TO STUDY VARIOUS FACTORS ON WHICH THE

INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF A CELL DEPENDS

PROJECT
REPORT IN

PHYSICS FOR CLASS XII

(2022-2023)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of CBSE, Delhi

BY T. SANJAY KANTH

Enrolment No:

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr.M.INDRA SENA
(M.Sc)

(PGT PHYSICS)
 AKSHAYA ACADEMY CBSE SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL, ODDANCHATRAM

AKSHAYA ACADEMY CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL, ODDANCHATRAM.

PHYSICS
2022-2023

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled “To Study Various Factors On
Which The Internal Resistance Of A Cell Depends” is a record bonafide
work carried out by T.SANJAY KANTH in PHYSICS prescribed by
AKSHAYA ACADEMY CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL,
ODDANCHATTRAM

ROLL NUMBER: DATE:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First I thank the Almighty for providing me everything that I required in

completing this project. I express my gratitude to my Principal
Mrs.M.Sowmya ,My coordinator Mr.A.Balaji and My Physics Teacher
Mr.Indra Sena who guided me through the project and also gave valuable
suggestion and guidance for completing the project, also helped me to
understand the intricate involved in making the project. I would like to extend
my sincere thanks to all of them. I also thank my parents and my friends who
helped to complete the project successfully.
 INDEX

SERIAL NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. Objective 1

2. Apparatus 2

3. Theory 3

4. Procedure 7

5. Observations 8

6. Conclusions 10

7. Precautions 11
INTRODUCTION:

The general purpose photoconductive cell is also known as LDR – light

dependent resistor. It is a type of semiconductor and its conductivity
changes with proportional change in the intensity of light.

There are two common types of materials used to manufacture the

photoconductive cells. They are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and
Cadmium Selenide (CdSe).

Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have a ground state

energy closer to the conduction band - since the electrons don't have as
far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. Two of its earliest
applications were as part of smoke and fire detection systems and camera
light meters. The structure is covered with glass sheet to protect it from
moisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it.

OBJECTIVE:

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 To study the variations, in current flowing in a circuit containing a LDR,
because of a variation:- (a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to
‘illuminate’ the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).

(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed power), used to

‘illuminate’ the LDR.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

• Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

• Connecting Wires

• Source of different power rating (bulbs)

• Bulb Holder

• Metre scale

• Multi Meter

• Battery

THEORY:

1.) LDR and its characteristics When light is incident on it, a photon is
absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from valence band into
conduction band. Due to such new electrons coming up in conduction
band area, the electrical resistance of the device decreases. Thus the LDR
or photo-conductive transducer has the resistance which is the inverse
function of radiation intensity.

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 λ0 = threshold wavelength, in meters e

= charge on one electron, in Coulombs

Ew = work function of the metal used, in Ev

Here we must note that any radiation with wavelength greater than the
value obtained in above equation CANNOT PRODUCE any change in
the resistance of this device.

The band gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV and for Cadmium
Selenide it is1.74eV. Due to such large energy gaps, both the materials
have extremely high resistivity at room temperature.

Characteristics of photoconductive cells:

Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance is called as dark
resistance. This resistance is typically of the order of 1013 ohms. When
light falls on it, its resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms or even
hundreds of ohms, depending on the intensity of light, falling on it.

The spectral response characteristics of two commercial cells were

compared in our laboratory. And we found that there is almost no
response to the radiation of a wavelength which was shorter than 300nm.
It was very interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a peak
response nearer or within the green color of the spectrum within a range
of 520nm. Thus it can be used nearer to the infra-red region up to 750nm.
It was found that the maximum response of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is
in the yellow-orange range at 615nm and also it can be used in the
infrared region up to about 970nm.

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Sensitivity:
The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship between the light
falling on the device and the resulting output signal. In the case of a
photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between the incident light
and the corresponding resistance of the cell.

Spectral Response:
Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive cell is
dependent on the wavelength (color) of the incident light. Each
photoconductor material type has its own unique spectral response curve
or plot of the relative response of the photocell versus wavelength of light.

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2. LUMINOUS FLUX VARIATION:

Considering the source to be a point radiating in all directions; consider a

steradian (or even a simple sphere), take a small element dA on the
sterdian at a distance ‘r’ from the source. It comprises a small part of the
energy radiated (dEr).

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 Now, go further to a distance ‘R’ (R>r) from the source,
consider the same area element dA, it comprises a much
smaller part of energy radiated (dER).
[dEr > dER].
It varies inversely as the square of the distance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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PROCEDURE:
Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a holder,
make sure it is stable.

Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to the holder
as shown in the figure.

Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter in series.

Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and measure
the resistance with a bulb on.

Similarly switch to current section and move to micro ampere in the

multimeter. This gives the value of the current.

Repeat these steps with different power sources at different distances and
note down observations

OBSERVATIONS:
The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with
different power ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V

7
1.15watts(yellow) (wavelength = 570nm)

Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE(Kilo CURRENT

No SOURCE (cm) ohm) (micro amphere)

1. 50 142.5 40
2. 40 69 80
3. 30 41 150

4. 20 21 300

2. 15 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610nm

Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE(Kilo CURRENT

No SOURCE (cm) ohm) (micro amphere)

1. 50 51 120

2. 40 35 170

3. 30 22 270

4. 20 11 540

3. 40 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610nm)

Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE(Kilo CURRENT

No SOURCE (cm) ohm) (micro amphere)

1. 50 20 300
2. 40 13 460
3. 30 8.5 700

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 4. 20 4.5 1330

4.) 20 watts (CFL) (white light)

Serial DISTANCE FROM RESISTANCE(Kilo CURRENT

No SOURCE (cm) ohm) (micro amphere)

1. 50 15.5 380
2. 40 10 600
3. 30 6 1000

4. 20 3 2000

RESULT:
The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light and
hence there is an increase in the flow of current.

There is an increase in the current as the distance from the source

decreases.

The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases The

error lies within the experimental limit.

APPLICATION :

9
 Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs are used for the
mid infrared spectral region. GeCu photoconductors are among the best
farinfrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and
infrared spectroscopy.

Analog Applications:
· Camera Exposure Control

· Auto Slide Focus - dual cell

· Photocopy Machines - density of toner

· Colorimetric Test Equipment

· Densitometer

· Electronic Scales - dual cell

· Automatic Gain Control – modulated light source

· Automated Rear View Mirror

Digital Applications:
· Automatic Headlight Dimmer

· Night Light Control

· Oil Burner Flame Out

· Street Light Control

· Position Sensor

SOURCES OF ERROR:

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 The LDR may not be perpendicular to the source.
Connections may be faulty.
The experiment should be conducted in a dark room.
Measurements should be taken accurately

BIBILIOGRAPHY:
NCERT physics class XII

Art of Electronics by paul worowitz

www.wikipedia.com/

www.electronics2000.co.uk/links/education-hobby/

www.ecelab.com/.

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