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Sampling

Sampling presentation biostatistical

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dogukanguney075
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6 views

Sampling

Sampling presentation biostatistical

Uploaded by

dogukanguney075
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

SAMPLING

Assist. Prof. Dr. Meliz YUVALI


meliz.yuvali@neu.edu.tr
Why Sampling ?

• Get information about large populations


• Less costs
• Less field time
• More accuracy i.e. Can Do A Better Job of Data Collection
• When it’s impossible to study the whole population
Conditions of Sample Utilization

Appropriate sampling Appropriate sampling


size method
Appropriate sampling size
The appropriate sample size should be calculated based on the
statistical method to be used .

As a basic principle , the sample size is calculated for the primary


hypothesis (and therefore the purpose ) of the study .

Ideally , a sample size is calculated for each significant variable and


the largest predictor is selected . There are different sample width
formulas for each statistical method that can be applied . Here, the
simplest formulas to be used in estimating the mass average and the
ratio will be discussed .
FORMULES FOR SETTING SAMPLING SIZE

Formulas
 If the number of individuals is unknown:

 If the number of individuals is known:


Formulas for Determining the Number of Individuals to be Sampled if the
Average of the Event is to be Examined

𝑡 2 2
1- If the number of individuals in the universe is unknown: n = 𝑑2

𝑁𝑡 2 2
2- If the number of individuals in the universe is known: n= 𝑑2 𝑁−1 +𝑡 2 2

N: Number of individuals in the universe


n : Number of individuals to be sampled
 : Universe standard deviation. Sample standard deviation “S” is used
because it is mostly unknown.
t : Theoretical value found from the t table at a certain degree of freedom and
detected error level.
d : The desired ± deviation according to the mean
TYPES OF SAMPLING
Non probability samples Probability samples

Snowball Simple
Quota
Sampling Random Cluster
Sampling
sampling Sampling

Systematic
Sampling
Multi-
stage
Stratified
sampling
Sampling
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLES

Convenience samples (ease of access)


sample is selected from elements of a population that are easily
accessible

-Snowball sampling (friend of friend….etc.)

Purposive sampling (judgemental)


You chose who you think should be in the study

-Quota sample
Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling is a special nonprobability method used when
the desired sample characteristic is rare.

It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate


respondents in these situations.
This technique relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate
additional subjects.
It lowers search costs; however, it introduces bias because the
technique itself reduces the likelihood that the sample will
represent a good cross section from the population.
QUOTA SAMPLING
The population is first segmented into mutually
exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling.
Then judgment used to select subjects or units from
each segment based on a specified proportion.

For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females


and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60.
It is this second step which makes the technique one of non-
probability sampling.
In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-random.
PROBABILITY SAMPLES

Random sampling
• Each subject has a known probability of being
selected

Allows application of statistical sampling theory


to results to:
• Generalise
• Test hypotheses
METHODS USED IN PROBABILITY SAMPLES

 Simple random sampling

 Systematic sampling

 Stratified sampling

 Multi-stage sampling

 Cluster sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 Applicable when population is small,
homogeneous & readily available
 All subsets of the frame are given an
equal probability. Each element of
the frame thus has an equal
probability of selection.
 It provides for greatest number of
possible samples. This is done by
assigning a number to each unit in
the sampling frame.
 A table of random number or lottery
system is used to determine which
units are to be selected.
 Estimates are easy to calculate.
 Simple random sampling is always an EPS design,
but not all EPS designs are simple random
sampling.

Disadvantages

If sampling frame large, this method impracticable.


Minority subgroups of interest in population may not be
present in sample in sufficient numbers for study.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

 Systematic sampling relies on


arranging the target population
according to some ordering scheme
and then selecting elements at regular
intervals through that ordered list.
 Systematic sampling involves a
random start and then proceeds with
the selection of every kth element from
then onwards. In this case,
k=(population size/sample size).
 It is important that the starting point is
not automatically the first in the list, but
is instead randomly chosen from within
the first to the kth element in the list.
 A simple example would be to select
every 10th name from the telephone
directory (an 'every 10th' sample, also
referred to as 'sampling with a skip of
10').
As described above, systematic sampling is an EPS
method, because all elements have the same probability
of selection (in the example given, one in ten). It is not
'simple random sampling' because different subsets of
the same size have different selection probabilities - e.g.
the set {4,14,24,...,994} has a one-in-ten probability of
selection, but the set {4,13,24,34,...} has zero probability
of selection.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING……

ADVANTAGES:
 Sample easy to select
 Suitable sampling frame can be identified easily
 Sample evenly spread over entire reference
population.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in
population coincides with that of selection.
 Difficult to assess precision of estimate from one
survey.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Where population embraces a number of distinct


categories, the frame can be organized into separate
"strata." Each stratum is then sampled as an independent
sub-population, out of which individual elements can be
randomly selected.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING.....

 Every unit in a stratum has same chance of being selected.


 Using same sampling fraction for all strata ensures
proportionate representation in the sample.
 Adequate representation of minority subgroups of interest can
be ensured by stratification & varying sampling fraction
between strata as required.
Multistage sampling can be a complex form of
cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling
which involves dividing the population into groups
(or clusters). Then, one or more clusters are
chosen at random and everyone within the
chosen cluster is sampled.
CLUSTER SAMPLING

 Cluster sampling is an example of 'two-stage


sampling' .
 First stage a sample of areas is chosen;
 Second stage a sample of respondents within
those areas is selected.
 Population divided into clusters of homogeneous
units, usually based on geographical contiguity.
 Sampling units are groups rather than individuals.
 A sample of such clusters is then selected.
 All units from the selected clusters are studied.
CLUSTER SAMPLING…….
Advantages :
Cuts down on the cost of preparing a sampling frame.
This can reduce travel and other administrative costs.

Disadvantages: sampling error is higher for a simple random


sample of same size.
THE END 

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