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    Chapter 1 -Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Franklin Byron Silva Ferreira Vasconcelos

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 1 -Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Franklin Byron Silva Ferreira Vasconcelos
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    2 views30 pages

    Chapter 1 -Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Franklin Byron Silva Ferreira Vasconcelos

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SERGIPE

    CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E TECNOLOGIA


    Departamento de Engenharia Química

    PLANEJAMENTO E
    ANÁLISE DE PROJETOS

    CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

    Prof. Dr. Rogério Luz Pagano


    INTRODUCTION

    1. Introdução

    “The engineer must also have the ability to apply


    this knowledge to practical situations for the
    purpose of accomplishing something that will be
    beneficial to society.”

    “It is important to keep in mind that process design


    problems are open-ended and thus may have
    many solutions that are profitable even when not
    entirely optimal, yet meet the design constraints noted
    above ”
    Fonte: Peters and Timmerhaus (1998)
    INTRODUCTION

    Stages of plant design:


    INTRODUCTION

    “… the general term plant design includes all


    engineering aspects involved in the development of
    either a new, modified, or expanded industrial plant. In
    this development, the chemical engineer will be
    making economic evaluations of new processes,
    designing individual pieces of equipment for the
    proposed new venture, or developing a plant layout
    for coordination of the overall operation.”

    Design Engineer
    INTRODUCTION

    “Although one person cannot be an expert in all the


    phases involved in plant design, it is necessary to be
    acquainted with the general problems and
    approach in each of the phases”

    “… if the overall design project is to be successful,


    close teamwork is necessary among the various
    groups of engineers working on the different phases
    of the project.”
    INTRODUCTION

    2. Considerações Gerais:

    “… environmental protection, as well as the safety


    and health needs…”

    “… include plant location, plant layout, materials of


    construction, structural design, utilities, buildings,
    storage, materials handling, safety, waste disposal,
    federal, state, and local laws or codes, and patents.”
    INTRODUCTION

    Process Design Development

    “The basic idea may originate in the sales department,


    as a result of a customer request, or to meet a
    compenting product.”

    “… the possibilities for a successful process is made


    considering the physical and chemical operations
    involved as well as the economic aspects. Next comes
    the process-research phase including preliminary market
    surveys, laboratory-scale experiments, and production
    of research samples of the final product”
    INTRODUCTION

    “At this point, a pilot plant or a commercial


    development plant may be constructed … usually
    made from odd pieces of equipment… ”

    “A complete market analysis is made, and samples


    of the final product are sent to prospective
    customers to determine if the product is
    satisfactory and if there is a reasonable sales
    potential. Capital-cost estimates for the proposed
    plant are made.”
    INTRODUCTION

    “If the economic picture is still satisfactory, the


    final process-design phase is ready to begin. All the
    design details are worked out in this phase including
    controls, services; piping layouts, firm price
    quotations, specifications and designs for individual
    pieces of equipment, and all the other design
    information necessary for the construction of the
    final plant.”

    “Many projects are discarded as soon as the


    preliminary investigation or research on the
    original idea is completed.”
    INTRODUCTION

    “If no tangible return can be realized from the


    investment, the proposal will be turned down.
    Therefore, the engineer should have the ability to
    eliminate unprofitable ventures before the
    design project approaches a final-proposal stage.”

    Skills: research, market analyses, computer


    simulation, software programming, equipment design,
    cost estimation, profitability analysis, and technical
    communications.
    INTRODUCTION

    Flowsheet Development

    “Preliminary process synthesis for each solution begins


    with the designer creating flowsheets involving just the
    reaction, separation, and temperature change and
    pressure change operations, and selecting process
    equipment in a task integration step. Only those
    simplified flowsheets that provide a favorable gross
    profit are retained...”

    “The material and energy balances are generally


    performed with the use of a computer-aided process
    simulator”
    INTRODUCTION

    Computer-Aided Design

    “The capabilities provided by computers for rapid


    calculations, large storage, and logical decisions plus the
    available technical and mathematical software permit
    design engineers to examine the effect that various
    design variables will have on the process or plant design
    and to be able to do this more rapidly than was
    required in the past to complete a single design by hand
    calculation”
    INTRODUCTION

    Cost Estimation

    “As soon as the final process-design stage is completed,


    it, becomes possible to make accurate cost
    estimations because detailed equipment specifications
    and definite plant-facility information are available.
    Direct price quotations based on detailed specifications
    can then be obtained from various manufacturers.”

    “… estimates should be capable of providing a basis for


    company management to decide if further capital should
    be invested in the project.”
    INTRODUCTION

    “Fixed costs, direct production costs for raw materials,


    labor, maintenance, power, and utilities must all be
    included along with costs for plant and
    administrative overhead, distribution of the final
    products, and other miscellaneous items.”

    “The final test as to the validity of any cost


    estimation can come only when the completed plant
    has been put into operation. However, if the design
    engineer is well acquainted with the various
    estimation methods and their accuracy…”
    INTRODUCTION

    Profitability Analysis of Investments

    “A major function of the directors of a manufacturing


    firm is to maximize the long-term profit to the
    owners or the stockholders..”

    “When a manufacturing enterprise invests money,


    it expects to receive a return during the time the
    money is being used. The amount of return demanded
    usually depends on the degree of risk that is assumed.”
    INTRODUCTION

    “Expenses for various types of taxes and insurance


    can materially affect the economic situation for any
    industrial process. Because modern taxes may amount
    to a major portion of a manufacturing firm’s net
    earnings, it is essential that the chemical engineer
    be conversant with the fundamentals of
    taxation.”
    INTRODUCTION

    Projeto Ótimo
    “… there are several alternative methods which can be
    used for any given process or operation. For example,
    formaldehyde can be produced by catalytic
    dehydrogenation of methanol, by controlled oxidation of
    natural gas, or by direct reaction between CO and H,
    under special conditions of catalyst, temperature, and
    pressure. Each of these processes contains many
    possible alternatives involving variables such as gas-
    mixture composition, temperature, pressure, and choice
    of catalyst. It is the responsibility of the chemical
    engineer, in this case, to choose the best.”
    INTRODUCTION

    Projeto Operacional “Ótimo”

    “Many processes require definite conditions of


    temperature, pressure, contact time, or other
    variables if the best results are to be obtained. It is
    often possible to make a partial separation of these
    optimum conditions from direct economic
    considerations. In cases of this type, the best design is
    designated as the optimum operation design.”
    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION

    “… economic considerations ultimately determine


    most quantitative decisions.”

    “… the optimum operation design is usually merely a


    tool or step in the development of an optimum
    economic design”
    INTRODUCTION

    Projeto Econômico Ótimo

    “If there are two or more methods for obtaining


    exactly equivalent final results, the preferred method
    would be the one involving the least total cost. This is
    the basis of an optimum economic design. One typical
    example of an optimum economic design is
    determining the pipe diameter to use when pumping
    a given amount of fluid from one point to another.”
    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION

    “When the engineer speaks of an optimum


    economic design, it ordinarily means the
    cheapest one selected from a number of
    equivalent designs!!!”

    Alternativas:
    “…it may be desirable to choose a design
    which gives the maximum profit per unit of
    time or the minimum total cost per unit of
    production.”
    INTRODUCTION

    5. Considerações Finais

    “… It may be possible to determine an exact pipe


    diameter for an optimum economic design, but this
    does not mean that this exact size must be used in
    the final design.”

    “… It would be impractical to have a special pipe


    fabricated with a specific diameter.”
    INTRODUCTION

    “In developing the plant layout, crucial control


    valves must be placed where they are easily
    accessible to the operators. Sufficient space
    must be available for maintenance personnel to check,
    take apart, and repair equipment.”

    “cleaning operations are simplified if a scale-


    forming fluid is passed through the inside of the
    tubes rather than on the shell side of a tube-and-
    shell heat exchanger”
    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION
    INTRODUCTION

    “The theoretical design of a distillation unit may


    indicate that the feed should be introduced on one
    particular tray in the tower. Instead of specifying a
    tower with only one feed inlet on the calculated tray,
    the practical engineer will include inlets on several
    trays”

    “… theoretical and economic principles must be


    combined…”
    INTRODUCTION

    Apresentação das plantas a serem


    estudadas!
    25/01/2015 (próxima segunda)
    INTRODUCTION

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