RESEARCH PLAN PROPOSAL

An Analysis of Rural Development Schemes in Rajasthan with special

reference to Bundi District

For registration to the degree of Ph.D

Faculty of Social Sciences

Department of Economics
The IIS University, Jaipur

Submitted by

Chandni Laddha
Ph.D Research Scholar
ICG/2103/16555

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Anima Vaish
Department of Economics
The IIS University, JAIPUR

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction……………………………………….. 03

Review of Literature ………………………………. 4-19

Objectives………………………………………… 20

Hypotheses……………………………………….. 20

Methodology……………………………………… 20-21

Bibliography………………………………………. 22-24

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INTRODUCTION

Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic

and social life of a specific group of people, the rural poor. Rural
development generally refers to the process of improving the quality
of life and economic welfare of people living in relatively isolated and
sparsely populated areas. In India, majority of population reside in
rural areas, which is reflected in a high rural urban ratio. Taking this
into consideration, Government of India has been implementing
numerous rural development programmes, time and again, for the
welfare of rural communities.
In India, with 75 per cent of the rural population living below poverty
line and 74 per cent unemployed population hailing from rural India,
poverty and unemployment continue to be the major economic
problems, despite economic growth (Sanyal, 2011). After the
inception of independence, India realized the urgent importance of
developing the villages and a vast majority of toiling millions who
inhabit them. Hence, after independence, a good number of
programmes for rural development have been initiated by the
Government of India.
The study will cover various Central, State and the Joint effort
schemes which are presently being run in the various blocks and gram
panchayats of Bundi District. The schemes which are taken into
consideration are as follows:

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 S. NO NAME OF THE SCHEMES GOVERNMENT

1 MGNREGA Centre + State

2 Indira Awas Yojna Cente + State

3 National Livelihood Mission Centre + State

(AAJEVIKA)
4 Watershed Yojna Centre

5 NBA (Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan ) Centre

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A lot of literature related to the role of various rural development
schemes in achieving livelihood security and promoting sustainable
development, based on empirical studies, is available. These studies
depict that the schemes have shown mixed results, so far, in rural
India. A review of some of the recent important studies related to the
performance assessment of such schemes across the country is done.
Studies based on the opinion of eminent persons, awareness level of
the community and institutional arrangements made in different states
for implementation of rural development schemes, performance of
such schemes in different states, challenges in implementation,
provision of worksite facilities, effectiveness of social audits,
assessment of the work taken up, impact of such schemes on the lives
of the poor, changing migration pattern, and funds, are reviewed and
presented below in a chronological order.
The review of literature helped me in understanding the planning,
implementation and monitoring processes of various rural
development schemes and their related features.

4
Singh & Pundir (2000) in their study discussed that with more than
700 million of its people living in rural areas and with its rural sector
contributing to about 29 percent of the gross domestic product at
factor cost at 1993-94 prices, no strategy of socio-economic
development of India that neglects the rural people and the rural areas
can be successful. Rural development is, therefore, a sine qua non of
overall development in India. Rural development is influenced by a
multitude of factors such as natural resources, human resources,
technology, and institutions and organisations including co-operatives.
A co-operative is a form of organisation that is widely prevalent in
developing countries including India that has great potential as an
instrument of rural development. India can rightly claim to have the
largest network of co-operatives in the world. They occupy an
important place in India‘s rural economy in terms of their coverage of
rural population and their share in the total supply of agricultural
inputs including credit and contribute significantly to rural
development.

Nayak et.al.,(2002) conceived a wider study on the diversification of

rural livelihoods in India. Briefly, the wider study aims to identify
what policy initiatives might better support the poor in their search for
enhanced livelihoods. The Government of India currently commits
some Rs250 billion (£3.5 billion) to a number of poverty eradication
schemes, projects and programmes in support of the livelihoods of the
poor. The study provides the main financial dimensions of these
schemes, indicating the changing trends. A majority of financial
provisions under these schemes are allocated to rural areas. These,

5
therefore provide an important starting point in any effort to identify –
as the wider study seeks to – what role can government policy in
future play in enhancing the livelihoods of the poor.

Kannan (2005) in his study viewed the National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act a much needed developmental perspective that seeks to
enhance human development by inclusion of the rural poor. He opined
that the goal of investing in human capital can be completed through
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act through projects like
construction of schools, health centres at local level, repair of existing
buildings. This will be the best way to utilize the unutilized potential
in rural areas.

Chakraborty (2006) has discussed the spatial dimensions and fiscal

implications of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. She
carried out a preliminary appraisal based on secondary data and
explained that National Rural Employment Guarantee Act has no
problems of budget. Its allocation is only marginally higher than what
was spent in the past by the government on various rural employment
programmes. It is a demand-driven scheme and it has fallen far short
of meeting the demand in some states. The fund utilization ratio also
varies widely across states. Her paper is based on the state by state
employment demand-supply data and the use of funds released under
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act by the central government.
She concluded that the existing institutional arrangement is not
sufficient enough in poorer states to implement National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act in an effective manner. There is an urgent
need for both vertical and horizontal coordination across levels of

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governments within the states.

Khera (2006) in her study has discussed the Group Measurement of

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act work. Her study was
conducted in Jalore district of Rajasthan. She reported that according
to official data in Rajasthan, the number of people employed in relief
works soared from 4.08 lakh in 2000-01 to 9.75 lakh in 2002-03. In
the baseline survey, about half of the households reported that some
members of family have migrated during the summer month in 2001.
She witnessed an example of extreme low productivity in Chohtan
Block of Barmer District, at a worksite where approximately 250
workers were employed, but very few were actually working at the
time of her visit. She concluded that the public works offer relatively
predictable employment opportunities and are effective in slowing
down the rural-urban migration.

Dreze & Lal (2007) have discussed the National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act in Rajasthan and have come to the conclusion that
Rajasthan comes first in terms of employment generation per rural
household under the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. In
2006-07, the average rural household in Rajasthan’s six “NREGA
Districts” worked for as many as 77 days under this programme,
earning nearly Rs.4, 000 in the process. This is an unprecedented
achievement in the history of social security in India. They discussed
that disadvantaged sections of the population are the main gainers.
The share of women in National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
employment is around two-thirds in Rajasthan, and that of Scheduled
Caste and Scheduled Tribe households is as high as 80 per cent. Thus,

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the Act contributes to social equity and economic redistribution.

Jaswal & Mistry (2007) in their paper have discussed the first stage
of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act implementation. For
this, ten districts have been chosen, five from Gujarat, two from
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and one from Maharashtra. The
objective behind their study is to look at the financial and economic
aspects of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. They
studied the implications for the rural economy as a result of the
minimum wage and employment instituted by the Act. Besides this,
the effectiveness in implementation of the scheme was studied. They
concluded that, the Employment Guarantee Schemes are already
making a difference in the lives of the people, but still a long way
remained to achieve. There are some issues in terms of the benefits to
be drawn from the assets created by the scheme. Also, the menial
nature and the lack of encouragement for both skilled labour and
further training is something that is of concern in the long run.
Implementation issues like issuance of job-cards on time is also a
concern. Facilities for workers would also have to be improved over
time.

Khan & Saluja (2007) through their paper discussed the direct and
the indirect effects of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act on
employment generation and poverty reduction. For this, a detailed
survey was done in a poor agricultural village with 400 households,
nearly 2500 people. The survey recorded income and expenditure
levels by type of household including large, small and marginal
farmers, agricultural labour etc. The survey also recorded production

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activities undertaken by the inhabitants. Their village study reveals
that most people have no access to the scheme. People wanted a more
proactive role of the panchayat, in deciding the infrastructure to be
constructed. Almost everyone wanted more work from the scheme and
better facilities at the work place. There is enough evidence of fudging
and mismanagement of records. Large number of works relating to
water conservation has been taken up. Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan
report large women participation in the scheme. Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have conducted work, time and motion
studies and accordingly wages have been fixed. Karnataka has copied
Andhra Pradesh model but rest of the states continue to pay wages
based on old irrigation department norms.

Ghosh (2008) in her article wrote that National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act is completely different in conception from earlier
government employment schemes since it treats employment as a right
and the programme is intended to be demand-driven. Furthermore, the
Act and Guidelines anticipate very substantial participation of the
local people in the planning and monitoring of the specific schemes, to
a degree which has not been at all common. In addition National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act is actually far from being an expensive
failure; it will prove to be an extremely cost-effective way of
increasing employment directly and indirectly, reviving the rural
economy, providing basic consumption stability to poor households
and improving the bargaining power of rural workers.

Mathur (2008) in his study depicted that National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act could act as a great agent of socio-economic up-

9
liftment and providing livelihood security of poorest of the poor in
India if implemented earnestly. The employment and the earning
under National Rural Employment Guarantee Act should be treated as
additional avenue for such households. The National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act is the first tangible commitment to the
poor that they can expect to earn a living wage, without loss of
dignity.

Dev (2011) through his study has tried to examine the impact of
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme on the well-being of
children. It is well known that women’s well-being and empowerment
are crucial for the well-being of children. Therefore, this study also
examines the impact of the scheme on women. He tries to present the
evidence based on empirical studies in the literature relating to the
impact of National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme on
households, empowerment and well being of women, child labour,
health, education, nutrition of children and child care facilities at work
sites. In his paper he has made use of some of the in-depth studies on
various States of India. He concluded by saying that National Rural
Employment Guarantee Schemes is expected to help reduce chronic
poverty, risks and vulnerabilities of households particularly the poor.
It also seems to have positive significant impact on child well being.
This will have long term benefits for children in terms of reducing
child labour, malnutrition, ill-health and improving literacy levels.
There are significant regional variations in the working of National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. It is working much better in
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. On the other hand,
it is not working well in states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar

10
Pradesh.

Hugar et.al., (2011) through their study have tried to capture the
effect of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
by selecting two sets of villages in the Gulbarga district of Karnataka,
one which have utilized 75 per cent of allocated funds and the other
which have utilized less the 25 per cent of allocated funds under
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. The
study is based on primary data obtained from 120 sample farmers
belonging to five village panchayats. They concluded by saying that
the total cost of cultivation in fully-implemented MGNREGA villages
has been found higher. The labour productivity of male and female
has been noticed lower in fully-implemented MGNREGA villages for
all operations in the cropping. The study has also given some
suggestions to address the problem of labour scarcity , gram sabha is
advised to monitor the effective working hours of labour engaged
under MGNREGA work , the village panchayats are suggested to
implement MGNREGA on productive activities like construction of
farm ponds, check dams, nala bunds and planting of trees on bunds to
enhance cropping intensity and productivity.

Tyagi et.al., (2011) has conducted a study in the state of Haryana

which investigated the impact of implementation Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in two districts, one
agriculturally-advanced (Karnal) and the other agriculturally-
backward (Mewat). The impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act within a district has also been studied in
terms of income and employment security, migration, debt repayment,

11
extent of participation in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act works, socio-economic status, etc. by
seeking information from 30 participating and 30 non participating
households in MGNREGA works in each district. A significant
difference has been found in the extent of employment under the Act.
Their study has observed that despite being a source of employment,
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act has not
been able to check the migration from the developed region because of
higher market wage rates at destinations. Their study has concluded
the farmers who have small land and livestock resources are more
inclined to work in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act and their participation is also more. Thus, Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is providing
livelihood security to the resource-poor rural people.

Sarkar & Kumar (2011) have conducted a study in the Burdwan

district of West Bengal, and examined the socio-economic impact of
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act on the
rural poor who mainly comprise of small and marginal farmers &
agricultural labourers. The study was based on a random sample of
102 respondents (82 beneficiary and 20 non-beneficiary households).
It has been found that significant changes have taken place in the
socio-economic variables like annual per capita income, monthly per
capita food expenditure, annual education expenditure per child, per
capita savings, condition of the dwelling houses, access to healthcare
facility and possession of other assets or luxury items for those
households which are regularly working in the scheme. The study has
found that comparatively backward ethnic groups are regularly

12
participating in larger proportions in the Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act works, whereas general caste
people constitute the larger share in non beneficiaries. The study has
revealed that the socio-economic condition of the households
regularly working under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act scheme is considerably poor than of the
other households in the rural area. Providing only unskilled manual
labour work through the scheme does not seem to be a healthy idea in
the long-run.

Rizvi (2011) in his study discussed the three basic necessities in life:
food, clothing, and shelter. While all three are equally essential, the
third one plays the more important role of harnessing a feeling of
“belongingness” to the household/family. The physical dwelling unit
is not the sole element of housing; equally important is the provision
of basic services in the house like potable water, sanitation, drainage,
and electricity. It is these services that make a ‘house’ a ‘home’.
Accordingly, Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, explicitly recognizes the right to a standard of living required
for the health and well-being of everyone that includes adequate
access to food, clothing, housing, medical care, and the necessary
social services (United Nations, 1948). Article 11 of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights reiterates this
point by adding the ‘right to a continuous improvement in living
conditions’. The Declaration of Social Progress adopted by the UN
General Assembly in 1969 states, “The provision for all, particularly
for persons in low income groups and large families of adequate
housing and community services” (Article 10). The Government of

13
India too has explicitly recognized the need to provide adequate
housing to its citizens, particularly poor households residing in rural
areas since the onset of its first Five Year Plan in 1951.

Saraswat (2011) in his paper wrote about the ground realities of

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act i.e. the
largest and most ambitious public works program for poverty
alleviation, adopted by Government of India since independence. His
paper aims to provide evidence about, longer participation in
MGNREGA with increased access to formal credit which is bifurcated
into 2 sections , first being the ‘Access to Finance survey and second,
data on aggregate wage payments in MGNREGA for Andhra Pradesh
conducted in period 2006-2009. Findings from the paper provide
evidence that longer participation in Public welfare programmes under
Employment Guarantee Scheme has enabled economically backward
households to borrow more from formal sources. Those subjected to
survey accepted that MGNREGA has been successful in establishing
an initial link between the financial institutes and financially excluded
sections as many of them have started receiving their wages through
bank accounts. The study points out that for a program like MGREGA
to have sustained positive impact, it should be scrutinized periodically
at implementation and budgetary fronts to ensure fairness and
efficiency.

Das et.al., (2012) their study takes up the issues related to the
awareness about an ambitious welfare programme targeting the rural
population of India, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act. The study was based on a primary survey and finds a

14
general lack of awareness about the basic guidelines and the legal
entitlements among the intended beneficiaries. They conducted the
survey in various blocks of Darjeeling & Jalpaiguri districts of West
Bengal. It has been found that people were often not aware of the
basic guidelines regarding wage structures and other legal
entitlements. In addition, the villagers were not aware with regard to
the types of work which can be undertaken in the scheme. As a
concluding remark they mentioned that Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is a potential tool of
empowerment of the rural households in general and the labourers in
particular. Evidences from their field survey signify that villagers in
northern parts of West Bengal have not been able to get the full
benefits of the scheme.

Tiwari & Upadhyay (2012) through their work tried to find out the
constraints faced by the women beneficiaries under Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act. They conducted the study
in Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh. They selected two panchayat
samities of Faizabad district of Uttar Pradesh on the basis maximum
number of women beneficiaries enrolled in Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act. For this Random sampling method
was used to select 25 women from each village constituting the total
sample of 100 rural women for the present study and for the collection
of data personal interview technique was used. The major findings of
the study shows that personal and family were the major constraints.
Some other constraints like delay in issuing a job card, wages not
provided according to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, huge delay in work payment lack of safe drinking

15
water no extra facility for women etc were also categorised as
Operational and Worksite Constraints which are also faced by the
women. They suggested that to achieve the goal of programme,
government must plan some policy which will be helpful for proper
implementation of programme and it will also help in reducing the
constraints faced by the beneficiaries of the programme.

Bishnoi et.al., (2012) in their work has tried to analyze the

performance of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act in terms of Awareness and accessibility of
Employment generation under MNREGA, Bank accessibility of
MNREGA beneficiaries, Process of Wage payment in MNREGA,
Extent of satisfaction of respondents about MNREGA, Constraints
faced by the MNREGA beneficiaries in wage collection. For which
they conducted the study in Khota Mahawa village of Babhani Block
of Sonbhadra District of Uttar Pradesh. For this, hundred MNREGA
beneficiaries both male and female were selected and information was
collected with the help of structured Interview schedule. It was found
that respondents were well aware of the procedure of the Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act such as
registration, having job cards, 100 days employment in a year, process
of opening bank accounts, accessing bank, receiving payment from
bank and about the process of wage payment in MNREGA .The main
problem faced by the beneficiaries was delay in wage payment, and
accessing bank account. They concluded that Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act can be an important step
towards poverty alleviation by giving employment to rural people.

16
Spears (2012) in his study has discussed on the Ending widespread
open defecation and pursuing feasible methods of safe excreta
disposal must be top policy priorities for India. This paper draws
policy lessons from the first ten years of latrine construction under
India’s Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), a flagship program of the
Indian government. So far, the TSC has been able to improve average
health and human capital among Indian children where it has been
implemented, but sanitation coverage remains substantially
incomplete. Indeed, the first ten years of the TSC will have, on
average, prevented an infant death for a few thousand dollars, a
comparatively very inexpensive average cost. This initial success is in
part due to the Clean Village Prize or Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP),
an incentive for village governments. Heterogeneity in the intensity
and effectiveness of TSC implementation suggests that the additional
benefits of extending effective TSC implementation to the many
remaining Indian children would probably substantially exceed the
additional costs. Therefore, as the TSC becomes the Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan, India should not miss the opportunity to invest in successful
principles of total sanitation: quality data, effective monitoring, and
motivational ex post incentives.

Ramachandram (2013) the paper examines the policy priorities of

democratic governments regarding provision of public goods
especially healthcare. In the context of increasing budget allocation
towards health through the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
by the central government, this paper studies the trends in public
expenditure on health and rural development by state governments in
India. When there is widespread poverty and imperfect information

17
among voters, rational governments will choose to spend more of their
resources on rural development schemes providing goods that are
perceived to be of more political value. In such a setting, healthcare
often gets deprioritised. Hence the increasing funds from the central
government of India will only give state governments perverse
incentives to not raise their contribution towards healthcare to the
required level.

Ramakrishna (2013) has said that India is a land of villages and the
Government of India has been implementing numerous rural
development programmes for the upliftment of rural Communities.
Non-government organizations with their advantage of non- rigid,
locality specific, felt need based, beneficiary oriented and committed
nature of service have established multitude of roles which can effect
rural development. A number of NGOs have been playing a vital role
in rural community development, besides government interventions.
Realizing that the government alone was not able to meet the
challenges of the massive enormous tasks in the process of rural
development, the non-profit, voluntary and non-governmental
organizations had to be involved in different phases and activities at
the global, regional and local levels. Thus, in later phases, both the
GOs and NGOs have been actively involved in transforming the lives
of the rural poor. No doubt, NGOs have been constantly working day-
in and day-out to solve various problems concerning children, women,
senior citizens, environment etc.

Ganiee (2014) has mentioned that the Rural development generally

18
refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic
welfare of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated
areas. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) is considered as a “Silver Bullet” for eradicating rural
poverty and unemployment, by way of generating demand for
productive labour force in villages. It provides an alternative source of
livelihood which will have an impact on reducing migration,
restricting child labour, alleviating poverty, and making villages self-
sustaining through productive assets creation such as road
construction, cleaning up of water tanks, soil and water conservation
work, etc.

Jeur (2014) in his study said that NRLM is the largest comprehensive
and ground-breaking poverty reduction programme in the world
introduced and implemented by the Central Government of India in
June, 2011 for giving light colored opportunity to poor for inclusion in
the main stream of the socio-economic development process of the
country. NRLM's mandate is to reach out to all the poor families, link
them to sustainable livelihoods opportunities and nurture them till they
come out of poverty and enjoy a decent quality of life. It works on
three pillars such as: 1. Enhancing and expanding existing livelihoods
options of the poor; 2. Building skills for the job market outside; and
3. Nurturing self-employed and entrepreneurs (for microenterprises).
The real success of this mission is extremely depended on positive
approach, proper coordination, professional competency and social
accountability of the supportive structures at the National, State,
District and Sub-district levels.

19
OBJECTIVES
• To analyze the performance of various rural development
schemes which are being run in Bundi district of Rajasthan.
• To examine the impact of these schemes on the rural upliftment in
Bundi district.
• To assess the deficiencies and the constraints experienced by the
beneficiaries under these schemes.
• To make suggestions for strengthening the implementation strategy
of these rural development schemes in Bundi district.

HYPOTHESES

• No vital effect of various rural development schemes is visible

in the growth of Bundi district.

• Benefits of various rural development schemes have not

percolated to the lowest strata in Bundi district.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present study is an analytical study through which an attempt will
be made to study the impact of various rural development schemes, on
the basis of different parameters, on the rural people in Bundi District
of Rajasthan. In order to target the set objectives, both primary and
secondary data will be used. The primary data will be collected
through well designed questionnaires. Besides questionnaires,
personnel interview method shall also be used for collecting the
desired information. The secondary data will be collected from the
published reports, magazines etc, and from various official sources.

20
The proposed study will be organized in the following chapters:

1. Introduction

2. Rural development schemes in Bundi district – an analysis.

3. Impact of rural development schemes in Bundi district.

4. Data analysis & result interpretation

5. Suggestions & Conclusion

Bibliography

21
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