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Key Notes on Computer Fundamentals

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nourkhalil543
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6 views

Key Notes on Computer Fundamentals

Uploaded by

nourkhalil543
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Key Notes on Computer Fundamentals

1. Definition of a Computer

- A computer is an electronic device that processes data and performs tasks based on a set of

instructions (programs).

- It operates using two main components: hardware (physical parts) and software (programs and

operating systems).

2. Basic Components of a Computer

- Input Devices: Devices used to enter data into the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone).

- Output Devices: Devices used to display or convey information from the computer (e.g., monitor,

printer, speakers).

- Central Processing Unit (CPU): Known as the "brain" of the computer, it processes instructions and

manages operations.

- Memory:

- RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage used while a computer is running.

- ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage containing essential instructions.

- Storage Devices: Devices used to store data permanently, such as hard drives, SSDs, and USB

drives.

3. Types of Software

- System Software: Manages hardware and provides basic functions (e.g., operating systems like

Windows, Linux, macOS).

- Application Software: Programs designed for specific tasks (e.g., Microsoft Word, web browsers,

games).

- Utility Software: Tools for system maintenance (e.g., antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools).
4. Data Representation

- Computers process data in binary (0s and 1s).

- Data is measured in bits and bytes:

- 1 Byte = 8 Bits

- Units: KB, MB, GB, TB

5. Types of Computers

- Desktop Computers: For personal and professional use.

- Laptops: Portable computers with built-in hardware.

- Tablets/Smartphones: Compact devices for personal use.

- Servers: High-performance machines used for managing networks and hosting data.

6. Networking Basics

- Internet: A global network that connects millions of devices.

- IP Address: A unique identifier for each device on a network.

- Protocols: Rules for communication (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP).

7. Common Operating Systems

- Windows

- macOS

- Linux

- Android

- iOS

8. Storage Types

- Primary Storage: RAM (temporary, fast).


- Secondary Storage: Hard drives, SSDs (permanent, slower).

- Cloud Storage: Online data storage accessed over the internet.

9. Basic Computer Functions

- Input: Accepting data.

- Processing: Performing operations on data.

- Storage: Saving data for future use.

- Output: Displaying results.

10. Importance of Computers

- Used in various fields like education, business, healthcare, and entertainment.

- Enhance productivity, communication, and access to information.

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