Summary Seam

Summary 7 • Comply with MARPOL regulations

regarding wash water and cargo
Importance of Hold Cleaning residues.
 Proper cleaning of a vessel’s cargo holds Safety and Compliance
is crucial for preventing cargo
contamination and avoiding claims • Conduct risk assessments and provide
related to delays or damages. training on safe chemical handling.

 Adherence to cleanliness standards set • Maintain accurate records of cleaning

by the International Maritime Solid Bulk operations for compliance and dispute
Cargoes (IMSBC) Code is essential. resolution.

• Regular inspections should be part of a

Cleanliness Standards
planned maintenance system to identify
 Hospital Clean: Required for high-grade and address defects.
cargoes; all residues must be removed,
Communication and Documentation
and surfaces washed, dried, and
ventilated. • Clear voyage instructions should outline
cleaning standards and responsibilities.
 Grain Clean: Default standard for most
bulk cargoes; involves thorough • Maintain open communication with
removal of past residues, washing with charterers regarding cleaning
seawater and fresh water, and procedures and compliance.
ensuring ventilation.
Barrier Coatings
 Normal Clean: For similar cargoes;
• For corrosive cargoes, applying barrier
includes double sweeping, saltwater
coatings can protect hold structures and
washing, and freshwater rinsing.
facilitate easier cleaning.
 Swept Clean/Shovel Clean: Basic
Post-Cleaning Inspections
cleaning methods where residues are
removed by sweeping or shoveling. • Conduct thorough inspections in well-lit
conditions and document findings to
 Load on Top: Minimal cleaning;
ensure compliance and avoid disputes.
however, periodic cleaning is advisable
to allow inspections.

Cleaning Process

• Conduct thorough pre-cleaning

inspections.

• Use appropriate chemicals and follow

safety protocols.

• Ensure proper drying and ventilation of

holds before loading.
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Summary 8 General Cargo

Solid Bulk Cargo  Break-Bulk Cargo: Not packaged but

requires safe stowage and securing,
 Handling: Ensure holds are clean guided by the CSS Code.
and free from residue; use  Advice: Use dunnage for load
equipment like conveyors or cranes distribution; secure cargo with
to minimize dust and spillage. lashings or supports as needed.
 Types: Dry bulk (e.g., grains, coal) vs.  Stowage Arrangements:
liquid bulk (e.g., oil, chemicals), each o Cross stowage: Cargo
with specific requirements. arranged athwartships.
 Planning & Safety: Comprehensive o Side stowage: Cargo against
stowage plans are crucial to prevent the ship's side.
overloading; adhere to international o Single stowage: Individually
regulations (IMSBC Code). secured heavy items.
 Key Procedures:
o Declare cargo characteristics Container Cargo
before loading.
o Collect essential information  Stowage Planning: Essential for
from shore terminals. vessel stability; heavier containers
o Prepare for cargo operations go below, lighter on top.
considering stability and  Technology: Advanced software and
structural integrity. automation improve efficiency and
o Monitor loading to prevent safety.
shifting and ensure  Regulations: Follow IMO standards
watertight security. and IMDG Code for hazardous
o Handle hazardous cargo materials.
following IMSBC guidelines.
o Trim cargo and perform final Ro-Ro (Roll-On/Roll-Off) Cargo
checks to ensure safety.
 Handling: Efficient loading via
Liquid Bulk Cargo ramps; vehicles secured using
chocks and lashing.
 Definition: Includes crude oil,  Safety: Adherence to SOLAS
chemicals, and food-grade liquids, regulations to ensure security and
requiring specialized storage. reduce accidents.
 Handling: Use pumps and transfer  Advantages: Faster operations,
systems to prevent spills; storage in reduced risk of damage, versatile
tanks with safety features. cargo handling.
 Equipment: Flexitanks and ISO tanks
offer flexible and standardized
storage solutions.
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Heavy Lift Cargo • All cargoes should be stowed and

secured in such a way that the ship and
 Importance: Proper stowage to persons on board are not put at risk.
ensure safety; items positioned to • The safe stowage and securing of
avoid dragging. cargoes depend on proper planning,
 Preparations: Assess weight, size, execution, and supervision.
support points, and lifting
attachments. • Personnel commissioned to tasks of
 Safety: Maintain vessel stability, cargo stowage and securing should be
restrict shore personnel, and use properly qualified and experienced.
appropriate supports.
• Decisions taken for measures of
stowage and securing cargo should be
SUMMARY WEEK 9
based on the most severe weather
1. Importance of Proper Cargo Stowage and conditions which may be expected by
Securing experience for the intended voyage.

Proper stowage and securing of cargo is of • Ship-handling decisions taken by the

utmost importance for the safety of life at sea. master should take into account the
Improper stowage and securing of cargoes has type and stowage position of the cargo
resulted in numerous serious ship casualties and the securing arrangements.
and caused injury and loss of life, not only at
4. Cargo Securing Methods
sea but also during loading and discharge.
Cargo can be secured through a combination of
2. Applicable Standards and Guidelines
the following methods:
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
• Blocking and bracing
has developed several codes and guidelines to
deal with the problems and hazards arising from • Tiedowns, with a specific number of tie-
improper stowage and securing of cargo, downs required based on the cargo's
including: size and weight
Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and • Friction mats, void fillers, and other
Securing (CSS Code) cargo to immobilize the cargo
Code of Practice for Packing of Cargo Transport • The specific securement system used
Units (CTU Code) should depend on the cargo's
characteristics and the expected
These codes and guidelines provide
weather conditions during the voyage.
international standards and advice to promote
the safe stowage and securing of cargoes. • Proper planning, execution, supervision,
and regular inspection of the cargo
3. General Principles for Cargo Stowage and
securement system are crucial to
Securing
ensure the safety of the ship, its crew,
According to the CSS Code, the following and the cargo during the voyage.
general principles should be observed:
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Summary 10 Special Cargo Requirements

Objective: Prevent cargo damage during • Hygroscopic Cargoes: Monitor moisture

transport and ensure it arrives in good and ventilation to prevent damage.
condition. • Hazardous Cargoes: Follow specific
Understanding Cargo: Know the cargo's guidelines for ventilation and safety
characteristics, risks, and handling methods. procedures.
The Master is responsible for safe loading and Regular Monitoring
stowage.
• Check cargo conditions
Temperature and Humidity Control: frequently.Ensure refrigerated
• Monitor temperature and humidity containers are functioning properly.
using data loggers. Avoiding Wet Damage
• Use refrigerated containers (reefers) for • Inspect for leaks and water
sensitive cargo. accumulation, particularly during
• Ventilation is crucial to prevent 'ship adverse weather.
sweat' (condensation on ship Documentation
structures) and 'cargo sweat'
(condensation on cargo). • Maintain detailed records of inspections
and actions taken for accountability and
Ventilation future reference.
• Natural Ventilation: Allows air
exchange through deck vents; essential
for cargoes emitting toxic gases.

• Mechanical Ventilation: Uses fans for

air movement; required for flammable
gases and certain cargoes like
ferrosilicon. Ensure exhaust ventilation
for self-heating cargoes.

• Ventilation Rules: Follow dew point and

three-degree rules for determining
when to ventilate.

Recordkeeping

• Log outside and hold temperatures,

dew points, sea temperature, weather
conditions, and ventilation times.

• Document any interruptions in

ventilation and cargo condition checks.
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Summary 11
Effective Ship-Shore Communications for Cargo Hazard Communication
Operations • Risks: Discuss potential hazards such as
1. Pre-Arrival Information: spills, health risks, and environmental
damage.
1. Ship Details: ETA, name, IMO
number, dimensions, cargo Operational Procedures
handling gear, etc. • Sequence: Agreed loading/unloading
2. Operational Plan: Cargo procedures and equipment used.
quantity, loading/unloading • Weight Updates: Frequent updates on
plan, time for de-ballasting. cargo weight for stability monitoring.
3. Cargo Operations Planning: Damage Reporting
4. Communication: Establish • Protocol: Clear procedure for reporting
methods and procedures to halt any damage to the vessel.
operations if needed.

5. Personnel: Designate
responsible individuals on both
ship and shore.

6. Cargo Weight: Regular updates

and end-of-pour weights.

7. Draught Checking & Damage

Reporting: Procedures for both.

3. Safety And Readiness:

• Readiness Check: Confirm no structural

damage,

• working bilge/ballast systems.

• Protocols: PPE usage, safe equipment

handling, and

• confined space entry.

4. Emergency Procedures:

• Checklist: Ship-shore safety checklist

and emergency stop signals.

• Equipment: Availability of spill cleanup

and firefighting gear.

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It can hinder inspections due to

residues obstructing the view.
QUIZ 7
1. Understanding the specific
requirements for cargo hold
cleanliness involves recognizing
which of the following? 8. When conducting the
The type of cargo being loaded. cleaning process, what is the
recommended sequence for
2. What is the primary reason washing the cargo hold?
for adhering to the 'hospital clean'
standard in cargo hold cleaning?. Wash from top to botto

To prevent cargo contamination 9. How should surfaces be

prepared before applying
3. Why is it important to cleaning chemicals?
distinguish between 'grain
clean' and 'normal clean' Ensuring they are free of loose
standards? rust, bare steel, or unpainted areas
To ensure appropriate cleaning
levels for different types of 10. What is the minimum
cargoes. distance from the nearest land
or ice shelf where cargo
4. Which standard of cleaning residues can be discharged
is typically used when there according to MARPOL Annex V?
are no specific instructions
provided for the cargo? 12 nautical miles
Normal clean
5. Analyzing the impact of QUIZ 8
not properly cleaning cargo 1. Why is it important to
holds before loading a new monitor conditions like
cargo, what could be a humidity and temperature
potential consequence? during the transport of
Cargo contamination leading to bulk cargo?
claims and disputes. To ensure the quality of perishable
goods
6. When cleaning holds to the 2. What is the role of the shipper in the
'swept clean' standard, what is declaration of cargo characteristic?
typically required? To provide detailed information
about the cargo's properties
A basic sweep and removal of 3. During loading operations, what is
residues. the main concern regarding cargo
distribution?
7. How does the 'load on top' Preventing cargo from shifting and
standard impact the inspection ensuring vessel stability
of cargo hold structures?
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4. What is a critical requirement for

handling hazardous bulk cargo?