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Module-7

Module

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Aina Velez
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4 views

Module-7

Module

Uploaded by

Aina Velez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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▪ MODULE 8: TORSIONAL STRESS

Module Rationale/Introduction:
This module provide an basic principles of torsion, which students will grasp
understanding on a concept of the principle on stresses such torsional stress as the
combination of basic types stresses acted on a structural element.

Module Outcomes:
At the end of this module , the students are expected to:

1. internalized Torsional stress formula


2. identified factors causes torsional stress
3. discussed the relation of Torsional stress and Shear stress

Introduction:
Similar to structures under tension or compression, two important mechanical
properties of shafts under torque loads are shear stress and shear strain.
Torque is a moment that twists a structure. Unlike axial loads which produce a
uniform, or average, stress over the cross section of the object, a torque creates a
distribution of stress over the cross section. To keep things simple, we're going to focus on
structures with a circular cross section, often called rods or shafts. When a torque is
applied to the structure, it will twist along the long axis of the rod, and its cross section
remains circular. Power transmission shafts — on motors and gearboxes, for example —
are subjected to torque loads that result in torsion, or twisting of the shaft about its axis
Consider a bar to be rigidly attached at one end and twisted at the other end by a
torque or twisting moment T equivalent to F × d, which is applied perpendicular to the axis
of the bar, as shown in the figure. Such a bar is said to be in torsion.

Torque is force applied at a distance that causes a change in angular momentum. A


moment is also a force applied at a distance, but it does not cause a change in angular
▪ MODULE 8: TORSIONAL STRESS

momentum. In other words, torque causes a body to rotate about an axis, whereas a
moment load does not cause rotation.

Definition of Terms:
Shafts are mechanical components, usually of circular cross-section, used to transmit
power/torque through their rotational motion.
Polar moment of inertia (J) represents a resistance to twisting deformation in the shaft.
Shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G) is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a
material

Torsional Shearing Stress, τ


For a solid or hollow circular shaft subject to a twisting moment T, the torsional shearing
stress τ at a distance ρ from the center of the shaft is

τ=Tρ/J and τmax=Tr/J

where J is the polar moment of inertia of the section and r is the outer radius.

Torque on a shaft causes shear stress. The torsion, or twist, induced when torque is
applied to a shaft causes a distribution of stress over the shaft's cross-sectional area.

For solid cylindrical shaft:


J=π D4/32
τmax=16T/πD3

For hollow cylindrical shaft:


J=π(D4−d4)/32
τmax=16TD/π(D4−d4)

T = torque or twisting moment, [N×m, lb×in]

J = polar moment of inertia or polar second moment of area about shaft axis, [m4, in4]

τ = shear stress at outer fibre, [Pa, psi]

r = radius of the shaft, [m, in]

G = modulus of rigidity (PanGlobal and Reed’s) or shear modulus (everybody else), [Pa,
psi]
▪ MODULE 8: TORSIONAL STRESS

θ = angle of twist, [rad]

L = length of the shaft, [m, in]

For sign convention:

Sample Problem:
A solid shaft 0.60m long that has a diameter of 50mm is subjected to a torque of 750N.m
Determine the maximum shearing stress and the angle of twist. Use G = 28GPa.

Solution:
Given:
Length(L)= 0.60m
Diameter (ρ,d)=50mm
Torque(T)=750N.m
Shear Modulus (G)=28 GPa or 28,000,000,000 Pa or 28x109 Pa

Solution:
▪ MODULE 8: TORSIONAL STRESS

τmax= 16T/πd3= 16(750 N.m)(1000mm) or τmax= Tr/J


π(50mm)3
6
=12x10 / 392,699.08
τmax= 30.557.74N/mm2
τmax= 30.56 MPa answer

θ = TL
JG

= 750m(1000mm) (0.60m) (1000mm)


π (50mm)4(28×109 N/m2)
32
= 0.000000026 m2/mm2 (1000mm/1m)2
= 0.026 radian (1800/ π)

θ = 1.480 answer

Note: π radian= 180 degrees

2. A moment of 1000 Nm is acting on a solid cylinder shaft with diameter 50 mm (0.05 m)


and length 1 m. The shaft is made in steel with modulus of rigidity 79 GPa (79X 109 Pa).

Maximum shear stress can be calculated as

τmax = T r / J

= T (D / 2) / (π D4 / 32)

= (1000 Nm) ((0.05 m) / 2) / (π (0.05 m)4 / 32)

= 40764331 Pa

= 40.8 MPa

The angular deflection of the shaft can be calculated as

θ = T L/ (J G)

= T L / ((π D4 / 32) G)

= (1000 N.m) (1 m) / ((π (0.05 m)4 / 32) (79x109 Pa))

= 0.021 (radians)(1800/ π

= 1.2 o

References:
• Strength of Materials, Anne Visser Meily, 2019
▪ MODULE 8: TORSIONAL STRESS

• Strength of Materials, Andrew Pytel, Jaan Kiusalaas, 2012


• Construction Technology-Analysis and Choices, Sue Mcgrath, 2019
• Building construction materials, strength and properties, by Royal, Seth 2016
• Simplified method on Building Construction by Max B. Fajardo Jr., C 2001
• National Structural Code of the Phil. 2010. Vol. 1, bldg. tower & others vertical structure
6th ed.by ASEP
• Architectural and Structural Topics by Salvan George Salinda.

Link:

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/shear-and-moment-

diagrams

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uenWEQwk08

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/torsion-shafts-d_947.html

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