA REPUBLIC SOMALIA
BISSAU CAMBODIA BRUNEI
ETHIOPIA
GUINEA MALAYSIA
SIERRA LEONE SRI LANKA PAPUA
DEMOCRATIC NEW
LIBERIA UGANDA SINGAPORE
REPUBLIC OF KENYA GUINEA
IVORY COAST CONGO INDONESIA
BURKINA FASO RWANDA
GHANA TANZANIA
BURUNDI
TOGO CONGO
MALAWI
BENIN
CAMEROON ANGOLA ZAMBIA
EQUATORIAL MADAGASCAR
GUINEA NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE
GABON
AUSTRALIA
BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE
SWAZILAND
SOUTH
AFRICA LESOTHO
ANTARCTICA
Japanese Map
Not all maps place Europe at the center of the world, as this
Japanese map illustrates. Besides reflecting the importance the
Japanese attach to themselves in the world, this map has the virtue
of showing the geographic proximity of North America to Asia, a
fact easily overlooked when maps place Europe at their center.
x
GREENLAND
UNITED
STATES
CANADA
UNITED STATES
THE
BAHAMAS
MEXICO HAITI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
CUBA
JAMAICA
BELIZE NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
EL SALVADOR VENEZUELA FRENCH GUIANA
HONDURAS
COSTA RICA COLOMBIA
PANAMA
GUYANA
ECUADOR SURINAM
BRAZIL
PERU
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
CHILE
ARGENTINA URUGUAY
NEW ZEALAND
ANTARCTICA
xi
The Turnabout Map
The way maps may reflect (and influence) our thinking is exemplified by the “Turnabout Map,” which places the South
Pole at the top and the North Pole at the bottom. Words and phrases such as “on top,” “over,” and “above” tend to be
equated by some people with superiority. Turning things upside down may cause us to rethink the way North Ameri-
cans regard themselves in relation to the people of Central America. © 1982 by Jesse Levine Turnabout Map™—Dist. by
Laguna Sales, Inc., 7040 Via Valverde, San Jose, CA 95135
xii
Brief Contents
1 The Essence of Anthropology 2
2 Biology and Evolution 24
3 Living Primates 50
4 Field Methods in Archaeology and Paleoanthropology 80
5 Macroevolution and the Early Primates 104
6 The First Bipeds 124
7 Early Homo and the Origins of Culture 148
8 Pre-Modern Humans and the Elaboration of Culture 178
9 The Global Expansion of Homo sapiens and Their Technology 200
10 The Neolithic Transition: The Domestication of Plants and Animals 220
11 The Emergence of Cities and States 242
12 Modern Human Diversity: Race and Racism 264
13 Human Adaptation to a Changing World 284
14 Characteristics of Culture 308
15 Ethnographic Research: Its History, Methods, and Theories 326
16 Language and Communication 352
17 Social Identity, Personality, and Gender 378
18 Patterns of Subsistence 404
19 Economic Systems 430
20 Sex, Marriage, and Family 454
21 Kinship and Descent 480
22 Grouping by Gender, Age, Common Interest, and Class 502
23 Politics, Power, and Violence 522
24 Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural 550
25 The Arts 576
26 Processes of Change 598
27 Global Challenges, Local Responses, and the Role of Anthropology 622
Contents
Preface xxv Anthropology Applied: In the Belly of the Beast: Reflections
on a Decade of Service to U.S. Genetics Policy
Commissions 42
CHAP TER 1 The Essence of Anthropology 2
Natural Selection 42
The Development of Anthropology 4 The Case of Sickle-Cell Anemia 45
The Anthropological Perspective 5 Natural Selection, Time, and Nonadaptive
Anthropology and Its Fields 7 Traits 47
Biocultural Connection: The Anthropology of Questions for Reflection 48
Organ Transplantation 7 Suggested Readings 48
Physical Anthropology 8 Thomson Audio Study Products 48
Cultural Anthropology 9 The Anthropology Resource Center 48
Anthropology Applied: Forensic Anthropology:
Voices for the Dead 10
Archaeology 12
Linguistic Anthropology 14
Anthropology, Science, and the Humanities 14
Anthropologists of Note: Franz Boas, Matilda Coxe
Stevenson 15
Fieldwork 16
Original Study: Fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa:
Traditional Healers on the Front Line 16
Anthropology’s Comparative Method 18
Questions of Ethics 18
Anthropology and Globalization 19
Questions for Reflection 21
Suggested Readings 21
Thomson Audio Study Products 22
The Anthropology Resource Center 22
CHAP TER 2 Biology and Evolution 24

The Classification of Living Things 26
The Discovery of Evolution 29
Heredity 32 CHAP TER 3 Living Primates 50
The Transmission of Genes 32 Methods and Ethics in Primatology 52
Biocultural Connection: The Social Impact of Genetics Our Mammalian (Primate) Heritage 52
on Reproduction 35 Biocultural Connection: Ethics of Great Ape Habituation
Cell Division 35 and Conservation: The Costs and Benefits of
Original Study: Ninety-Eight Percent Alike: Ecotourism 53
What Our Similarity to Apes Tells Us Primate Taxonomy 55
about Our Understanding of Genetics 38 Establishing Relationships among the Primates
Evolution, Individuals, and Populations 39 through Genetics 55
The Stability of the Population 39 Primate Characteristics 57
Evolutionary Forces 40 Primate Dentition 57
Mutation 40 Sensory Organs 58
Genetic Drift 41 The Primate Brain 60
Gene Flow 41 The Primate Skeleton 60
xiv
Contents xv
The Living Primates 62 CHAP TER 5 Macroevolution

Lemurs and Lorises 63 and the Early Primates 104
Tarsiers 63
New World Monkeys 64 Macroevolution and the Process of Speciation 106
Old World Monkeys 64 Original Study: The Unsettling Nature of
Small and Great Apes 65 Variational Change 108
Primate Social Behavior 67 Constructing Evolutionary Relationships 109
The Group 68 The Nondirectedness of Macroevolution 110
Anthropologists of Note: Jane Goodall, Kinji Imanishi 69 Continental Drift and Geological Time 111
Original Study: Reconciliation and Its Cultural Early Mammals 111
Modification in Primates 70 The Rise of the Primates 113
Internal Interaction and Bonding 71 True Primates 115
Sexual Behavior 71 Oligocene Anthropoids 116
Reproduction and Care of Young 72 Miocene Apes 116
Play 73 Biocultural Connection: Nonhuman Primates and
Communication 74 Human Disease 117
Home Range 74 Anthropologists of Note: Allan Wilson 120
Learning 75 Miocene Apes and Human Origins 121
Use of Objects as Tools 76 Questions for Reflection 122
Hunting 76 Suggested Readings 123
Primate Conservation and the Question Thomson Audio Study Products 123
of Culture 77 The Anthropology Resource Center 123
CHAP TER 6 The First Bipeds 124
The Anthropology Resource Center 79 Original Study: Is It Time to Revise the System of
Scientific Naming? 128
The Anatomy of Bipedalism 129
CHAP TER 4Field Methods in
The Pliocene Fossil Evidence: Australopithecus
Archaeology and Paleoanthropology 80 and Other Bipeds 131
Recovering Cultural and Biological Remains 82 Anthropologists of Note: Louis S. B. Leakey,
The Nature of Fossils 83 Mary Leakey 132
Burial of the Dead 84 East Africa 133
Original Study: Whispers from the Ice 84 Central Africa 137
Searching for Artifacts and Fossils 87 South Africa 137
Site Identification 87 Robust Australopithecines 138
Archaeological Excavation 89 Australopithecines and the Genus Homo 140
Anthropology Applied: Cultural Resource Management 90 Environment, Diet, and Australopithecine
Excavation of Fossils 92 Origins 140
State of Preservation of Archaeological and Humans Stand on Their Own Two Feet 142
Fossil Evidence 92 Biocultural Connection: Evolution and Human Birth 143
Sorting Out the Evidence 93 Questions for Reflection 146
Biocultural Connection: Kennewick Man 96 Suggested Readings 146
Dating the Past 96 Thomson Audio Study Products 147
Methods of Relative Dating 97 The Anthropology Resource Center 147
Methods of Chronometric Dating 99
Chance and the Study of the Past 101
xvi Contents
CHAP TER 7 Early Homo CHAP TER 8 Pre-Modern Humans

and the Origins of Culture 148 and the Elaboration of Culture 178
Early Representatives of the Genus Homo 150 The Appearance of Modern-Sized Brains 180
Lumpers or Splitters 152 Levalloisian Technique 181
Differences Between Early Homo and The Neandertals 182
Australopithecus 153 Javanese, African, and Chinese Archaic
Lower Paleolithic Tools 154 Homo sapiens 185
Anthropology Applied: Paleotourism and Middle Paleolithic Culture 186
the World Heritage List 155 The Mousterian Tradition 186
Olduvai Gorge and Oldowan Tools 155 Anthropology Applied: Stone Tools for Modern
Sex, Gender, and the Behavior of Early Homo 156 Surgeons 187
Biocultural Connection: Sex, Gender, and Biocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions
Female Paleoanthropologists 157 for the Diseases of Civilization 188
Hunters or Scavengers? 158 The Symbolic Life of Neandertals 189
Original Study: Humans as Prey 159 Speech and Language in the
Homo erectus 161 Middle Paleolithic 190
Homo erectus Fossils 162 Culture, Skulls, and Modern Human Origins 191
Physical Characteristics of Homo erectus 162 The Multiregional Hypothesis 192
Relationship among Homo erectus, Homo habilis, The Recent African Origins or
and Other Proposed Fossil Groups 164 “Eve” Hypothesis 192
Homo erectus from Africa 165 Reconciling the Evidence 193
Homo erectus from Eurasia 165 Anthropologists of Note: Berhane Asfaw, Xinzhi Wu 194
Homo erectus from Indonesia 166 Race and Human Evolution 198
Homo erectus from China 166 Questions for Reflection 198
Homo erectus from Western Europe 167 Suggested Readings 199
The Culture of Homo erectus 167 Thomson Audio Study Products 199
The Acheulean Tool Tradition 168 The Anthropology Resource Center 199
Use of Fire 169
Hunting 172
Other Evidence of Complex Thought 172
CHAP TER 9The Global Expansion of
The Question of Language 173 Homo sapiens and Their Technology 200
Tools, Food, and Brain Expansion 174 Upper Paleolithic Peoples: The First Modern
Questions for Reflection 175 Humans 202
Suggested Readings 175 Upper Paleolithic Technology 204
Thomson Audio Study Products 176 Upper Paleolithic Art 207
The Anthropology Resource Center 176 Biocultural Connection: Altered States, Art,
and Archaeology 209
Anthropologists of Note: Margaret Conkey 210
Original Study: Paleolithic Paint Job 211
Other Aspects of Upper Paleolithic Culture 213
The Spread of Upper Paleolithic Peoples 213
The Americas 215
Major Paleolithic Trends 217
Contents xvii
CHAP TER 10The Neolithic Transition: Ecological Approaches 258

The Domestication of Plants Action Theory 259
Civilization and Its Discontents 259
and Animals 220
Biocultural Connection: Social Stratification and Diseases
The Mesolithic Roots of Farming of Civilization: Tuberculosis 260
and Pastoralism 222 Questions for Reflection 261
The Neolithic Revolution 223 Suggested Readings 261
Domestication: What Is It? 223 Thomson Audio Study Products 262
Evidence of Early Plant Domestication 224 The Anthropology Resource Center 262
Evidence of Early Animal Domestication 225
Beginnings of Domestication 225
Why Humans Became Food Producers 226 CHAP TER 12Modern Human Diversity:
The Fertile Crescent 226 Race and Racism 264
Other Centers of Domestication 229 The History of Human Classification 266
Anthropology Applied: The Real Dirt on Anthropologists of Note: Fatimah Jackson 268
Rainforest Fertility 232
Race as a Biological Concept 268
Food Production and Population Size 232 The Concept of Human Races 269
The Spread of Food Production 233 The Social Significance of Race: Racism 271
Biocultural Connection: Breastfeeding, Fertility, Race and Behavior 271
and Beliefs 234 Race and Intelligence 271
Culture of Neolithic Settlements 235 Original Study: A Feckless Quest for the
Jericho: An Early Farming Community 235 Basketball Gene 272
Neolithic Material Culture 235 Studying Human Biological Diversity 274
Social Structure 236 Culture and Biological Diversity 277
Neolithic Culture in the Americas 237 Skin Color: A Case Study in Adaptation 278
The Neolithic and Human Biology 237
Biocultural Connection: Beans, Enzymes, and Adaptation
Original Study: History of Mortality and to Malaria 279
Physiological Stress 238
Race and Human Evolution Revisited 281
The Neolithic and the Idea of Progress 240 Questions for Reflection 282
Questions for Reflection 241 Suggested Readings 282
Suggested Readings 241 Thomson Audio Study Products 283
Thomson Audio Study Products 241 The Anthropology Resource Center 283
CHAP TER 13 Human Adaptation

CHAP TER 11 The Emergence
to a Changing World 284
of Cities and States 242
Human Adaptation to Natural Environmental
Defi ning Civilization 244 Stressors 287
Tikal: A Case Study 247
Anthropologists of Note: Peter Ellison 288
Surveying and Excavating the Site 248
Adaptation to High Altitude 289
Evidence from the Excavation 249
Adaptation to Cold 290
Original Study: Action Archaeology and the Community
Adaptation to Heat 290
at El Pilar 250
The Development of Medical Anthropology
Cities and Culture Change 251 in a Globalizing World 290
Agricultural Innovation 251 Science, Illness, and Disease 291
Diversification of Labor 252
Original Study: Dancing Skeletons: Life and Death
Central Government 252
in West Africa 293
Social Stratification 256
Evolutionary Medicine 295
The Making of States 257
Symptoms as a Defense Mechanism 296
Anthropology Applied: Tell It to the Marines: Teaching
Evolution and Infectious Disease 296
Troops about Cultural Heritage 258
xviii Contents
The Political Ecology of Disease 297 CHAP TER 15 Ethnographic Research:

Mad Cow, Kuru, and Other Prion Diseases 299 Its History, Methods, and Theories 326
Globalization, Health, and Structural Violence 300
Population Size, Poverty, and Health 300 History of Ethnographic Research and Its Uses 328
Biocultural Connection: Picturing Pesticides 303 Salvage Ethnography or Urgent
The Future of Homo sapiens 304 Anthropology 328
Questions for Reflection 305 Acculturation Studies 329
Suggested Readings 305 Applied Anthropology 330
Thomson Audio Study Products 306 Studying Cultures at a Distance 330
The Anthropology Resource Center 306 Studying Contemporary State Societies 330
Peasant Studies 331
Advocacy Anthropology 332
Studying Up 333
Globalization and Multi-Sited Ethnography 333
Doing Ethnography: Cultural Anthropology
Research Methods 335
Site Selection and Research Collection 335
Preparatory Research 335
Participant Observation 336
Ethnographic Tools and Aids 337
Data Gathering: The Ethnographer’s
Approach 337
Anthropologists of Note: Gregory Bateson,
Margaret Mead 340
Challenges of Ethnographic Fieldwork 340
Original Study: The Importance of Trobriand Women 344
Ethnographic Reflexivity: Acknowledging
the Researcher as Subject 345
Putting It All Together: Completing
an Ethnography 345
Ethnology: From Description to Interpretation
CHAP TER 14 Characteristics of Culture 308 and Theory 346
The Concept of Culture 310 Ethnology and the Comparative Method 346
Characteristics of Culture 310 Anthropology’s Theoretical Perspectives:
Culture Is Learned 310 An Overview 347
Culture Is Shared 311 Biocultural Connection: Pig Lovers and Pig Haters 349
Anthropology Applied: New Houses for Moral Dilemmas and Ethical Responsibilities
Apache Indians 315 in Anthropological Research 350
Culture Is Based on Symbols 316 Questions for Reflection 350
Culture Is Integrated 316 Suggested Readings 350
Biocultural Connection: Adult Human Stature and Thomson Audio Study Products 351
the Effects of Culture: An Archaeological Example 318 The Anthropology Resource Center 351
Culture Is Dynamic 318
Culture and Adaptation 319 Language and
CHAP TER 16
Anthropologist of Note: Bronislaw Malinowski 320
Communication 352
Functions of Culture 320
Culture and Change 321 Original Study: Language and the Intellectual Abilities
Culture, Society, and the Individual 322 of Orangutans 355
Evaluation of Culture 323 Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language 356
Questions for Reflection 325 Descriptive Linguistics 357
Suggested Readings 325 Phonology 358
Thomson Audio Study Products 325 Morphology 358
The Anthropology Resource Center 325 Syntax and Grammar 358
Contents xix
Biocultural Connection: The Biology of CHAP TER 18 Patterns of Subsistence 404

Human Speech 359
Adaptation 406
Historical Linguistics 360
The Unit of Adaptation 407
Processes of Linguistic Divergence 361
Adaptation in Cultural Evolution 407
Anthropology Applied: Language Renewal among
Biocultural Connection: Surviving in the Andes:
the Northern Ute 364
Aymara Adaptation to High Altitude 408
Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings 364
Modes of Subsistence 412
Sociolinguistics 365
Food-Foraging Societies 412
Ethnolinguistics 366
Characteristics of Foraging Communities 412
Language Versatility 369
Cultural Adaptations and Technology among
Beyond Words: The Gesture-Call System 369
Foragers 417
Body Language 369
Food-Producing Societies 417
Paralanguage 371
Crop Cultivation in Gardens: Horticulture 419
Tonal Languages 371
The Origins of Language 371 Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo 420
From Speech to Writing 374 Crop Cultivation: Agriculture 421
Literacy in Our Globalizing World 375 Anthropology Applied: Agricultural Development and
Questions for Reflection 376 the Anthropologist 422
Suggested Readings 376 Mixed Farming: Crop Growing and
Thomson Audio Study Products 376 Animal Breeding 422
The Anthropology Resource Center 376 Pastoralism 424
Intensive Agriculture and Nonindustrial
Cities 425
CHAP TER 17 Social Identity, Industrial Societies 428
Personality, and Gender 378 Questions for Reflection 428
Enculturation: The Human Self and Suggested Readings 429
Social Identity 380 Thomson Audio Study Products 429
Self-Awareness 381 The Anthropology Resource Center 429
The Self and the Behavioral Environment 383
Personality 384
The Development of Personality 385
Group Personality 388
Anthropologists of Note: Margaret Mead,
Ruth Fulton Benedict 389
Modal Personality 390
National Character 390
Core Values 391
Alternative Gender Models from a Cross-Cultural
Perspective 392
Original Study: The Blessed Curse 392
Normal and Abnormal Personality in
Social Context 397
Sadhus: Holy Men in Hindu Culture 397
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on
Mental Disorders 399
Biocultural Connection: A Cross-Cultural Perspective CHAP TER 19 Economic Systems 430
on Psychosomatic Symptoms and Mental Health 400 Economic Anthropology 432
Ethnic Psychoses 400 The Yam Complex in Trobriand Culture 432
Questions for Reflection 402 Production and Its Resources 434
Suggested Readings 402 Control of Land and Water Resources 434
Thomson Audio Study Products 402 Technology Resources 435
The Anthropology Resource Center 402 Labor Resources and Patterns 436
xx Contents
Anthropologists of Note: Jomo Kenyatta 439 Endogamy and Exogamy 461

Distribution and Exchange 439 Anthropologists of Note: Claude Lévi-Strauss 462
Reciprocity 440 Distinction between Marriage and Mating 462
Redistribution 444 Forms of Marriage 462
Market Exchange 446 Monogamy 462
Local Cultures and Economic Globalization 448 Polygamy 463
Biocultural Connection: Cacao: The Love Bean Other Forms of Marriage 465
in the Money Tree 449 Choice of Spouse 466
Anthropology Applied: Anthropology in the Corporate Original Study: Arranging Marriage in India 466
Jungle 450 Cousin Marriage 468
Questions for Reflection 451 Same-Sex Marriage 469
Suggested Readings 452 Marriage and Economic Exchange 470
Thomson Audio Study Products 452 Divorce 471
The Anthropology Resource Center 452 Family and Household 472
Forms of the Family 473
Residence Patterns 476
CHAP TER 20 Sex, Marriage, and Family 454 Marriage, Family, and Household in Our Globalized
Control of Sexual Relations 457 and Technologized World 477
Marriage and the Regulation of Questions for Reflection 478
Sexual Relations 458 Suggested Readings 478
The Incest Taboo 460 Thomson Audio Study Products 479
Biocultural Connection: Marriage Prohibitions The Anthropology Resource Center 479
in the United States 461
CHAP TER 21 Kinship and Descent 480
Descent Groups 482
Unilineal Descent 482
Biocultural Connection: Maori Origins: Ancestral Genes
and Mythical Canoes 483
Other Forms of Descent 488
Descent Integrated in the Cultural System 489
Original Study: Honor Killings in the Netherlands 489
Lineage Exogamy 491
From Lineage to Clan 491
Anthropology Applied: Resolving a Native American Tribal
Membership Dispute 492
Phratries and Moieties 494
Bilateral Kinship and the Kindred 495
Cultural Evolution of the Descent Group 496
Kinship Terminology and Kinship Groups 497
Eskimo System 497
Hawaiian System 498
Iroquois System 499
Kinship Terms and New Reproductive
Technologies 499
Contents xxi
Grouping by Gender,
CHAP TER 22 CHAP TER 24Spirituality, Religion,
Age, Common Interest, and Class 502 and the Supernatural 550
Grouping by Gender 504 The Anthropological Approach to Religion 554
Grouping by Age 505 The Practice of Religion 554
Institutions of Age Grouping 506 Supernatural Beings and Powers 554
Grouping by Common Interest 508 Religious Specialists 558
Kinds of Common-Interest Associations 509 Biocultural Connection: Change Your Karma and
Original Study: The Jewish Eruv: Symbolic Place in Change Your Sex? 560
Public Space 509 Original Study: Healing among the Ju/’hoansi of
Associations in the Postindustrial World 512 the Kalahari 561
Grouping by Class or Social Rank in Stratified Rituals and Ceremonies 563
Societies 512 Rites of Passage 563
Social Class and Caste 512 Anthropology Applied: Reconciling Modern Medicine
Anthropology Applied: Anthropologists and Social Impact with Traditional Beliefs in Swaziland 564
Assessment 513 Rites of Intensification 565
Biocultural Connection: African Burial Ground Magic 566
Project 517 Witchcraft 567
Social Mobility 518 Ibibio Witchcraft 568
Maintaining Stratification 518 The Functions of Witchcraft 569
Questions for Reflection 520 The Consequences of Witchcraft 570
Suggested Readings 520 The Functions of Religion 570
Thomson Audio Study Products 520 Religion and Culture Change: Revitalization
The Anthropology Resource Center 520 Movements 571
Persistence of Religion 573
CHAP TER 23 Politics, Power, Questions for Reflection 573
and Violence 522 Suggested Readings 574
Kinds of Political Systems 524 The Anthropology Resource Center 574
Uncentralized Political Systems 524
Centralized Political Systems 529
Anthropologists of Note: Laura Nader 533 CHAP TER 25 The Arts 576
Political Systems and the Question of Legitimacy 533 The Anthropological Study of Art 578
Politics and Religion 534 Visual Art 580
Political Leadership and Gender 535 Original Study: The Modern Tattoo Community 581
Political Organization and the Maintenance Southern Africa Rock Art 583
of Order 537 Verbal Art 584
Internalized Controls 537
Biocultural Connection: Peyote Art: Divine Visions among
Externalized Controls 537
the Huichol 585
Social Control Through Witchcraft 538
Myth 585
Social Control Through Law 539
Legend 586
Defi nition of Law 539
Tale 588
Functions of Law 540
Other Verbal Art 589
Crime 541
Musical Art 590
Restorative Justice and Confl ict Resolution 542
Functions of Art 591
Violent Confl ict and Warfare 542
Functions of Music 592
Anthropology Applied: Dispute Resolution and
Anthropologists of Note: Frederica de Laguna 595
the Anthropologist 543
Art, Globalization, and Cultural Survival 595
Biocultural Connection: Sex, Gender, and Human
Violence 545
xxii Contents
CHAP TER 26 Processes of Change 598 CHAP TER 27 Global Challenges,

Anthropologists of Note: Eric R. Wolf 601 Local Responses, and the Role
Mechanisms of Change 601 of Anthropology 622
Innovation 602 The Cultural Future of Humanity 624
Diff usion 604 Global Culture 624
Cultural Loss 606 Is the World Coming Together or Coming
Repressive Change 606 Apart? 625
Acculturation and Ethnocide 606 Global Culture: A Good Idea or Not? 627
Genocide 608 Ethnic Resurgence 628
Directed Change 609 Cultural Pluralism and Multiculturalism 629
Reactions to Repressive Change 610 The Rise of Global Corporations 630
Revitalization Movements 612 Original Study: Standardizing the Body: The Question
Rebellion and Revolution 613 of Choice 634
Modernization 615 Structural Power in the Age of Globalization 635
Self-Determination 616 Anthropologists of Note: Arjun Appadurai 638
Anthropology Applied: Development Anthropology Problems of Structural Violence 638
and Dams 618 Overpopulation and Poverty 639
Globalization in the “Underdeveloped” Hunger and Obesity 639
World 618 Pollution 641
Globalization: Must It Be Painful? 619 Biocultural Connection: Toxic Breast Milk Threatens
Biocultural Connection: Studying the Emergence of Arctic Culture 643
New Diseases 620 The Culture of Discontent 645
Questions for Reflection 620 Concluding Remarks 646
Suggested Readings 621 Questions for Reflection 647
Thomson Audio Study Products 621 Suggested Readings 647
The Anthropology Resource Center 621 Thomson Audio Study Products 648
Features Contents
Anthropologists of Note The Modern Tattoo Community 581
Standardizing the Body: The Question of Choice 634
Franz Boas, Matilda Coxe Stevenson 15
Jane Goodall, Kinji Imanishi 69
Allan Wilson 120
Anthropology Applied
Louis S. B. Leakey, Mary Leakey 132 Forensic Anthropology: Voices for the Dead 10
Berhane Asfaw, Xinzhi Wu 194 In the Belly of the Beast: Reflections on a Decade of
Margaret Conkey 210 Service to U.S. Genetics Policy Commissions 42
Fatimah Jackson 268 Cultural Resource Management 90
Peter Ellison 288 Paleotourism and the World Heritage List 155
Bronislaw Malinowski 320 Stone Tools for Modern Surgeons 187
Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead 340 The Real Dirt on Rainforest Fertility232
Margaret Mead, Ruth Fulton Benedict 389 Tell It to the Marines: Teaching Troops about
Jomo Kenyatta 439 Cultural Heritage 258
Claude Lévi-Strauss 462 New Houses for Apache Indians 315
Laura Nader 533 Language Renewal among the Northern Ute 364
Frederica de Laguna 595 Agricultural Development and the Anthropologist 422
Eric R. Wolf 601 Anthropology in the Corporate Jungle 450
Arjun Appadurai 638 Resolving a Native American Tribal Membership
Dispute 492
Original Studies Anthropologists and Social Impact Assessment 513
Dispute Resolution and the Anthropologist 543
Fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa: Traditional Healers on the
Reconciling Modern Medicine with Traditional Beliefs
Front Line 16
in Swaziland 564
Ninety-Eight Percent Alike: What Our Similarity
Development Anthropology and Dams 618
to Apes Tells Us about Our Understanding of
Genetics 38
Reconciliation and Its Cultural Modification in
Biocultural Connections
Primates 70 The Anthropology of Organ Transplantation 7
Whispers from the Ice 84 The Social Impact of Genetics on Reproduction 35
The Unsettling Nature of Variational Change 108 Ethics of Great Ape Habituation and Conservation: The
Is It Time to Revise the System of Scientific Costs and Benefits of Ecotourism 53
Naming? 128 Kennewick Man 96
Humans as Prey 159 Nonhuman Primates and Human Disease 117
Paleolithic Paint Job 211 Evolution and the Human Birth 143
History of Mortality and Physiological Stress 238 Sex, Gender, and Female Paleoanthropologists 157
Action Archaeology and the Community at Paleolithic Prescriptions for the Diseases of
El Pilar 250 Civilization 188
A Feckless Quest for the Basketball Gene 272 Altered States, Art, and Archaeology 209
Dancing with Skeletons: Life and Death Breastfeeding, Fertility, and Beliefs 234
in West Africa 293 Social Stratification and Diseases of Civilization:
The Importance of Trobriand Women 344 Tuberculosis 260
Language and the Intellectual Abilities Beans, Enzymes, and Adaptation to Malaria 279
of Orangutans 355 Picturing Pesticides 303
The Blessed Curse 392 Adult Human Stature and the Effects of Culture:
Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo 420 An Archaeological Example 318
Arranging Marriage in India 466 Pig Lovers and Pig Haters 349
Honor Killings in the Netherlands 489 The Biology of Human Speech 359
The Jewish Eruv: Symbolic Place in Public Space 509 A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Psychosomatic
Healing among the Ju/’hoansi of the Kalahari 561 Symptoms and Mental Health 400
xxiii
xxiv Features Contents
Surviving in the Andes: Aymara Adaptation to African Burial Ground Project 517
High Altitude 408 Sex, Gender, and Human Violence 545
Cacao: The Love Bean in the Money Tree 449 Change Your Karma and Change Your Sex? 560
Marriage Prohibitions in the United States 461 Peyote Art: Divine Visions among the Huichol 585
Maori Connections: Ancestral Genes and Studying the Emergence of New Diseases 620
Mythical Canoes 483 Toxic Breast Milk Threatens Arctic Culture 643
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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Then the fiddles struck up the air of ‘Sur le pont d’Avignon,’ and
the whole company formed up into circles for the opening Branle.
There was her father, grimacing and leaping like a baboon in a
nightmare, grave magistrates capering like foals, and giving
smacking kisses to their youthful partners, young burghers shouting
the words at the top of their voices. The whole scene seemed to
Madeleine to grow every minute more unreal.
Then the fiddles stopped and the circles broke up into laughing,
breathless groups. A young bourgeois, beplumed and beribboned,
and wearing absurd thick shoes, came up to her, and taking off his
great hat by the crown, instead of, in the manner of ‘les honnêtes
gens,’ by the brim, made her a clumsy bow. He began to ‘galantise’
her. Madeleine wondered if he had learned the art from the elephant
at a fair. She fixed him with her great, still eyes. Then she found
herself forced to lead him out to dance a Pavane. The fiddles were
playing a faint, lonely tune, full of the sadness of light things bound
to a ponderous earth, for these were the days before Lulli had made
dance tunes gay. The beautiful pageant had begun—the Pavane,
proud and preposterous as a peacock or a Spaniard. Then some old
ladies sitting round the room began in thin, cracked voices to sing
according to a bygone fashion, the words of the dance:—
‘Approche donc, ma belle,

Approche-toi, mon bien;
Ne me sois plus rebelle,
Puisque mon cœur est tien;
Pour mon âme apaiser,
Donne mois un baiser.’
They beat time with their fans, and their eyes filled with tears.
Gradually the song was taken up by the whole room, the words
rising up strong and triumphant:—
‘Approche donc, ma belle,

Approche-toi, mon bien——’
Madeleine’s lips were parted into a little smile, and her spellbound
eyes filled with tears; then she saw Jacques looking at her and his
eyes were bright and mocking. She blushed furiously.
‘He is like Hylas, the mocking shepherd in the Astrée,’ she told
herself. ‘Hylas, hélas, Hylas, hélas,’ she found herself muttering.
After another pause for Galanterie and preserved fruits, the violins
broke into the slow, voluptuous rhythm of the Saraband. The old
ladies again beat time with their fans, muttering ‘vraiment cela
donne à rêver.’
Madeleine danced with Jacques and he never took his eyes from
her face, but hers were fixed and glassy, and the words of the
Sapphic Ode, ‘that man seems to me the equal of the gods’ ...
clothed itself, as with a garment, with the melody.
She was awakened from her reverie by feeling Jacques’s grasp
suddenly tighten on her hand. She looked at him, he was white and
scowling. A ripple of interest was passing over the dancers, and all
eyes were turned to the door. Two or three young courtiers had just
come in, attracted by the sound of the fiddles. For in those days
courtiers claimed a vested right to lounge uninvited into any
bourgeois ball, and they were always sure of an obsequious
welcome.
There was the Président Troguin puffily bowing to them, and the
Présidente bobbing and smirking and offering refreshment. Young
Brillon, the giver of the fiddles, had left his partner, Marguerite
Troguin, and was standing awkwardly half-way to the door, unable to
make up his mind whether he should doff his hat to the courtiers
before they doffed theirs to him; but they rudely ignored all three,
and, swaggering up to the fiddles, bade them stop playing.
‘Foi de gentilhomme, I vow that it is of the last consequence that
this Saraband should die. It is really ubiquitous,’ lisped one of them,
a little muguet, with a babyish face.
‘It must be sent to America with the Prostitutes,’ said another.
‘That is furiously well turned, Vicomte. Really it deserves to be put
to the torture.’
‘Yes, because it is a danger to the kingdom, it debases the
coinage.’
‘Why?’
‘Because it generates tender emotions in so many vulgar bosoms
turning thus the fine gold of Cupid into a base alloy!’
‘Bravo! Comte, tu as de l’esprit infiniment.’
During this bout of wit, the company had been quite silent, trying
hard to look amused, and in the picture.
‘My friends, would you oblige us with the air of a Corante?’ the
Vicomte called out with a familiar wink to the ‘Four Fiddles,’ with
whom it behoved every fashionable gallant to be on intimate terms.
The ‘Fiddles’ with an answering wink, started the tune of this new
and most fashionable dance.
‘Ah! I breathe again!’ cried the little Marquis. They then proceeded
to choose various ladies as partners, discussing their points, as if
they had been horses at a Fair. The one they called Comte, a tall,
military looking man, chose Marguerite Troguin, at which Brillon tried
to assert himself by blustering out that the lady was his partner. But
the Comte only looked him up and down, with an expression of
unutterable disgust, and turning to the Marquis, asked: ‘What is this
thing?’ Brillon subsided.
Then they started the absurd Corante. The jumping steps were
performed on tip-toe, and punctuated by countless bows and
curtseys. There was a large audience, as very few of the company
had yet learned it. When it was over, it was greeted with enthusiastic
applause.
The courtiers proceeded to refresh themselves with Hippocras and
lemonade. Suddenly the little Marquis seized the cloak of the Comte,
and piped out in an excited voice:—
‘Look, Comte, over there ... I swear it is our old friend, the ghost
of the fashion of 1640!’
‘It is, it is, it’s the black shadow of the white Ariane! The crotesque
and importunate gallant!’ They made a dash for Monsieur
Troqueville, who was trying hard to look unconscious, and leaping
round him beset him with a volley of somewhat questionable jests.
All eyes were turned on him, eyebrows were raised, questioning
glances were exchanged. Madame Troqueville sat quite motionless,
gazing in front of her, determined not to hear what they were
saying. She would not be forced to see things too closely.
When they had finished with Monsieur Troqueville, they bowed to
the Présidente, studiously avoiding the rest of the company in their
salutation, and, according to their picture of themselves, minced or
swaggered out of the room. Jacques followed them.
This interlude had shaken Madeleine out of her vastly agreeable
dreams. The muguets had made her feel unfinished and angular,
and they had not even asked her to dance. Then, their treatment of
her father had been a sharp reminder that after all she was by birth
nothing but a contemptible bourgeoise. But as the evening’s gaiety
gradually readjusted itself, so did her picture of herself, and by the
time of the final Branle, she was once more drunk with vanity and
hope.
The Troguins sent them back in their own coach, and the drive
through the fantastic Paris of the night accentuated Madeleine’s
sense of being in a dream. There passed them from time to time
troops of tipsy gallants, their faces distorted by the flickering lights
of torches, and here and there the lanternes vives of the pastry-
cooks—brilliantly-lighted lanterns round whose sides, painted in gay
colours, danced a string of grimacing beasts, geese, and apes, and
hares and elephants—showed bright and strange against the
darkness.
Then the words:—
La joie! la joie! Voilà des oublies! echoed melancholy in the
distance. It was the cry of the Oublieux, the sellers of wafers and
the nightingales of seventeenth century Paris, for they never began
to cry their wares before dusk.
La joie! la joie! Voilà des oublies!
Oublie, oublier! The second time that evening there came into
Madeleine’s head a play on words.
La joie! la joie! Voilà des oublies! Could it be that the secret of la
joie was nothing but this dream-sense and—l’oubli?
They found Jacques waiting for them, pale but happy. He would
not tell them why he had left the ball-room, but he followed
Madeleine to her room. He was limping. And then, with eyes bright
with triumph, he described how, at their exit from the ball-room, he
had rallied the Clercs of the Bazoche (they had stayed to play cards
with the Troguin’s household), how they had followed the courtiers,
and, taking them by surprise, had given them the soundest
cudgelling they had probably ever had in their lives. ‘Though they
put up a good fight!’ and he laughed ruefully and rubbed his leg.
‘How came it that they knew my father?’ Madeleine asked.
Jacques grinned.
‘Oh, Chop, should I tell you, it would savour of the blab ... yet, all
said, I would not have you lose so good a diversion ... were I to tell
you, you would keep my counsel?’
‘Yes.’
Then he proceeded to tell her that her father had fallen in love in
Lyons with a courtesan called Ariane. She had left Lyons to drive her
trade in Paris, and that was the true cause of his sudden desire to do
the same. On reaching Paris, his first act was to buy from the stage
wardrobe of the Hôtel de Bourgogne, an ancient suit of tawdry
finery, which long ago had turned a courtier into the Spirit of Spring
in a Royal Ballet. This he had hidden away in the attic of an old
Huguenot widow who kept a tavern on the Mont Sainte-Geneviève,
and had proceeded to pester Ariane with letters and doggerel
imploring an interview—but in vain! Finally, he had taken his courage
in both hands, and donning his finery—‘which he held to have the
virtue of the cestus of Venus!’ laughed Jacques—he had boldly
marched into Ariane’s bedroom, only to be received by a flood of
insults and ridicule by that lady and her gallants.
Madeleine listened with a pale, set face. Why had she been so
pursued these last few days by her father’s sordid amours?
‘So this ... Ariane ... rejected my father’s suit?’ she said in a low
voice.
‘Ay, that she did! How should she not?’ laughed Jacques.
‘And you gave your suffrage to the foolish enterprise?’
Jacques looked rather sheepish.
‘I am not of the stuff that can withstand so tempting a diversion—
why, ’twill be a jest to posterity! His eager, foolish, obsequious face;
and his tire! I’faith, I would not have missed it for a kingdom!’ and
he tossed back his head and laughed delightedly.
Hylas, hélas!... Jacques was limping ... Vulcan was lame, wasn’t
he? ‘In the smithy of Vulcan weapons are being forged that will
smash up your world of galanterie and galamatias into a thousand
fragments!’
‘Why, Chop, you look sadly!’ he cried, with sudden contrition. ‘’Tis
finished and done with, and these coxcombs’ impudence bred them,
I can vouch for it, a score of bruises apiece! Chop, come here! Why,
the most modish and galant folk have oftentimes had the strangest
visionnaires for fathers. There is Madame de Chevreuse—who has
not heard of the naïvetés and visions of her father? And ’twas a
strange madman that begot the King himself!’ he said, thinking to
have found where the shoe pinched. But Madeleine remained silent
and unresponsive, and he left her.
Yes, why had she been so pursued these last few days by her
father’s amours? It was strange that love should have brought him
too from Lyons! And he too had set his faith on the magical
properties of bravery! What if.... Then there swept over her the
memory of the Grecian Sappho, driving a host of nameless fears
back into the crannies of her mind. Besides—to-morrow began the
new era!
She smiled ecstatically, and, tired though she was, broke into a
triumphant dance.
CHAPTER IX
AT THE HÔTEL DE RAMBOUILLET
When Madeleine awoke next morning, the feeling she had had
over night of being in a dream had by no means left her.
From the street rose the cries of the hawkers:—
‘Ma belle herbe, anis fleur.’

‘A la fraîche, à la fraîche, qui veut boire?’
‘A ma belle poivée à mes beaux épinards! à mon bel
oignon!’
And then shrill and plaintive:—
‘Vous désirez quelque cho-o-o-se?’
It was no longer a taunt but the prayer of a humble familiar asking

for its mistress’s orders, or, rather, of Love the Pedlar waiting to sell
her what she chose. She opened her window and looked out. The
length of the narrow street the monstrous signs stuck out from
either side, heraldic lions, and sacred hearts, and blue cats, and
mothers of God, and Maréchales looking like Polichinelle. It was as
incongruous an assortment as the signs of the Zodiac, as flat and
fantastic as a pack of cards——
‘Vous désirez quelque cho-o-ose?’ She laughed aloud. Then she
suddenly remembered her vague misgivings of the night before. She
drew in her head and rushed to her divination book. These were the
lines her eyes fell upon:—
‘ ... and she seemed in his mind to have said a thousand

good things, which, in reality, she had not said at all.’
For one moment Madeleine’s heart seemed to stop beating. Did it
mean that she was not going to get in her prepared mots? No, the
true interpretation was surely that Mademoiselle de Scudéry would
think her even more brilliant than she actually was. She fell on her
knees and thanked her kind gods in anticipation.
However, she too must do her part, must reinforce the Power
behind her, so over and over again she danced out the scene at the
Hôtel de Rambouillet, trying to keep it exactly the same each time.
‘Ah! dear Zénocrite! here you come, leading our new Bergère.’
All the morning she seemed in a dream, and her mother, father,
Jacques, and Berthe hundreds of miles away. She could not touch a
morsel of food. ‘Ah! the little creature with wings. I know, I know,’
Berthe kept muttering.
With her throat parched, and still in a strange, dry dream, she
went to dress. The magical petite-oie seemed to her to take away all
shabbiness from the serge bodice and the petticoat of camelot de
Hollande. Then, in a flash, she remembered she had decided to add
to her purchases at the Fair a trimming of those wonderful imitation
jewels known as the pierreries du Temple. The petite-oie had taken
on the exigency of a magic formulary, and its contents, to be
efficacious, had to conform as rigidly to the original conception as a
love-potion must to its receipt. In a few minutes she would have to
start, and the man who sold the stones lived too far from Madame
Cornuel for her to go there first. She was in despair.
At that moment the door opened, and in walked Jacques; as a rule
he did not come home till evening. He sheepishly brought out of his
hose an elaborate arrangement of green beads.
‘Having heard you prate of the pierreries du Temple, I’ve brought
you these glass gauds. I fear me they aren’t from the man in the
Temple, for I failed to find the place ... but these seemed pretty
toys. I thought maybe they would help you to cut a figure before old
Dame Scudéry.’
It was truly a strange coincidence that he should have brought her
the very thing that at that very moment she had been longing for.
But was it the very thing? For the first time that morning, Madeleine
felt her feet on earth. The beads were hideous and vulgar and as
unlike the pierreries du Temple as they were unlike the emeralds
they had taken as their model. She was almost choked by a feeling
of impotent rage.
How dare Jacques be such a ninny with so little knowledge of the
fashion? How dare he expect a belle to care for him, when he was
such a miserable gallant with such execrable taste in presents? The
idea of giving her rubbish like that! She would like to kill him!
Always quick to see omens, her nerves, strung up that morning to
their highest pitch, felt in the gift the most malignant significance.
Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes—I fear the Greeks even when they
bear gifts. She blanched, and furtively crossed herself. Having said,
in a dead voice, some words of thanks, she silently pinned the bead
trimming on to her bodice and slowly left the room.
It was time to start; she got into the little box-like sedan. There
was her mother standing at the door, waving her hand, and wishing
her good luck. She was soon swinging along towards the Seine.
When the house was out of sight, with rude, nervous fingers she
tore off the beads, and they fell in a shower about the sedan.
Though one could scarcely move in the little hole, she managed to
pick them all up, and pulling back the curtain she flung them out of
the window. They were at that moment crossing the Pont-Neuf, and
she caught a glimpse of a crowd of beggars and pages scrambling to
pick them up. Recklessly scattering jewels to the rabble! It was like a
princess in Amadis, or like the cardinal’s nieces, the two Mancini,
whose fabulous extravagance was the talk of the town. Then she
remembered that they were only glass beads. Was it an omen that
her grandeur would be always a mere imitation of the real thing?
Also—though she had got rid of the hateful trimming, her petite-oie
was still incomplete. Should she risk keeping Madame Cornuel
waiting and go first to the man in the Temple? No, charms or no
charms, she was moving on to her destiny, and felt deadly calm.
What she had prayed for was coming and she could not stop it now.
Its inevitableness frightened her, and she began to feel a poignant
longing for the old order, the comforting rhythm of the rut she was
used to, with the pleasant feeling of every day drawing nearer to a
miraculous transformation of her circumstances.
She pulled back the curtain again and peeped out, the Seine was
now behind them, and they were going up la rue de la Mortellerie.
Soon she would be in the clutches of Madame Cornuel, and then
there would be no escape. Should she jump out of the sedan, or tell
the porters to take her home? She longed to; but if she did, how
was she to face the future? And what ingratitude it would be for the
exquisite tact with which the gods had manipulated her meeting
with Sappho! the porters swung on and on, and Madeleine leaned
back and closed her eyes, hypnotised by the inevitable.
The shafts of the sedan were put down with a jerk, and Madeleine
started up and shuddered. One of the porters came to the window.
‘Rue Saint-Antoine, Mademoiselle.’ Madeleine gave him a coin to
divide with his companion, opened the door, and walked into the
court. Madame Cornuel’s coach was standing waiting before the
door.
She walked in and was shown by a valet into an ante-room. She
sat down, and began mechanically repeating her litany. Suddenly,
there was a rich rustle of taffeta, the door opened, and in swept a
very handsomely-dressed young woman. Madeleine knew that it
must be Mademoiselle le Gendre, the daughter of Monsieur Cornuel’s
first wife. In a flash Madeleine took in the elegant continence of her
toilette. While Madeleine had seven patches on her face, she had
only three. Her hair was exquisitely neat, and she was only slightly
scented, while her deep, plain collar à la Régente, gave an air of
puritanic severity to the bright, cherry-coloured velvet of her bodice.
Also, she was not nearly as décolletée as Madeleine.
Madeleine felt that all of a sudden her petite-oie had lost both its
decorative and magical virtue and had become merely incongruous
gawds on the patent shabbiness of her gown. For some reason there
flashed through her head the words she had heard at the Fair: ‘As if
all the purple and fine linen of Solomon himself could add an ounce
of comeliness to his antic, foolish face.’
‘Mademoiselle Troqueville? My step-mother awaits us in the coach,
will you come?’ said the lady. Her manner was haughty and
unfriendly. Madeleine realised without a pang that it would all be like
this. But after all, nothing in this dull reality really mattered.
‘Bestir yourself! ’Tis time we were away!’ shouted a voice from the
carrosse. Mademoiselle le Gendre told Madeleine to get in.
‘Mademoiselle Troqueville? I am glad to make your acquaintance—
pray get in and take the back seat opposite me.’ Madeleine humbly
obeyed, indifferent to what in her imaginings she would have looked
upon as an unforgivable insult, the putting her in the back seat.
‘Hôtel de Rambouillet,’ Madame Cornuel said to a lackey, who was
waiting for orders at the window. The words left Madeleine quite
cold.
Madame Cornuel and her step-daughter did not think it necessary
to talk to Madeleine. They exchanged little remarks with each other
at intervals, and laughed at allusions which she could not catch.
‘Are we to fetch Sappho?’ suddenly asked the younger woman.
‘No, she purposes coming later, and on foot.’
Madeleine heard the name without a thrill.
The coach rolled on, and Madeleine sat as if petrified. Suddenly
she galvanised herself into activity. In a few minutes they would be
there, and if she allowed herself to arrive in this condition all would
be lost. Why should she let these two horrid women ruin her chance
of success? She muttered quickly to herself:—
‘Oh! blessed Virgin, give me the friendship of Mademoiselle de
Scudéry,’ and then started gabbling through her prepared scene.
‘“Ah, dear Zénocrite, here you come, leading our new
bergère!” cries the lady on the bed. “Welcome, Mademoiselle,
I have been waiting with impatience to make your
acquaintance.”’
Would she get it finished before they arrived? She felt all her
happiness depended on it.
‘“Madame, it would have been of no consequence, for the

Sibyl herself would have taken the conqueror captive.... But,
Mademoiselle, what, if you will pardon my curiosity, induced
you to leave your agreeable prairies?”’
They were passing the Palais Cardinal—soon they would turn

down the rue St Thomas du Louvre—she had not much time.
The coach was rolling into the court of the Hôtel de Rambouillet
and she had not finished. They got out. A tall woman, aged about
thirty, with reddish hair and a face badly marked by smallpox, but in
spite of these two blemishes of an extremely elegant and
distinguished appearance, came towards them, screwing up her eyes
in the manner of the near-sighted. Her top petticoat was full of
flowers; she was too short-sighted to recognise Madame Cornuel till
she was quite close, then she dropped a mock-low curtsey, and
drawled ‘Ma-a-a-dame.’ Madame Cornuel laughed: evidently she had
imitated a mutual acquaintance. With a sudden sense of exclusion
Madeleine gave up hope.
‘Are you following the example of our friend of the Faubourg St-
Germain, may I inquire?’ asked Madame Cornuel, with a little smile,
pointing to the flowers, at which her step-daughter laughed, and the
tall red-haired lady made a moue and answered with a deep sigh:—
‘Ah! the wit of the Marais!’ The meaning of this esoteric persiflage
was entirely lost on Madeleine, and she sat with an absolutely
expressionless face, trying to hide her own embarrassment.
‘Ah! pardon me, I had forgotten,’ Madame Cornuel exclaimed.
‘Mademoiselle de Rambouillet, allow me to present to you
Mademoiselle Troqueville.’ (It may have been Madeleine’s
imagination, but it seemed to her that Madame Cornuel paused
before calling her Mademoiselle.) Mademoiselle de Rambouillet
screwed up her eyes at her and smiled quite pleasantly, while
Madeleine, absolutely tongue-tied, tried to perform the almost
impossible task of curtseying in a coach. They got out, and went
inside, the three others continuing their mystifying conversation.
They went up a staircase and through one large splendid room
after another. So here was Madeleine, actually in the famous ‘Palais
de Cléomire,’ as it was called in Cyrus, but the fact did not move her,
indeed she did not even realise it. Once Mademoiselle de
Rambouillet turned round and said to her:—
‘I fear ’tis a long journey, Mademoiselle,’ but the manner in which
she screwed up her eyes both terrified and embarrassed her, so
instead of answering she merely blushed and muttered something
under her breath.
Finally they reached Madame de Rambouillet’s bedroom (she had
ceased for some years to receive in the Salle Bleue). She was lying
on a bed in an alcove and there were several people in the ruelle; as
the thick velvet curtains of the windows were drawn Madeleine got
merely an impression of rich, rare objects glowing like jewels out of
the semi-darkness, but in a flash she took in the appearance of
Madame de Rambouillet. Her face was pale and her lips a bright
crimson, which was obviously not their natural colour; she had large
brown eyes with heavy pinkish eyelids, and the only sign that she
was a day over fifty was a slight trembling of the head. She was
wearing a loose gown of some soft gray material, and on her head
were cornettes of exquisite lace trimmed with pale yellow ribbons.
One of her hands was lying on the blue coverlet, it was so thin that
its veins looked almost like the blue of the coverlet shining through.
The fingers were piled up with beautiful rings.
There was a flutter round the bed, and then Madeleine found
herself being presented to the Marquise.
‘Ah! Mademoiselle Toctin, I am ravished to make your
acquaintance,’ she said in a wonderfully melodious voice, with a just
perceptible Italian accent. ‘You come from delicious Marseilles, do
you not? You will be able to recount to us strange Orient romances
of orange-trees and Turkish soldiers. Angélique, bring Mademoiselle
Touville a pliant, and place it close to me, and I will warm myself at
her Southern historiettes.’
‘It is from Lyons that I come, not from Marseilles,’ was the only
repartee of which at the moment Madeleine was capable. Her voice
sounded strange and harsh, and she quite forgot a ‘Madame.’
However, the Marquise did not hear, as she had turned to another
guest. But Angélique de Rambouillet heard, and so did another lady,
with an olive complexion and remarkably bright eyes, whom
Madeleine guessed to be Madame de Montausier, the famous
‘Princesse Julie.’ They exchanged glances of delight, and Madeleine
began to blush, and blush, though, as a matter of fact, it was by
their mother they were amused.
In the meantime a very tall, elderly man, with a hatchet face,
came stumbling towards her.
‘You have not a chair, have you, Mademoiselle?’
‘Here it is, father,’ said Angélique, who was bringing one up.
‘Ah! that is right, Mademoiselle er ... er ... er ... will sit here.’
Madeleine took to this kind, polite man, and felt a little happier. He
sat down beside her and made a few remarks, which Madeleine, full
of the will to be agreeable, answered as best she could,
endeavouring to make up by pleasant smiles for her sudden lack of
esprit. But, unfortunately, the Marquis was almost stone-blind, so
the smiles were lost upon him, and before long Madeleine noticed by
his absent laugh and amused expression that his attention was
wandering to the conversation of the others.
‘I am of opinion you would look inexpressibly galant in a scarlet
hat, Marquis,’ Madame de Rambouillet was saying to a short,
swarthy man with a rather saturnine expression. They all looked at
him mischievously. ‘Julie would be obliged to join Yvonne in the
Convent, but there would be naught to hinder you from keeping
Marie-Julie at your side as your adopted daughter.’ The company
laughed a little, the laugh of people too thoroughly intimate to need
to make any effort. ‘Monsieur de Grasse is wearing his episcopal
smile—look at him, pray! Come, Monseigneur, you must confess that
a scarlet hat would become him to a marvel,’ and Madame de
Rambouillet turned her brilliant, mischievous eyes on a tiny prelate
with a face like a naughty schoolboy’s.
He had been called Monsieur de Grasse. Could he, then, be the
famous Godeau, bishop and poet? It seemed impossible. For Saint
Thomas is the patron saint of provincials when they meet celebrities
in the flesh.
‘I fear Monsieur’s head would be somewhat too large to wear it
with comfort,’ he answered.
‘Hark to the episcopal fleurette! Marquis, rise up and bow!’ but the
only answer from the object of these witticisms was a surly grunt.
Another idle smile rippled round the circle, and then there fell a
silence of comfortable intimacy. If Madeleine had suddenly found
herself in the kingdom of Prester John she could not have
understood less of what was going on around her.
‘Madame Cornuel has a furiously galante historiette she is burning
to communicate to us,’ said Mademoiselle de Rambouillet, screwing
up her eyes at Madame Cornuel.
‘Julie, bid Monsieur de Grasse go upstairs to play with Marie-Julie,
and then Madame Cornuel will tell it.’
‘Monsieur de Grasse——’
‘Madame la Marquise come to my rescue! I too would fain hear
the historiette!’
‘Nolo episcopari, hein?’
‘Now, then, be obedient, and get you to Marie-Julie!’
‘Where can I take refuge?’
‘If there were a hazel-nut at hand, ’twould serve your purpose.’
‘No, Madame la Marquise, permit me to hide within your locket.’
‘As you will. Now, Madame, we are all attention.’
Throughout this fooling, Madeleine had sat with aching jaws
stretched into a smile, trying desperately hard not to look out of it.
They all looked towards Madame Cornuel, who sat smiling in
unruffled silence.
‘Madame?’
‘Well, Mademoiselle, tell me who is to be its heroine, who its hero,
and what its plot, and then I will recount it to you,’ she said. They
seemed to think this very witty, and laughed heartily. There was
another pause, and Madeleine again made an attempt to engage the
Marquis’s attention.
‘The ... the ... the houses in Paris ... seem to me most goodly
structures,’ she began. He gave his nervous laugh.
‘Yes, yes, we have some rare architects these days. Have you
been to see the new buildings of the Val de Grâce?’
‘No, I have not ... er ... it is a Convent, is it not?’
‘Yes. Under the patronage of Notre Dame de la Crêche.’
His attention began to wander again; she made a frantic effort to
rekindle the flames of the dying topic.
‘What a strange name it is—Val de Grâce, what do you think can
be its meaning?’
‘Yes, yes,’ with his nervous laugh, ‘Val de Grâce, doubtless there is
some legend connected with it.’
Madeleine gave up in despair.
The languid, intimate talk and humorous silences had suddenly
turned into something more animated.
‘Madame de Sablé vows that she saw her there with her own
eyes, and that she was dressed in a justaucorps.’
‘Sophie has seen more things than the legendary Argos!’
‘Well, it has been turned into a Vaudeville in her quarter.’
‘In good earnest, has it? What an excellent diversion! Julie, pray
ask Madame d’Aiguillon about it and tell us. Go to-day.’
‘I daren’t; “my dear, my dear, cela fait dévotion and that puts me
in mind, the Reine-Mère got a special chalice of Florentine enamel
and I must——” Roqueten, Roqueten, Roquetine.’
‘Upon my life, the woman’s talk has less of meaning than a
magpie’s!’ growled Madeleine to herself.
At that moment the door opened and in came a tall, middle-aged
woman, swarthy, and very ugly. She was dressed in a plain gown of
gray serge. Her face was wreathed in an agreeable smile, that made
her look like a civil horse.
Madeleine had forgotten all about Mademoiselle de Scudéry, but
when this lady came in, it all came rushing back; she got cold all
over, and if before she had longed to be a thousand miles away, she
now longed to be ten thousand.
There was a general cry of:—
‘Mademoiselle: the very person we were in need of. You know
everything. Tell us all about the Présidente Tambonneau, but avoid,
in your narration, an excessive charity.’
‘If you talk with the tongues of men and of Angels and yet have
Charity, ye are become as sounding brass and as a tinkling cymbal,’
said Madame Cornuel in her clear, slow voice. She spoke rarely, but
when she did it was with the air of enunciating an oracle.
‘Humph! That is a fault that you are rarely guilty of!’ growled
Montausier quite audibly.
‘The Présidente Tambonneau? No new extravagance of hers has
reached my ears. What is there to tell?’ said the new-comer. She
spoke in a loud, rather rasping voice, and still went on smiling civilly.
‘Oh, you ladies of the Marais, every one is aware that you are
omniscient, and yet you are perfect misers of your historiettes!’
‘Sappho, we must combine against the quartier du Palais Cardinal,
albeit they do call us “omniscient.” It sounds infinitely galant, but I
am to seek as to its meaning,’ said Madame Cornuel.
‘Ask Mademoiselle, she is in the last intimacy with the Maréchal
des mots; it is reported he has raised a whole new company to fight
under his Pucelle.’
‘From all accounts, she is in sore need of support, poor lady.
Madame de Longueville says she is “parfaitement belle mais
parfaitement ennuyeuse,”’ said Mademoiselle de Rambouillet very
dryly.
‘That would serve as an excellent epitome of divers among our
friends,’ murmured Madame de Montausier.
‘Poor Chapelain! all said, he, by merely being himself, has added
infinitely more to our diversion than the wittiest person in the world,’
said Madame de Rambouillet, looking mischievously at Mademoiselle
de Scudéry, who, though still wearing the same smile, was evidently
not pleased.
‘Yes, Marquis, when you are made a duke, you would do well to
employ Monsieur Chapelain as your jester. Ridiculous, solemn people
are in reality much more diverting than wits,’ said Mademoiselle de
Rambouillet to Montausier, who looked extremely displeased, and
said in angry, didactic tones:—
‘Chapelain a des sentiments fins et delicats, il raisonne juste, et
dans ses œuvres on y trouve de nobles et fortes expressions,’ and
getting up he walked over to Mademoiselle de Scudéry, and they
were soon talking earnestly together.
Madeleine all this time had been torn between terror of being
introduced to Mademoiselle de Scudéry, and terror of not being
introduced. Her face was absolutely impassive, and she had ceased
to pretend to take any interest in what was going on around her.
Suddenly she heard Madame de Rambouillet saying to Monsieur
de Grasse:—
‘You remember Julie’s and her sister’s vision about night-caps?’
‘Ah, yes, and the trick played on them by Voiture, and the poor,
excellent Marquis de Pisani.’
‘Yes,’ she answered, with a little sigh and a smile. ‘Well, it has
been inherited by little Marie-Julie, whenever she beholds one she
becomes transfixed by terror. Visions are strange things!’
Madeleine for the first time that afternoon felt happy and pleased.
She herself had always loathed night-caps, and as a child had
screamed with terror whenever she had seen any one wearing one.
What a strange coincidence that this vision should be shared by
Madame de Rambouillet’s daughters! She turned eagerly to the
Marquis.
‘Monsieur, I hear Madame la Marquise telling how Mesdames her
daughters were wont to be affrighted by night-caps; when I was a
child, they worked on me in a like manner, and to speak truth, to
this day I have a dislike to them.’
‘Indeed, indeed,’ he answered, with his nervous laugh. ‘Yes, my
daughters had quite a vision as to night-caps. Doubtless ’twas linked
in their memory with some foolish, monstrous fable they had heard
from one of their attendants. ’Tis strange, but our little
granddaughter has inherited the fear and she refuses to kiss us if we
are wearing one.’
Alas! There was no crack through which Madeleine could get in
her own personality! The Marquis got up and stumbled across the
room to Mademoiselle de Scudéry, and Montausier, having to give up
his chair, sat down by Madeleine. There was a cry of ‘Ah! here she
comes!’
The door opened and a little girl of about seven years old walked
into the room, followed by a gouvernante who stood respectfully in
the doorway. The child was dressed in a miniature Court dress, cut
low and square at the neck. She had a little pointed face, and eyes
with a slight outward squint. She made a beautiful curtsey, first to
her grandmother and then to the company.
‘My dearest treasure,’ Madame de Rambouillet cried in her
beautiful husky voice. ‘Come and greet your friend, Monsieur de
Grasse.’
Every one had stopped talking and were looking at the child with
varying degrees of interest. Madeleine felt suddenly fiercely jealous
of her; she stole a glance at Mademoiselle de Scudéry, and saw on
her face the universal smile of tolerant amusement with which
grown-up people regard children. The child went up to Godeau,
kissed his ring, and then busily and deliberately found a foot-stool
for herself, dragged it up to Madame de Rambouillet’s bed, and sat
down on it.
‘The little lady already has the tabouret chez la reine,’[2] said
Mademoiselle de Scudéry, smiling and bowing to Madame de
Rambouillet. The child, however, did not understand the witticism;
she looked offended, frowned, and said severely:—
‘I am working a tabouret for myself,’ and then, as if to soften what
she evidently had meant for a snub, she added: ‘It has crimson
flowers on it, and a blue saint feeding birds.’
Montausier went into fits of proud laughter.
‘There is a bit of hagiology for you to interpret, Monsieur de
Grasse,’ he cried triumphantly, suddenly in quite a good temper, and
looking round to see if the others were amused. Godeau looked
interested and serious.
‘That must be a most rare and delicate tabouret, Mademoiselle,’ he
said; ‘do you know what the saint’s name is?’
‘No, I thank you,’ she answered politely, but wearily, and they all
again went into peals of laughter.
‘My love,’ said Madame de Rambouillet. ‘I am certain Monsieur de
Grasse and that lady,’ nodding towards Mademoiselle de Scudéry,
‘would be enchanted by those delicious verses you wrote for my
birthday, will you recite them?’
But the child shook her head, backwards and forwards, the more
she was entreated, the more energetically she shook her head,
evidently enjoying the process for its own sake. Then she climbed on
to her grandmother’s bed and whispered something in her ear.
Madame de Rambouillet shook with laughter, and after they had
whispered together for some minutes the child left the room.
Madame de Rambouillet then told the company that Marie-Julie’s
reason for not wishing to recite her poem was that she had heard
her father say that all hommes de lettres were thieves and were
quite unprincipled about using each other’s writings, and she was
afraid that Mademoiselle de Scudéry or Monsieur de Grasse might, if
they heard her poem, publish it as their own. There was much
laughter, and Montausier was in ecstasies.
‘I am impatient for you to hear the poem,’ said Madame de
Rambouillet. ‘It is quite delicious.’
‘Yes, my daughter promises to be a second Neuf-germain!’[3] said
Madame de Montausier, smiling.
‘What a Nemesis, that a mother who has inspired so many
delicious verses, and a father——’ began Mademoiselle de Scudéry,
but just then the child came back with her head disappearing into a
large beplumed man’s hat, and carrying a shepherd’s crook in her
hand.
‘I am a Muse,’ she announced, and the company exchanged
delighted, bewildered glances.
‘Now, I will begin.’
‘Yes, pray do, my dear love,’ said Madame de Rambouillet, trying
to compose her face.
‘The initial letters form my grandmother’s name: Cathérine,’ she
explained, and then, taking her stand in the middle of the room,
began to declaim with great unction:—
‘Chérie, vous êtes aimable et

Aussi belle que votre perroquet,
Toujours souriante et douce.
Hélas! j’ai piqué mon pouce
En brodant pour votre jour de fête
Rien qu’une bourse qui n’est pas bête.
J’aime ma Grandmère, c’est ma chatte,
Nellie, mon petit chien, donne lui ta patte,
Et lèche la avec ta petite langue.’
She then made a little bow to the company, and sat down again
on her tabouret, quite undisturbed by the enthusiastic applause that
had followed her recitation.
‘Mademoiselle,’ began Godeau solemnly, ‘words fail me, to use the
delicious expression of Saint Amant, with which to praise your
ravishing verses as they deserve. But if the Abbé Ménage were here,
I think he might ask you if the qui in ... let me see ... the sixth line,
refers to the bourse or to the act of pricking your finger. Because if,
as I imagine, it is to the latter, the laws of our language demand the
insertion of a ce before the qui, while the unwritten laws of universal
experience assert that the action of pricking one’s finger should be
called bête not pas bête. We writers must be prepared for this sort
of ignoble criticism.’
‘Of course the qui refers to bourse,’ said Madame de Montausier,
for the child was looking bewildered. ‘You will pardon me but what
an exceeding foolish question from a Member of the Academy! It
was bête to prick one’s finger, but who, with justice, could call bête a
bourse of most quaint and excellent design? Is it not so, ma chatte?’
The child nodded solemnly, and Monsieur de Grasse was profuse in
his apologies for his stupidity.
Madeleine had noticed that the only member of the company,
except herself, who had not been entranced by this performance,
was Mademoiselle de Scudéry. Though she smiled the whole time,
and was profuse in her compliments, yet she was evidently bored.
Instead of pleasing Madeleine, this shocked her, it also made her
rather despise her, for being out of it.
She turned to Montausier and said timidly:—
‘I should dearly love to see Mademoiselle votre fille and the
Cardinal’s baby niece together. They would make a delicious pair.’
But Montausier either really did not hear, or pretended not to, and
Madeleine had the horrible embarrassment of speaking to air.
‘Who is that demoiselle?’ the child suddenly cried in a shrill voice,
looking at Madeleine.
‘That is Mademoiselle Hoqueville, my love.’
‘Hoqueville! what a droll name!’ and she went into peals of shrill
laughter. The grandparents and mother of the child smiled
apologetically at Madeleine, but she, in agony at being humiliated,
as she considered, before Mademoiselle de Scudéry, tried to improve
matters by looking haughty and angry. However, this remark
reminded Madame de Rambouillet of Madeleine’s existence, and she
exclaimed:—
‘Oh! Mademoiselle Hoqueville, you have, as yet, seen naught of
the hôtel. Marie-Julie, my love, go and say bon-jour to that lady and
ask her if she will accompany you to the salle bleue.’
The child obediently went over to Madeleine, curtseyed, and held
out her hand. Madeleine was not certain whether she ought to
curtsey back or merely bow without rising from the chair. She
compromised in a cross between the two, which made her feel
extremely foolish. On being asked if she would like to see la salle
bleue, she had to say yes, and followed the child out of the room.
She followed her through a little cabinet, and then they were in
the famous room, sung by so many poets, the scene of so many gay
and brilliant happenings.
Madeleine’s first feeling was one of intense relief at being freed
from the strain of the bedroom, then, as it were, she galvanised into
activity her demand upon life, and felt in despair at losing even a
few moments of Mademoiselle de Scudéry’s company. The child
walked on in front humming a little tune to herself. Madeleine felt
she must pull herself together, and make friends with her.
‘What rare and skilful verses those were you recited to us,’ she
began, her voice harshly breaking the silence of the huge room. The
child looked at her out of her crab-eyes, pursed up her mouth, and
went on humming.
‘Do you dearly love your little dog?’
‘Haven’t got one.’ This was startling.
‘But you made mention of one in your poem,’ said Madeleine in an
aggrieved tone.
The child screamed with scornful laughter:—
‘She isn’t mine, she’s Aunt Angélique’s!’ she cried, and looked at
Madeleine as if she must be mad for having made such a mistake.
There was another pause. Madeleine sighed wearily and went to
look at the famous tapestry, the child followed her.
Its design consisted of groups of small pastoral figures disporting
themselves in a blue Arcady. In one group there was a shepherdess
sitting on a rustic bench, surrounded by shepherds; a nymph was
offering her a basket of flowers. The child pointed to the
shepherdess: ‘That is my grandmother, and that is me bringing her
flowers, and that is my father, and that is Monsieur Sarrasin, and
that is my dear Maître Claude!’ ... This was better. Madeleine made a
violent effort to be suitably fantastic.
‘It may be when you are asleep you do in truth become that
nymph and live in the tapestry.’ The child stared at her, frowned, and
continued her catalogue:—
‘And that is my mother, and that is Aunt Angélique, and that is
Madame de Longueville, and that is Madame de Sablé, and that is
Monsieur de la Rochefoucauld, and that is my little friend
Mademoiselle de Sévigné,’ and so on.
When she had been through the list of her acquaintances, she
wandered off and began to play with a box of ivory puzzles.
Madeleine, in a final attempt to ingratiate herself, found for her
some of the missing pieces, at which her mouth began to tremble,
and Madeleine realised that all the pleasure lay in doing it by herself,
so she left her, and with a heavy heart crept back to the bedroom.
She found Madame Cornuel and Mademoiselle Legendre preparing
to go, and supposing they had already said good-bye, solemnly
curtseyed to all the company in turn. They responded with great
friendliness and kindness, but she suddenly noticed Madame Cornuel
exchanging glances with her step-daughter, and realised in a flash
that by making her adieux she had been guilty of a provincialism.
She smiled grimly to herself. What did it matter?
Madame Cornuel dropped her in the rue Saint-Honoré, and she
walked quietly home.
She had not exchanged a single word with Mademoiselle de
Scudéry.
CHAPTER X
AFTERWARDS
Madeleine walked up the petite rue du Paon, in at the baker’s

door, and upstairs. She still felt numbed, but knew that before her
were the pains of returning circulation; Madame Troqueville heard
her come in and ran out from the kitchen, full of smiles and
questions. Madeleine told her in a calm voice that it had all been
delightful, praised the agreeable manners of the Rambouillets, and
described the treasures of the salle bleue. She repeated the quaint
sayings of the child, and Madame Troqueville cried ‘Quel amour! Oh,
Madeleine, I would like you to have just such another little
daughter!’
Madeleine smiled wearily.
‘And what of Mademoiselle de Scu-tary?’ her mother asked rather
nervously.
‘De Scudéry,’ corrected Madeleine, true to habit. ‘She was furiously
spirituelle and very ... civil. I am a trifle tired.... I think I will away
and rest,’ and she dragged herself wearily off to her own room.
Madame Troqueville, who had watched her very unhappily, made as
if she would follow her, but thought better of it.
When Madeleine got into her room, she sat down on her bed, and
clasped her head. She could not, she would not think. Then, like a
wave of ecstasy there swept over her little points she had noticed
about Mademoiselle de Scudéry, but which had not at the time
thrilled her in the slightest. Her teeth were rather long; she had a
mole on her left cheek; she was not as grandly dressed as the
others; the child had snubbed her; Montausier had been very
attentive to her; she was a great celebrity; Madame de Rambouillet
had teased her. This medley of recollections, each and all of them
made her feel quite faint with pleasure, so desirable did they make
her love appear. But then ... she had not spoken to her ... she had
been humiliated before her.... Oh! it was not to be faced! Her teeth
were rather long. Montausier had been attentive to her ... oh, how
thrilling! And yet ... she, Madeleine had not even been introduced to
her. The supernal powers had seemed to have a scrupulous regard
for her wishes. They had actually arranged that the first meeting
should be at the Hôtel de Rambouillet ... and she had not even been
introduced to her! Could it be possible that the Virgin had played her
a trick? Should she turn and rend in mad fury the whole Heavenly
Host? No; that would be accepting defeat once for all, and that must
not be, for the past as well as the future was malleable, and it was
only by emotionally accepting it that a thing became a fact. This
strange undercurrent of thought translated itself thus in her
consciousness: God and the Virgin must be trusted; they had only
disclosed a tiny bit of their design, what madness then, to turn
against them, thus smashing perhaps their perfect scheme for her
happiness! Or perhaps her own co-operation had not been adequate
—she had perhaps not been instant enough in dancing—but still ...
but still ... the visit to the Hôtel de Rambouillet was over, she had
seen Mademoiselle de Scudéry, and was still not one inch nearer to
her heart’s desire. She could not face it.
She came down to supper. Her father was silent and gloomy,
shaking his head and twisting his lips. His visit to his lady had been a
failure. Was there ... could there be ... some mystical connection?
And there was Jacques still limping ... and he had given her that
horrid bead trimming.... No, no, no ... these were insane, goblin
ideas that must be crushed.
Her mother was trying hard to be cheerful, and Jacques kept
looking at her anxiously. When supper was over she went up to her
room, half hoping, half fearing that he would follow.
Shortly there was a scratch at the door (with great difficulty she
had persuaded him to adopt the fashionable scratch—to knock was
bourgeois).
He came in, and gave her a look with his bright eyes, at once
compassionate and whimsical. She felt herself dully hoping that he
would not ask why she was not wearing the bead trimming. He did
not, but began to tell her of his day, spent mostly at the Palais and a
tavern. But all the time he watched her; she listened languidly. ‘How
went the fête galante?’ he asked, after a pause.
‘It was furiously galante,’ she answered with a tragic smile. He
walked slowly up to her, half smiling all the time, sat down on her
bed, and put his arm around her.
‘You are cruelly unhappy, my poor one, I know. But ’twill pass, in
time all caprices yield to graver things.’
‘But it is no caprice!’ she cried passionately. ‘Oh, Jacques, it is hard
to make my meaning clear, but they be real live people with their
own pursuits ... they are all square like little fat boxes ... oh, how
can I make you understand?’
Jacques could not help laughing. ‘I’m sure, ’tis hateful of them to
be like boxes; though, in truth, for my part, I am to seek ... oh,
Madeleine, dear life, it’s dreadful to be miserable ... the cursed
phantasia, what tricks it plays us ... ’tis a mountebank, don’t heed it
but put your faith in the good old bourgeois intellect,’ but Madeleine,
ignoring this comfort from Gassendi, moaned out,—
‘Oh! Jacques! I want to die ... you see, ’tis this way—they’ve got
their own lives and memories, folded up all tight around them. Oh!
can no one ever get to know any one else?’
He began to understand.
‘Indeed one can, but it takes time. One has to hew a path through
the blood, through the humours, up to the brain, and, once there,
create the Passion of Admiration. How can it be done at once?’
‘I can’t wait ... I can’t wait ... except things come at once I’ll have
none of them ... at least that’s not quite my meaning,’ she added
hurriedly, looking furtively round and crossing herself several times.
‘Oh! but I don’t feel that I am of a humour that can wait.... Oh! I
feel something sick and weak in me somewhere.’
‘It’s but those knavish old animal spirits playing tricks on the will,
but I think that it is only because one is young,’ and he would have
launched out on a philosophical dissertation, only Madeleine felt that
she could not stand it.
‘Don’t, Jacques!’ she screamed. ‘Talk about me, or I shall go mad!’
‘Well, then, recount to me the whole matter.’
‘Oh! there is nothing worth the telling, but they would make
dædal pleasantries—pleasantries one fails to understand, except one
have a clue—and they would talk about people with whom I was not
acquainted.... Oh! it seems past human compassing to make friends
with a person except one has known them all one’s life! How could I
utter my conceit if they would converse of matters I did not
understand?’ she repeated furiously. Jacques smiled.
‘I admit,’ he said dryly, ‘to be show man of a troupe of marionettes
is an agreeable profession.’ She looked at him suspiciously for a
second, and then catching his hands, cried desperately:—
‘Is it beyond our powers ever to make a new friend?’
‘That it is not, but it can’t be effected at once. I am sure that
those Messieurs de Port-Royal would tell you that even Jesus Christ
finds ’tis but a slow business worming His way into a person’s heart.
There He stands, knocking and knocking, and then——’ Madeleine
saw that he was on the point of becoming profane, and as her gods
did not like profanity, she crossed herself and cut in with:—
‘But even admitting one can’t come to any degree of intimacy with
a person at once, the beginning of the intimacy must happen at
once, and I’m at a loss to know how the beginning can happen at
once any more than the whole thing.’
She had got into one of her tight knots of nerves, when she
craved to be reasoned with, if only for the satisfaction of
confounding the reasons offered her. Jacques clasped his head and
laughed.
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‘Approche donc, ma belle,

‘Approche donc, ma belle,

‘Ma belle herbe, anis fleur.’

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‘Vous désirez quelque cho-o-o-se?’

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‘Chérie, vous êtes aimable et

Madeleine walked up the petite rue du Paon, in at the baker’s

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