11
11
11
" # $ + ρ( $
( $ #
&
&
ρ
∇⋅ = $ -. (
ε,
∇⋅ =,$ -/ ( φ
∂
∇∧ =− $ -/ 0(
∂
∂
∇∧ = µ, + ε, $ - 1 (
∂
"
• % 01 % ## $ ' % +
$ % '
2
• " ( + % # $
= ,$ =,
→ +∞ → +∞
3 4 $ + , 5 ,
# 2
• 6 & % 2
• $ 7 & +
% ' % 2
• & + ρ=ρ + +ρ $
= + +
• 6 %
8 ' & $
8 $ 2
$ $ 2 ( %
%
• & 2
3 & 9 &
# 2
3 & 9 &
# 2
6 & & %
& 1 ) # 2
&
- 1
∂
∇∧ = µ, + ε,
∂
$ ' &
∂∇ ⋅
, = ∇ ⋅ (∇ ∧ = µ, ∇ ⋅ + ε ,
∂
∂∇ ⋅ ∂ρ ∂ρ
ε, = $ % & +∇⋅ = ,
∂ ∂ ∂
$ + & &
( # #
& #
* -.
ρ
6 ∇⋅ = $ ⋅ = ρ τ
ε, ε,
1 . 7 # 2
-/
6 ∇⋅ =,
" 7 '# & #2
6 % % % ρ %
7 & ; <2
" -/ 0
∂
6 ∇∧ =−
∂
(= 1 >
• $ % ' & &$ & %
2
• 6
8 ρ
8 &
6 & % ' % 1 %
2
• 4
6 = + $ 5 $
ρ
∇⋅ = $ ∇∧ =, ? & +
ε,
∂
∇⋅ =,$ ∇∧ =− ? &
∂
2
6 ' $ ' & 2
@ # # / $ &
∧ = ,$ ⋅ =,
• +
6
∂
∇∧ = −
∂
∂
∇∧ = µ, + µ ,ε ,
∂
A %0 % & µ, ( '
& ; <$ 0 B ' 7 C
- 1
∂
∇∧ = µ, + ε,
∂
:
• 9 1 % 1
A % & #
∂
6 ⋅ = µ, + µ ,ε , ⋅
∂
• 4
8
8 &
A 2
• ; <
8 "#
∂
ε, 1 ' ( !
∂
∂
26 = ε,
∂
"
6 1 % 1 & +
; <
8 D
o 4 #
∇ ∧ = µ, % + & &
6 ## ∇ ⋅ ∇ ∧ = , = µ ,∇ ⋅ $ ∇⋅ = , # 2
A # 7 2
% -. &
& % - 1 2
o 4 # +
Γ
6 ⋅ = ∇∧ ⋅
Σ
( 4 ∇∧ = µ,
6 # ∇∧ ⋅ = µ, ⋅ = µ,
Σ Σ
# ∇∧ ⋅ = µ, ⋅ =,
Σ Σ
# % )
∂
( ∇∧ = µ, + ε , µ ,
∂
∂
6 ∇∧ ⋅ = µ, ( + ε , ⋅ = µ,
Σ Σ ∂
=,
∂
∇∧ ⋅ = µ, ( + ε , ⋅
Σ Σ
=,
∂
σ
4 ## + $ =
ε,
#
⋅ =
ε,
∂# ∂
= $ µ ,ε , ⋅ = µ,
∂ Σ ∂
/9 1
4 + (ρ $ ( $
+ (ρ $ ( $
(λ2ρ + µ 2ρ $ λ2 + µ 2 (λ 2 + µ2 $ λ2 + µ2
3
; < & & 1 2
. 2
-/ 0 - 1
26 ## ' & 0 $
$ $' &
( % & &
$ %
$ %0
( % $ % '
9 #
• +1
6 1 # !$ 5 ! '
& $ ' 2
6 $ $ F$ F !2
8 " $ # ! = ( + ∧
8 " !$ # ! F = F ( F+ F∧ F
• & = F
• 9 #
8 /
& $ = F$ = F+$
" + F∧ + $ ∧ = F+ F∧ F ∀ F
# $ F= +$ ∧ F=
E
8 "
6 1 # # # λ
H ' & $
λ
" !$ # # F= $ F= ,
πε ,
µ , λ$
" $ = θ ≠ F
π
8 # & % 2
% & 2
• 9 #
6 ≠ F$ ≠ F+$
6
$
F= + ∧
$
F= − ∧
3
6 & % #
; <$ 1 ' 2
6 + # 0 2
$
& + 2
" %
$ λ
6 = F− ∧ F= F=
π 2ε ,
$ $ λ
= F+ ∧ F = % ∧
π 2ε ,
$ λ µ , λ$
" = θ = θ
πε , π
3
# $ # # & & 1
& $ % ) ε, µ, ( $
& & $& # ε , µ, =
∂
6 ∇∧ =−
∂
∂
∇∧ = µ, + ε,
∂
G
•
∂ ∂
6 ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ =− µ , + µ ,ε ,
∂ ∂
∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ = ∇(∇ ⋅ −∇
∂ ∇ρ ∂
" ∇ − µ ,ε , = + µ,
∂ ε, ∂
∇ρ ∂
4 = + µ, & ε , µ, =
ε, ∂
∂
(3 % + $ =∇ −
∂
$ & ρ =,$ =,
" =, ? J % % &
= 2
ε , µ,
" $ % % %
+ 1
•
6 & ) 1 = − µ ,∇ ∧
6 + H & &
=
ε , µ,
3
$ # &
0 $ %## +
2 $ % ) 2
• $ ∇∧ =,$ $ = − ∇$
ρ
6 ) $= τ+
πε ,
• $ ∇⋅ =,$ =∇∧
µ,
6 ) = τ + ∇φ
π
-& 7 # 2
I
&
∂ ∂
6 ∇∧ =− = −∇ ∧
∂ ∂
∂
" ∇∧ + =,
∂
∂
$ $ + = −∇$
∂
∂
6 = −∇$ − 2
∂
6 '
∂
− ∇$ $ & '− 2
∂
6 & ( $ ↔ ( $$
* @
A
8 4 & $ F= + ∇φ ∇φ ( $
& 2
8 $&
∂ ∂ F
6 = −∇$ −
= −∇$ F−
∂ ∂
∂∇φ
" ∇$ = ∇$ F+
∂
∂φ
6 ∇$ F = ∇ $ −
∂
∂φ
$ F=$ − + &(
∂
"#
• L 7 $ % ( $$
• L # 7 $ % ( $$ → ( F $$ F
• 7 % % '
7 (
K
@ !
7 !
∂$
7 !$ % ∇⋅ + =,2
∂
8 7
' 1 2
8 6 & % # & 2
8 $ & 7 +2
A 0 C
: D
A 0 ) # C
-/ -/ 0
# ) % $2
6
ρ ∂
∇⋅ = $ ∇∧ = µ, + ε,
ε, ∂
• -.
∂ ρ
6 ∇ ⋅ − ∇$ − =
∂ ε,
∂∇ ⋅ −ρ
" ∇$+ =
∂ ε,
$ & 7 !
∂ $ −ρ
∇$− =
∂ ε,
ρ
6 $ =−
ε,
• - 1
∂ ∂
6 ∇ ∧ (∇ ∧ = µ, + − ∇$ −
∂ ∂
∂$ ∂
" ∇(∇ ⋅ −∇ = µ, − ∇ −
∂ ∂
∂$
∇ ∇⋅ + = ,$
∂
6 J = − µ,
M
• "
8 % + 2
8 6 $$ + 2
8 7 ! & 2
• 4
ρ$
ρ 2
6 $( $ $ ( $ 2
$ ( ='
ρ ('
$( = τ
πε ,
µ, ('
( = τ
π
6 $ &
µ, ( '$ −
( $ = τ
π
ρ ( '$ −
$( $ = τ
πε ,
• A
4 # '$ #
%# $ %5 2
+ 0 # 2
$ & 2
$ ) H ρ ( '$ − ( '$ − ρ ( '$ +
( '$ + 2 #
0 $ # # #
% % 2
3 $ %
# 0 2
" @ +
@ +
6 $ 7 +$ ∇ ⋅ =,
,
• $
ρ
6 ∇⋅ =
ε,
∂ ρ −ρ
" − ∇ ⋅ ∇$ − ∇ ⋅ = $ ∇$=
∂ ε, ε,
6 +
ρ ( '$
$= τ
πε ,
• & 7 $ & +
∂$
= − µ, + ∇
∂
"
ρ
∇⋅ = $ ρ=ρ +ρ 6 % ρ = −∇ ⋅ '
ε,
+
∂
∇∧ =− $ 2
∂
∇⋅ =,
∂ ∂'
∇∧ = µ, + ε, $ = + 2 # $ =∇∧ −
∂ ∂
+
* " =A
ρ+
6 ∇⋅ = $ ∇∧ =,
ε ,ε
∇⋅ =,$ ∇∧ = µ, µ +
6 # & N 2
− ω2
$ ( $ → ( $ω $ & ( $ =3 (
ρ
6 ∇⋅ = +
5ε $
ε ,ε
∇⋅ =,$
∇∧ =+ω
# ∇∧ = µ, µ ( +
− ωε ,ε 5µ 2
: & +
+∞
− ω2
6 # / ( $ = ( $ω ω
π −∞
! "
σ( $
( $
∂
∇∧ =−
∂
∂
6 ⋅ = ∇∧ ⋅ =− ⋅ =− ⋅
∂
φ
% & ,$ # &
# & ,2
$ ( − ( =,2
"
•
6 % N $ + %
' # / 2
ρ
6 ∇⋅ = 5ε ## (
ε ,ε
% =A
ρ
4 ∇ ⋅ (ε =
ε,
& (ε $ −ε $ )⋅ =
σ
ε,
(σ
+
σ
"% 5 ε −ε =
ε,
$ $
•
σ
ε =ε = $ − =
$ $
ε,
* 2
6 7 ∇⋅ =,$ $ − $ =,
"
•
∇∧ = µ, µ ( − ωε ,ε )
6 ⋅ = ∇∧ ⋅
" $ $ → +∞
$ & + %
∇∧ = µ, µ ( − ωε ,ε )
∇∧ = µ,
µ
4
($
− ($
= µ, ∧
µ $ µ $
•
µ $ =µ $ = $ − = µ, ∧
• " #
$ & 0
$ 5 %0 + $
# ( &
$ % % # 2
%
& $ # #
6 & & $ $
& $ % % 0
σ2
:
8 4 % $ ) &
# & # %
8 & #
4 # $ → +∞ # ? =σ2
# 2
( $σ # $ % $
=,$ ($
− ($
=,
µ $ µ $
µ $ =µ $ = $ ($ − ($ =,
( 4 # $ σ # $ &
# 2 $ ' # $ → +∞
# 2 ' % $ =, = ,2
$ & + $ #
$ 2
# $ % %& $ % '
+
"#
% ρ ( $ =,
6 2
ρ
∇∧ = , ∇⋅ =
ε,
∇∧ = , ∇⋅ =,
• =,
• 2
* 3
"#
% ρ 2
6 2
∇⋅ = , ( &
ρ
∇∧ =, ∇⋅ =
ε,
∇∧ = µ, ∇⋅ =,
•
• ρ$ % ) % 2
3 & +
"#
% ρ 2
∂ ρ
∇∧ =− ∇⋅ =
∂ ε,
∂
∇∧ = µ, + ε, ∇⋅ =,
∂
E
" 3 -
8 ( 3O
'
ρ( $
( $
6
τ & ρ 2
'' P
% % 8 $ %
P << τ
F 8'8 + ' &
ρ 2
• $ &
ρ ( '$ − µ, ( '$ −
$( $ = τ$ ( $ = τ2
πε , ' π '
$ = −ρ P ε , $ = − µ,
• & % 3O
ρ ( '$ µ, ( '$
6 $ Q( $ = τ Q( $ = τ
πε , ' π '
$ & 2
−ρ
∇ $Q = $∇ Q = −µ, 2
ε,
% & 1 # 2
(6 & # $ Q$ Q& # 7 7 !
: Q Q 2
∂ Q
• 6 Q = −∇$ Q − Q=∇∧
∂
•
8 ∇⋅ Q= ,
∂ Q
8 ∇∧ Q= −
∂
1 7
ρ ∂$Q ρ
8 ∇⋅ Q= + ≈
ε, ∂ ε,
G
∂∇$ Q
8 ∇ ∧ Q = µ, −
∂
∂∇$ Q
∂
−ρ
& $= ≈∇ $
ε,
∂$ ρ ∂$ ρ
F 8'8 ∇$− ≈∇ $ $ + ≈ 2
∂ ε, ∂ ε,
# & % $
∂∇ ⋅$
% 2
∂
3 8 ; - <
• "#
% % 2
F 8'8
∇⋅ Q = ,
∇ ∧ Q = − µ,
∂
% + $ +
∂
+ % & 2 # $ # )
% % 1 2
•
8 4 % 2
(
µ,
6 Q( = ( θ
π2
8 4
ρ
∇⋅ Q =
ε,
∂ Q
∇∧ Q= −
∂
•
ρ
∇ $Q = − $ ∇ Q = − µ,
ε,
$ $
2
•
8
6 ∇∧ = µ, 2 " ∇⋅ = ,
I
8 &
∂ρ
6 % +∇⋅ = , 2
∂
∂ρ
" ? & RR
∂
# $ $H %
0
, ,
S
∂ρ ∂
6 + =,
∂ ∂
*
# ,+ ,+ ∂ρ
= ρ2 2 = 2 2 = ( − ( +
∂
, ,
, ,
, + ∂ρ
" ( − ( + = 2
∂
, ,
,
4 1 $ ( , ≈ ( , +
∂ ,+ ∂ρ
=,$ 2 + & ( ( + 2
∂ ∂
, ,
,
8 6 ∇⋅ = , $ '# & #2
$ # 5 % 3O $
) # ' $ )
2
• % 3O
8 A
N & $
& + $ (&
1
$ $ F 8'8
ρ 2 <<
8 "
6 % N ε =µ =
6 ∇ ∧ Q = µ, ( − ε ,ω2 )
σ,
=σ2 $ & σ = 2
− ω2τ
6 & % 3O
σ,
6 & << ε ,ω2 $ F 8'8 << ε ,ω $
− ω2τ
σ,
<< ε ,ω
+ω τ
+ $ σ , T , G 42 −
$ ε , T , − 4A $ τ T , − E
% 3O $ # ω << , G 2 − 2
6 % 1 % ## ' 2
K
E 3 8 ; - <
• "#
% % % 2
∂
6 Q = −∇$ Q − = −∇$ Q $ ∇∧ Q=,
∂
•
8 Q
ρ
∇∧ Q= , $ ∇⋅ Q=
ε,
8 Q
∂ Q
∇ ⋅ Q = , $ ∇ ∧ Q = µ, +
∂
6 2
•
ρ
∇ $ =− $∇ = −µ,
ε,
) % 3O 2
• %
8 ρ << ρ 2 ( F 8'8
8 2
(
" $ & 0
P % 0 2
A $ 0 ρ %
% $ % 0 ' ## 2
3 0
π 0 ' # ρ ' 2
ρ ( '$ − µ, ( '$ −
6 $= τ$ = τ
πε , ' π '
" π 0 ρ ' $ %
$ 2
M
6 =∇∧ 2
" 0 % 0 2
∂
= − ∇$ − $ 0 $
∂
2
(ρ $ + −
+ −
− +
: 3
ρ
4 π 0 $ ∇⋅ = %
ε,
0 ρ24 π % 0 0
∂
$ ∇∧ = µ, + % 0 2
∂
( $ ( +$ − ( −$ +
ρ − +
+ −
* 3 0 2
3O
4 N & +
6 1 N # $ % )% 2
•
6 = µ, 2 2 2 % ( <
=,
• -
8
+ $ ρ =,2
" ∇⋅ = , $ ∇ ∧ = µ, N
% ) #2
8
6 ( = µ, 2 2 ( 2 %
,
8
( 40
9 % % 0 ρ
" = ( $ θ
( 6 & ∇⋅ = ,$ & # + # 2
∂
(: ∇∧ =−
∂
∂
6 ⋅ = ∇∧ ⋅ = − ⋅ =− ⋅
∂
" $ % )% 0
π2 2 = − ( µ, 2 ( 2π 2
4 = − µ, θ
6 % $ % #
∂
∇∧ = µ, +
∂
6 7 & #
2
6 + ( # %
σ −σ
%
(
6 ' % ( ##
+
•
σ
6 = ,$ = =,
ε,
%
• -
8 Q
ρ
∇⋅ Q=
ε,
∇∧ Q=,
σ(
" Q( =
ε,
%
8 Q
6 ∇⋅ Q= ,
∂
∇∧ Q=
∂
( 9 % 0 $ ρ2
" = ( $ %$ θ
( )% 0
π
× π2 = ⋅ = σ( 2
ε,
σ
4 = µ, θ
" ) $ ' C
& β 2
−
* %
1
6 % $
& 2
$ & % 2
6 ρ$ $ $
ρ ( %
6 1 & 1 0 + 2
& $
% $ F 8
'8 % = ν 2(− 5ν + %
2
ν2 #
$ ρ= $ ρ =− ( =ν 2
π2 π2
: 2
ν2
6 = ρ2 = −
π2
2
0 $ = (
∇⋅ =,$ =,
E 2
6 = (
9 1 .
1 0 $
#( + ρ2 π 2 #( − P
× π2 = ,
=
ε, ε,
#( − P
" =
πε ,
G U # % - 1 R
6 ∇∧ =,
∂ ν2 #
µ, + = − µ, + × =,
∂ π2 π 2ε , 2
ν2
• L ( ( (
• 6 ρ =,$ = ( ×
τ
( $
6 % 2
( $
6 ∇⋅ =,$ ∇∧ = µ, 2
6 J $' & ( $ = (
τ
:
"
6
ρ ∂ ( (
∇⋅ = = ,$ ∇∧ =− =− = µ, * 5* = −
ε, ∂ τ τµ,
6 $ %0 1 & 2
" $ $ F 8'8 %
2
: 4 ' % N 0 2
6 = µ, % ' %
* =−
τ
%
− µ, − µ,
$ < $ = 2 θ $ > $ = 2 θ
τ τ